...asked ‘are women more aggressive in committing violent crimes today than in the past? Women were viewed as gatekeepers of social morality and the common fear is that women are changing. Ward and his colleagues relied on to document the nature of women ‘violent offences. They have examined whether and how the characteristics and crimes of incarcerated female offenders have changed. This essay also seek to explain the patterns of stability and change over the last third of the 20th century in women’s crimes of violence and the moral panics that explain violent criminality by women. Although boys engage in more delinquent and criminal acts than do girls, female delinquency is on the rise. In 1980, boys were four times as likely as girls to be arrested; today they are only twice as likely to be arrested. In this article, Elizabeth Cauffman explores how the juvenile justice system is and should be responding to the adolescent female offender Reasons why there is less research on female criminality? Smart (1976) stated that throughout history female violence or crime have has been neglected` in criminology theories. The studies show that females were documented to commit less crime, which resulted female offenders being simply conformed within the theoretical aspects of criminology. The fact that women, across most cultures committed far fewer crimes than men was not seriously addressed. There are several reasons: Female crimes were considered low compared to men. Secondly it been...
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...future in fighting crime. The responsibilities of the state and local police are to fight crime by enforcing the law, apprehended offenders, prevent crime, and preserve the peace among societies. On September 11, 2001 police responsibilities changed because of the attack on the United States. State police expanded their responsibilities to fight terrorism, new laws, and new types of crimes. The criminal justice system has two main aims, which are to manage crime and to guarantee due process. This paper will discuss past, recent, and future trends, contemporary issues that are affecting the criminal justice system, and the criminal justice system in a changing society. Past Trends In the 1960’s the general downward crime rates that been marked since the 1930’s came to an end. Crime report rose, more arrests were being made, lawmakers started passing tougher laws that increased penalties, cases prosecuted by the court increased, more people was placed in prisons and jails, or placed on probation or parole, and spending by the government grew for criminal justice institutions. The Federal Government changed in an effort to fight crime. In the 1960’s, the use of illegal drugs became widespread. The government responded with broad programs with arrests, large numbers of incarceration, blocking illegal transport over the borders, working with other countries to stop criminal organizations, and making an effort to reduce demand for drugs. In the 1980’s crimes commit by juveniles...
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...Death Penalty- death as punishment for a crime also called capital punishment; putting a condemned person to death Britain influenced America's use of the death penalty more than any other country. When European settlers came to the new world, they brought the practice of capital punishment. The first recorded execution in the new colonies was that of Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608. Kendall was executed for being a spy for Spain. In 1612, Virginia Governor Sir Thomas Dale enacted the Divine, Moral and Martial Laws, which provided the death penalty for even minor offenses such as stealing grapes, killing chickens, and trading with Indians. Laws regarding the death penalty varied from colony to colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony held its first execution in 1630, even though the Capital Laws of New England did not go into effect until years later. The New York Colony instituted the Duke's Laws of 1665. Under these laws, offenses such as striking one's mother or father, or denying the "true God," were punishable by death. (Randa, 1997) The 1960s brought challenges to the fundamental legality of the death penalty. Before then, the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments were interpreted as permitting the death penalty. However, in the early 1960s, it was suggested that the death penalty was a "cruel and unusual" punishment, and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In 1958, the Supreme Court had decided in Trop v. Dulles...
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...Douglas S. Coppin The Effects of Capital Punishments NIC / Executive Leadership June 2013 Evidence-Based Practice in the Criminal Justice System The phrase “because we have always done it that way” universally is no longer acceptable as it pertains to working in many sectors of the work-force, especially within the criminal justice system. Constant financial pressure to streamline budgets, coupled with ever-changing political climates have forced criminal justice organizations to embrace evidence-based concepts and practices. Evidence-based practice is defined as the use of practices that have been scientifically tested and proven effective. In simple terms, doing what works. This has led to drastic changes in various sectors from police operations, probation, sentencing, etc. When examining capital punishment the first question that must be asked is why do we do it? Is it simply a universal response to an atrocious act committed by an offender? If so, then there is no need to look any further. However, thousands of capital offense convictions are handed down annually in the U.S., yet most do not result in death penalty sentences. Therefore the only logical conclusion is that there is much more complexities in play once the state hands down capital punishment. Possible Effects of Capital Punishments at a Glance By and large, capital punishment in the United States is handed down to those offenders that are found guilty of homicide. Although not limited...
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...tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com CJS 200 Week 1 Checkpoint Criminal Acts and Choice Theories Response CJS 200 Week 1 DQ 1 and DQ 2 CJS 200 Week 2 Checkpoint Crime Reporting and Rates Response CJS 200 Week 2 Assignment Criminal Justice System Paper CJS 200 Week 2 DQ 1 and DQ 2 CJS 200 Week 3 DQs CJS 200 Week 4 Checkpoint Police and Law Enforcement Response CJS 200 Week 4 Assignment Law Enforcement Today Paper CJS 200 Week 4 DQs CJS 200 Week 5 Checkpoint Historical Development Response CJS 200 Week 6 Checkpoint Courtroom Players Response CJS 200 Week 6 DQs CJS 200 Week 6 Assignment Sentencing Paper CJS 200 Week 7 Checkpoint Jails and Prisons Response CJS 200 Week 7 DQs CJS 200 Week 8 Checkpoint Violent Behavior Response CJS 200 Week 8 Assignment Parole and Truth-in-Sentencing Paper CJS 200 Week 8 DQs CJS 200 Week 9 Capstone Analysis CJS 200 Week 9 DQs CJS 200 Week 9 Final Juvenile Crime Paper ----------------------------------------------------------- CJS 200 Week 1 Checkpoint Criminal Acts and Choice Theories Response For more course tutorials visit www.tutorialrank.com Write a 200- to 300-word response in which you describe choice theories and how they relate to crime. Describe the common models for society to determine which acts are considered criminal. Explain how choice theories of crime affect society. Post your response as an attachment. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. ----------------------------------------------------------- ...
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...home to Mt. Shasta covered with snow year round and Lake Shasta a very popular water skiing and houseboat resort. Temperatures in the county fluctuate depending on the season from the 100's to freezing with snow. Outdoor activities are the principal recreation, something for everyone. Look to the east and you can see Lassen Peak, an active volcano. There are many small communities within Shasta County that are considered rural. Sounds pristine and inviting. What lies beneath this beautiful blanket of beauty is a county economically crippled. There are many contributing factors to the economic decline in Shasta County that has come full circle evolving from the 1960's. Let's look at a simplified synopsis of the multiplier effects that have affected the economy. Physical isolation: Shasta County’s physical location is more isolated than most other areas or counties of California. Unemployment: the area is economically depressed and has not recovered since the recession of 2008-2009. The unemployment rate remains higher in Shasta County for 2012 than the California's average. Health facilities: There are two large hospitals located in Redding of Shasta County with only two small facilities in the outlying areas with no mental health facilities in the county. In the 1960’s when the disability right movement began in California, Shasta County became a haven for a person and/or veteran’s to apply for disability status. It almost seemed automatic to receive disability...
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...Incarceration has a negative impact socially as well as economically. In The Social Science Research journal, the article Incarceration and Black-White inequality in Homeownership: A state-level analysis discusses the impact of incarceration on the possibility of house wealth. This study evaluated data between incarceration and home ownership for a period over two decades. In addition, what was found is that not only does incarceration decrease the opportunity for home ownership for the majority population but especially for the Black population. Moreover, incarceration affects the inmate and their significant others financial outlook as well. This is another strong factor in the widening the Black-White home ownership gap. This is especially...
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...surrounding the death penalty related to the equality of its application. Are all citizens treated equal? This paper takes a closer look at the equality in the application of the death penalty and its effectiveness as a deterrent. Is the Death Penalty a Fair and Effective Deterrent in the United States? The death penalty came to the United States with the first European settlers and continued until the 1960’s. “The 1960s brought challenges to the fundamental legality of the death penalty. Before then, the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments were interpreted as permitting the death penalty. However, in the early 1960s, it was suggested that the death penalty was a "cruel and unusual" punishment, and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment.” (Bohm, 1999) Since the 1960’s courts have been battling the issue of the death penalty. Currently there are 38 states that have provisions for the death penalty. What is the purpose of the death penalty? The death penalty is the ultimate punishment for a crime. It ensures that the offender will never commit another crime against society. Some would argue that society has not only the right, but the duty to protect itself from severe criminals by executing them. The other side of the aisle might argue, “How can we teach our children from infancy that killing is wrong, but then say...
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...Experiment in 1992 - 1993 used intensive police patrols directed to an 80-block hotspot area where the homicide rate was 20 times the national average. It represented a unique approach to crime prevention through preventive patrol. Question 1 Is this approach different from traditional patrol? If so how? If not, how is it similar? What did patrol officers in this experiment do that was different from what basic patrol officers do? What was the relationship between the officers in this experiment and other patrol officers? The Kansas City Gun Experiment was a police patrol project that aimed at reducing gun violence, drive-by shootings, and homicides. The purpose of the experiment was to focus on gun crime “hot spots” through problem-solving policing and directed patrol in high-crime areas. The overall goal was to prove that this style of policing would reduce crime by removing guns from the streets and deterrence through aggressive enforcement (Walker & Katz, 2006, p 295) Routine traditional patrol maintained in five beats, which included marked police cars, rapid response to calls, arrests and follow-up investigations. The final five beats involved in the experiment used a proactive patrol approach, increasing patrol to twice the norm. The extra officers worked from 7:00 pm to 1:00 am, seven days/week during the hours when the most gun-related crimes occur. Police officers assigned to the experimental area were those who had been patrolling it prior to the experiment...
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...“Same-Sex Marriage and the Civil Rights Movement” Shelby Atkinson COM/170 April 27, 2015 Vanessa D. Hayden “Same-Sex Marriage and the Civil Rights Movement” Is the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and the fight for same-sex marriage the same? African Americans fought discrimination and unfair treatment, segregation and hate for being who they were. Same-sex couples are doing the same thing, now in fighting for equality, rights, and liberties that America owes them all. Same-sex couples may not have been enslaved, but doesn’t that mean same-sex couples don't feel hurt all the same by not being allowed to be with someone they love or in danger because of it. Just because they didn't endure the years of hardship that African Americans doesn't mean same-sex couples don't have their fair share of discrimination for extremely illegitimate reasons. It boils down to people’s blatant fear of change and allowing anything new to blossom. Marriage equality is the same fight as the Civil Rights Movement because it will benefit everyone, end discrimination, and make a better future for our country. Marriage equality will benefit everyone like the Civil Rights Movement did in the 1960’s. Federal, state, and local government will benefit the same ways it did after the Civil Rights Movement. There are 1,138 benefits, rights, and protections available to married couples, but not to same-sex couples until marriage equality is approved everywhere. Marriage equality will create opportunities...
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...this explained how together they have both tried to unravel various workings in the area of desistance. They have defined the desistance as the period of time when the criminal or delinquent actions ends permanently. Comparing this notion, they define suspension as an interruption in offending activities. Laub and Sampson also showed how Maruna (2001), points out that the fore mentioned researchers, in addition to their definitions, view desistance as a developmental progression, and not as a happening; which means the rate of offending recurring decelerates and also becomes far less appealing. In a documentary by Allen Weaver, on desistance, he spoke about Laub and Sampson’s study, about a research that was conducted in the 1940’s as part of a Harvard University study on delinquent boys. Laub and Sampson posed the questions; “Where are they now?” and “How did their lives turn out?” Laub and Sampson found that nearly all of the delinquents desisted from crime, some faster and some slower. When Professor John H. Laub was interviewed for the documentary, he stated that he and Professor Sampson had indentified certain turning...
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...Assignment 2 Sociology of Developing Countries – SOC 300 02/18/2012 Discuss the growth of urban crime in the Third World, the major obstacles to reducing crime, and the possible political consequences of rising crime rates. Crime The word crime, in the terms of criminal law, is an act which is punishable by the law of the land. All crimes are evil acts. However, some crimes are those acts which are not punishable by the law of the land, even though they are evil acts. A person who is involved in crimes is known as a criminal. The word crime, in a broad sense, is defined as an act which violates either a political law or a moral law. In the narrower sense of the term, the word crime is defined as a violation of the criminal law. Most violations that take place at traffic signals on the roads are considered to be breaches of contracts, but they are not considered to be crimes in the legal sense of the term. Anything that is in violation of the penal code of a country is considered to be a crime. Third world The economically underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America, considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birthrates, and economic dependence on the advanced countries. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy coined the expression ("tiers monde" in French) in 1952 by analogy with the "third estate," the commoners of France before and during the French Revolution-as opposed to priests and nobles, comprising the...
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...are precursors to the juvenile justice system of today. In the sixteenth and seventeenth century the concept of rehabilitation began in puritan America. In 1823, houses of refuge were created to take in all children who were neglected, abused, or delinquent. The concepts of parens patriae and in loco parentis served as the foundation for interventions such as houses of refuge. Into the late 1800’s and early 1900’s a call for reform led to the creation of the juvenile justice system in the United States by the child savers. The early Juvenile Justice system was founded on the belief that the state could and should as in loco parentis under parens patriae. In the late nineteenth century the juvenile justice system’s purpose was to determine cause, diagnose illness, and prescribe treatment. The Juvenile Justice system became part of the United States legal system with the passage of the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899. There are three different models of juvenile justice that have taken place since the 1900’s. The first is the traditional model which lasted from 1899 till the 1960’s. During the time of this model the goal of the juvenile justice system was the prevention of future delinquency through treatment and rehabilitation. It was felt that juveniles were...
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...The United State leads the industrialized world in murder rape and violent crime. The average SAT scores in high school have dropped 75 points since 1960. Teachers listed drugs, alcohol, pregnancy, suicide, rape and assault are the top problems in America´s school (Bennett). I believe the idea of corruption of the young and these are not good things to get used to in human society. The young American are beginning to understand the broken civilization, and how the society is in decline. They are the main element to stability of society, which needs to be nurtured to a loving state in using their intellectuality but their actions is contrary to their sense. The United State leads the industrialized world in murder rape and violent crime. The average SAT scores in high school have dropped 75 points since 1960. Teachers listed drugs, alcohol, pregnancy, suicide, rape and assault are the top problems in America´s school (Bennett). I believe the idea of corruption of the young and these are not good things to get used to in human...
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...It wasn't until about 1914, when the United States passed its first federal drug policy called The Harrison Narcotics Act. Drugs. This act restricted the manufacture and sale of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and morphine, and specifically targeted physicians and pharmacists who were over prescribing drugs. Drugs use continued to sky rocket well into the 1960’s, with administrations continuing to create stricter drug policies. The 1960’s, known as the “hippie era”, gave birth to rebellious movement that popularized drug use. Not only did marijuana become increasingly popular amounts college teens, but many soldiers returning from the Vietnam War had heroine and marijuana habits. In 1971, when President Nixon officially declared a “War on Drugs.” In this famous speech, Nixon depicted a battle between the United States and drug users in which the United States was greatly loosing. Nixon states “ Drug abusers continue to fill out courts, hospitals, and prisons…the only beneficiaries of this war are organized crime members and drug dealers.” In 1973, Nixon created the Drug Enforcement Agency, specifically created to pressure Mexico to regulate its marijuana growers. In the end, Nixon did succeeds in curtailing the supply of Mexican marijuana in America, although shortly after, Columbia quickly replaced Mexico as Americans marijuana supplier, resulting in increased demand, and 400 million dollars down the drain. This was the...
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