...Exploring Programming Language | Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 | | | 5/3/2014 | PT1420 | The five most popular programming languages in the 1970’s were: 1970: Pascal 1972: C 1972: Smalltalk 1972: Prolog 1973: SQL Pascal The Pascal programming language was developed by Niklaus Wirth. It was created in 1968 but it wasn’t published until 1970. It was developed to provide the features other programming languages didn’t offer at that time. His main reason for developing Pascal was efficiently implement and run, to allow for the development of structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a tool to teach the important concepts of computer programming. The program was named after a mathematician named Blaise Pascal. It was used as the primary language in the Apple Lisa and for the Mac in the early years of the computer. SQL SQL, which is short for, Structured Query Language, was designed by an IBM research center in 1974-1975. The Oracle Corporation introduced it as a commercial database system in 1979, the first time it was introduced. It has been a favorite query language for the use of database management systems for the microcomputer and mainframes, but is being supported by the PC database. C C was created at the Bell Laboratory in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. It was created for the purpose in designing UNIX. Prolog Was created from 1971-1973 and was distributed in 1974-1975. It was created not as a programming language on purpose but as a...
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...5 program languages for each decade, 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, and 2000. 1. The 1970’s a. Ada was created in the 1970s, primarily for applications used by the U.S. Department of Defense. The language is named in honor of Countess Ada Lovelace, an influential and historical figure in the field of computing. b. Pascal was created in 1970, and was originally designed for teaching programming. The language was named in honor of the mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. c. C and C++ (pronounced “c plus plus”) are powerful, general-purpose languages developed at Bell Laboratories. The C language was created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie. It was intended for the UNIX operating system but due to its portability and speed it became wide spread. Now it’s taught in colleges worldwide. d. Developed in 1970, Structured Query Language (SQL) was developed by IBM as a language to query relational databases. e. Apple soft Basic was developed by Microsoft in 1977 for the Apple II computer. It’s now being shipped out on every Apple II computer sold. 2. The 1980’s a. Basica was developed by Microsoft for MS-DOS in 1981. It was created for use with IBM pc. b. Turbo Pascal was developed by Anders Hejlsberg in 1983 as an extension of Pascal. Turbo pascal was bundled with a full IDE, and was a great improvement in speed, and is often credited with greatly aiding Pascal’s popularity. c. C++ was developed by AT&T by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983. C++...
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...Exploring Programming Languages Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do, much like the average teenager. To make the computer do something useful, you must give it instructions in either of the following two ways. When you write a program it tells a computer what to do, step by step, just as you would like when taking directions. When you buy a program that someone else has already written, it tells the computer what to do. Ultimately, to get a computer to do something useful, you (or somebody else) must write a program. A program does nothing more than tell the computer how to accept some type of input, manipulate that input, and spit it back out again in some form that humans find useful. Table 1 lists some common types of programs, the types of input that they accept, and the output that they produce. The five popular programming languages in the 1970’s were Pascal, C, SQL, KRL, and COMAL. Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth. C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter C) is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs. SQL was developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the early 1970s. SQL often referred to as Structured Query Language. KRL is a knowledge representation language, developed by Daniel G. Bobrow and Terry Winograd while at Xerox PARC and Stanford University...
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...Programing Languages 1970's BASIC - designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz at Dartmouth College. At first BASIC was modeled on the batch languages of the time in that all of the data that the program would process had to be included in a DATA statement before the program could be run. Pascal - after BASIC was developed, Niklaus Wirth produced a language suitable for teaching computer science C - Dennis Ritchie reworked some of Thompson's ideas to produce the language C in the early seventies at Bell Labs. FORTRAN - added structured statements borrowed from Algol to produce Fortran 77. COBOL- more static and only submitted to slight revision in 74. 1980's C++ - a general purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing the facilities for low level memory manipulation. Perl - a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6. Ada - originally designed by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede the hundreds of programming languages then used by the DoD. Objective-C - a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language originally developed in the early 1980s. It is the main programming language used by Apple. Caml ( Categorical Abstract Machine Language) is a dialect of the ML programming language family...
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...Programing languages have evolved from fairly rigid and simple in the 60’s, 70’s, and 80’s to a much more intuitive and powerful state as shown by some of the newer examples in more recent years. This is not to say that more recent additions are necessarily better, just more specialized and optimized for particular functions and environments. A few notable examples include Pascal, C#, Java, Ruby, and Visual Basic. Pascal is an interpretive language published in 1970 by swiss programmer Niklaus Wirth. It is named for French mathematician Blaise Pascal, and was intended to be a compact, efficient language. Pascal’s structure is designed to encourage good programing practices and be easy to learn. C# or C sharp is a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that is intended to run in Microsoft’s .Net framework. It was first published around 2000, with its latest update C# 6.0, having been released on 6/20/2015. One of the goals of C# is to be easy to learn to those already familiar with C and C++. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems and published by the Oracle Corporation. It first appeared in 1995, and its most recent stable release was 10/15/2015. It is intended to be executable on any compatible device without needing to be recompiled, and is very widely used. Much of java is derived from C and C++, however it has fewer lower level facilities than either. Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object orientated programing language developed in the...
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...Exploring Programming Languages 1970s * Pascal * Developed 1970 * originally developed by Niklaus Wirth, a member of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) * principle objectives, allow for the development of well structured and well organized programs, and to serve as a vehicle for the teaching of the important concepts of computer programming * named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal * C * Developed 1972 * C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs initially as a systems programming language for implementing UNIX * C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the 1980s adding object orientation to C * Influenced ANSI C, Java * C/C++ has become the world’s most widely used systems programming language * ML * Developed1973 * Created by Robin Milner at University of Edinburgh * Initial focus: meta-language for program verification * One of the most widely used functional programming languages * Influenced Standard ML, Miranda, Haskell * SQL * Completed 1978 * First defined in 1970 by Dr. E.F. Codd, researcher for IBM, in a his Paper titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks “ * SQL would allow computer users to retrieve data from a variety of sources * Smalltalk * Released 1972 * first commercially-successful object-oriented language * Written and developed...
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...Unit 1 Research Assignment 1 Exploring Programming Languages Chris Wade Introduction to Programming Dr. Bass Programming Languages have become very much improved in the last few decades. When computers were first created, languages were very focused on getting the most effective response from the computers while being limited by the hardware designs. As hardware has gotten better and faster, programming languages have developed right alongside of them. In 1972 a programming language called C was developed by Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs. The reason for developing this was to improve upon other languages such as B and Pascal. C uses a lot of the same forms and functions as Pascal and was developed to be faster and more powerful. The only issue was that it was hard to read. C was also developed to work well with Unix. (Ferguson, 2000). In 1983 Bjarne Stroustroup developed C++ which was also known as “C with classes”. This improved C and moved toward object oriented programming. C++ has been considered the most popular programming language ever and is currently used in programs such as Adobe PDF Reader, Mozilla Firefox (web browser), and MS Office. (Anthony, 2001). The 1990’s saw the development of several languages such as Python, PHP, and Java. Developer Guido Van Rossum developed Python (named for Monty Python) to fix problems in the ABC language and it is used by YouTube, Google Search, and NASA (Anthony, 2001). PHP (which stands for Personal Home Page) was...
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...Impact of Language Barriers on Immigrants to Canada BACKGROUND: Immigration Statistics Providing a statistical background on both immigration and language fluency is essential to understanding how large the scale of individuals facing these barriers is. There are approximately 250,000 immigrants to Canada each year. The majority of these immigrants to Canada come from Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Africa (Pottie, 2008). Immigration represents nearly 70% of the Canadian population growth. Even after four years of arriving in Canada, 26% of all new immigrants still faced language difficulties (not sure about ur whole ‘tense’ situation :P) in English or French (Pottie, 2007). According to Statistics Canada, the 2001 Census stated that 40% of immigrants aged 25-54 who came to Canada in the 1990s had a university degree (Statistics Canada, 2003). Nearly 70% of immigrants experience barriers in the Canadian labour market, despite the fact that 76% of these immigrants have at least one foreign international credential (Schugurensky, 2005). LANGUAGE BARRIERS: Health Care Services This barrier has a domino affect; it affects all aspects of life for immigrants. It causes emotional strain, places barriers to accessing services (including the health care services) consequently affecting the health of immigrants. The restriction of access to health care is one of, if not the most important barrier language has for immigrants. Canada provides a universal health care...
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...In my experience working in a Head Start classroom I have learned that facilitating intercultural communication, and cross-cultural understanding is possible for students in a multicultural classroom, and that different cultures can be taught and incorporated in the classroom. Prince George's County Public Schools is number twenty-five in the nation for one of the largest school districts. They have 205 schools and about 125,000 students. They have approximately 18,000 employees that work for the school. The budget annually is $1.6 billion, and the school district caters to a socially inclusive student population. Prince George's County Public Schools are known for their innovative programs. The Prince George's County Public Schools believes that incorporating a multicultural education program in the schools creates and promotes an understanding of the diverse population of students that they have. The school that I work in Patuxent Elementary school is a community school that opened its doors in 1958. The student population shows the big cultural, ethnic, and social diversity of the community. This is a great mixture of different cultures which gives all the students an opportunity to learn about people from the different parts of the world that are represented in the school. The school creates an environment where all students will have the opportunity to achieve their full...
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...Overview of Computer Organization Chapter 1 S. Dandamudi Outline • Introduction ∗ Basic Terminology and Notation • Processor ∗ Execution cycle ∗ Pipelining ∗ RSIC and CISC Views of computer systems • User’s view • Programmer’s view ∗ Advantages of high-level languages ∗ Why program in assembly language? • Memory ∗ Basic memory operations ∗ Design issues • Architect’s view • Implementer’s view 2003 • • • • Input/Output Interconnection: The glue Historical Perspective Technological Advances Chapter 1: Page 2 © S. Dandamudi To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction • Some basic terms ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 2003 Computer architecture Computer organization Computer design Computer programming User’s view Programmer’s view Architect’s view Implementer’s view © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 3 • Various views of computer systems To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction (cont’d) Term K (kilo) M (mega) G (giga) T (tera) P (peta) 2003 Decimal 103 106 109 1012 1015 © S. Dandamudi Binary 210 220 230 240 250 Chapter 1: Page 4 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. A User’s View of Computer Systems 2003 © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 5 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization...
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...computing using a teletype connected via special telephone lines through this timeline.( 2006 Computer History Museum) it will show that from the moment Computers was thought of and how the build went through a concept of steps before fully calling a (PC) an Personal Computer a lot of what I have read and seen through the timeline of the history of are computers for every new year a new chapter starts in building a fully functional computer but over time is where it took for where it all began as different components that different Engineers build. To get or build a fully functional computer from the components that make it you will start with a Case, Power Supply, Motherboard, Microprocessor, Memory, Drive Controllers, Hard disk drive(s), CD-ROM drives(s), Floppy disk drive, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and other possible file storage devices include DVD devices and Tape backup devices these are the components that make up a basic computer in today’s world where through are timeline and history a lot of these components was not put into one computer at one time a lot of are beginning (PC) was not really call Computers...
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...1970 programing languages Fortran, AWK One of the oldest programming languages, the FORTRAN was developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, and was first published in 1957. The name FORTRAN is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, because it was designed to allow easy translation of math formulas into code. Despite this standardization, a few years later, various new dialects began to surface again, requiring the Standards Association review the language again. This version is known as FORTRAN '77. This version was released in 1978. As with a number of languages, it was born from the necessity to meet a need. As a researcher at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, I found myself keeping track of budgets, and keeping track of editorial correspondence. I was also teaching at a nearby university at the time, so I had to keep track of student grades as well. I wanted to have a simple little language in which I could write one- or two-line programs to do these tasks. Brian Kernighan, a researcher next door to me at the Labs, also wanted to create a similar language. We had daily conversations which culminated in a desire to create a pattern-matching language suitable for simple data-processing tasks. 1990s programing languages Visual Basic, Ruby Visual Basic is a third-generation developed by Microsoft is a event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model first released in 1991. Microsoft intended...
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...studies show foreign language students outperform their non-language peers on standardized test measures. •Bureau of Accountability (1984) •Eileen Rafferty (1986) •Mic Lang (1990) •Taylor-Ward (2003) The LDE, Bureau of Accountability (1984) conducted a study comparing the attainment rates and scores of 2nd, 3rd & 4th grade foreign language and non-foreign language students in reading, writing and math. It reported the number and percent of students reaching and not reaching a 75% performance standard on the Louisiana Basic Skills Testing Program during the 1983-84 school year. In each instance, FL students significantly outperformed non-foreign language students by 2-6 percentage points. Rafferty (1986) compared the 1985 basic skills Language Arts and Mathematics test scores of 13,200 randomly selected Louisiana 3rd, 4th, & 5th graders who did vs. did not study a foreign language. Both groups were matched for race, sex, and grade level. Significant differences appeared across all grades in Language Arts, with FL students scoring higher than non-foreign language students. By the fifth grade—this advantage was more than doubled in favor of the foreign language group. For math, however, 4th grade foreign language students showed some disadvantages, but by 5th grade, they performed better than the non-foreign language students. Lang (1990) explored the relationship of foreign language in the elementary school (FLES) study on English language achievement on the...
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...technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specific problems, on one of several possible traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence and symbolic and traditional Al. There are enormous number of tools in Al, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, many other. The field of Al research was founded at a conference on the campus of Darmouth College in the Summer of 1956. The attendees, including, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, became the leaders of Al research for many decades. They and their students wrote programs that were to most people, simply...
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...1970’s CLU is a programming language created at MIT by Barbara Liskov and her students between 1974 and 1975. It was notable for its use of constructors for abstract data types that included the code that operated on them, a key step in the direction of object-oriented programming (OOP). Euclid is an imperative programming language for writing verifiable programs. It was designed by Butler Lampson and associates at the Xerox PARC lab in the mid-1970s. The implementation was led by Ric Holt at the University of Toronto and James Cordy was the principal programmer for the first implementation of the compiler. It was originally designed for the Motorola 6809 microprocessor. Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and programming environment. Language features include structured programming, reflection (the ability to modify the program structure during program execution), concatenative programming (functions are composed with juxtaposition) and extensibility (the programmer can create new commands). Although not an acronym, the language's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH, following the customary usage during its earlier years. Forth was designed by Charles H. Moore and appeared in the 1970’s. GRASS is the original version of GRASS was developed by Tom DeFanti for his 1974 Ohio State University Ph.D. thesis. It was developed on a PDP-11/45 driving a Vector General 3DR display, and as the name implies, this was a purely vector...
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