...Descriptive composition. Describe a person. “The person I admire most from the history. By student of group 3264/1, Shchekotkina Yana 27/09/2012 One day during my studying in the 9th grade my literature teacher gave me a book for light reading – it was “Pushkin: biography of the writer” by Y. M. Lotman. Up to that time I had read many Pushkin’s masterpieces and adored “The Sun of Russian Poetry” with all forces of my young heart. He was and, actually, he still is, and I am sure that he forever will be my personal God in the art of literature because of his brilliant simplicity and unsurpassed skill in using the words. On the first page of the folio there was the most famous portrait of the poet by O. A. Kiprensky. I had seen that portrait many times before, however, I had never paid much attention to the appearance of Alexander Sergeevich, enjoying only his creations, but at that time I was sitting with my eyes glued to his face. Pushkin’s big clear charcoal with blue tint eyes seemed to me fascinating and magnetic; his large open forehead was a bit frowned with reverie and his full lips were slightly bent as if Pushkin didn’t like to be painted. The expression of his face showed to me such traits of Pushkin’s character as dreaminess, good imagination, wisdom and beautiful sense of humour. Alexander Sergeevich had a many-sided personality. He was easily carried away, very amorous and good-natured, but at the same time he was very impatient and frequently...
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...Romanticism (literature), a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature. The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant “romancelike”—that is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances. II ORIGINS AND INSPIRATION By the late 18th century in France and Germany, literary taste began to turn from classical and neoclassical conventions (see Classic, Classical, and Classicism). Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. A The Romantic Spirit Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit; his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought.” Goethe and his compatriots, philosopher and critic Johann Gottfried von Herder and historian Justus Möser, provided more formal precepts and collaborated on a group of essays entitled Von deutscher Art und Kunst (Of German Style and Art, 1773). In this work the authors extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Shakespeare. Goethe sought to imitate Shakespeare's free and untrammeled style...
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...A term paper discussing Russian music Presented to: Michel El Zoghbi Prepared by: Maher Moubarak Mirna El Khoury Outline: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review 4. Centuries 5. Instruments 6. Effects on Russian Music: * Effects of War * Problems caused by Russian Climate 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract: This term paper will be discussing the history of the Russian music and its evolvement. Moreover, it will include some native instruments and the effect of weather, war, and religion on the Russian music. Introduction: Beginning from the sacred music of the Russian Orthodox Church and passing through diverse centuries, the Russian music was and will always be legacy in the history of international music. Two major genres formed the early history of the Russian music. These genres are: the secular music used for entertainment and the sacred music of the Orthodox Church . The sacred music draws its tradition from the Byzantine Empire. Neumes were developed for musical notation, and as a result several examples of medieval sacred music have survived, among them two stichera composed by Tsar Ivan IV in the 16th century. Literature Review Folk music is certainly the oldest type of Russian music. The roots of Russian folk music dates back to the middle of the first millennium AC. Russian music started with the Slavic tribes that settled in the European part of the current territory of Russia. Those...
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...A term paper discussing Russian music Presented to: Michel El Zoghbi Prepared by: Maher Moubarak Mirna El Khoury Outline: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review 4. Centuries 5. Instruments 6. Effects on Russian Music: * Effects of War * Problems caused by Russian Climate 7. Conclusion 8. References Abstract: This term paper will be discussing the history of the Russian music and its evolvement. Moreover, it will include some native instruments and the effect of weather, war, and religion on the Russian music. Introduction: Beginning from the sacred music of the Russian Orthodox Church and passing through diverse centuries, the Russian music was and will always be legacy in the history of international music. Two major genres formed the early history of the Russian music. These genres are: the secular music used for entertainment and the sacred music of the Orthodox Church . The sacred music draws its tradition from the Byzantine Empire. Neumes were developed for musical notation, and as a result several examples of medieval sacred music have survived, among them two stichera composed by Tsar Ivan IV in the 16th century. Literature Review Folk music is certainly the oldest type of Russian music. The roots of Russian folk music dates back to the middle of the first millennium AC. Russian music started with the Slavic tribes that settled in the European part of the current territory of Russia. Those...
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...place. Since the 12th Century it has been bogged down in poverty, horrific living conditions, and an extremely separated class system. It took many years for the workers and slaves of Russian life to finally organize themselves and revolt against the causes of such hardship; many years of pain, suffering, and oppression that were brought on by the czars. It was this stagnant suffering that would finally begin to lift, and eventually bring power to the Bolsheviks and communism to Russia. Many revolutionaries encouraged killing, robbery, and used terror to advance their effort. However, there were other kinds of revolutionaries, some violent, some not. Gorky, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev all contributed to the progress of the revolution by communicating through literature. All four books were intended to identify critical issues of life, to instigate social and political changes throughout Russia, and to wholly improve Russian life. Gorky’s My Childhood explains the terrible conditions Russia peasants faced. Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons represents the struggle between two ideologies, romanticism and liberalism. Gorky’s next book Mother is the idea of insurgency cells and how a group with no distinct leader can be effective. Finally, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Possessed shows how violence can be a major tool in fuelling a rebellion, although it also shows how extreme nihilism is self-destructive. Simply listing the problems with Russia up to the 19th and early 20th century would be pointless...
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...6, 1799(1799-06-06) | | |Moscow, Russian Empire | |Died |February 10, 1837 (aged 37) | | |Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire | |Occupation |Poet, novelist, playwright | | | |Influences[show] | |Nikolai Karamzin, Lord Byron | | | |Influenced[show] | |Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Nabokov, Henry James | Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин, pronounced [ɐlʲɪˈksandr sʲɪˈrgʲevʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn], [pic]listen (help·info)) (June 6 [O.S. May 26] 1799–February 10 [O.S. January 29] 1837) was a Russian author of the Romantic era[1] who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet[2][3][4][5] and the founder of modern Russian literature.[6][7] Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing later...
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...Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. Ukraineborders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west,Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation. According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged...
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...peoples used classical Arabic, the Japanese and Koreans used classical Chinese, the Germanic and West Slavic peoples used Latin, and the people in the Baltic region and the Czechs used German. The popular languages supplanted the foreign language in many functional spheres of communication during the 14th and 15th centuries in some states and in the 16th and 17th centuries in others. The literary language is always the result of collective creative activity. The notion that the norms of a literary language are “fixed” is somewhat relative (despite all the importance and stability of the norm, it changes in time). It is not possible to imagine a national culture that is rich and developed without a rich and developed literary language. This is why the problem of the literary language is very important for society. Linguists do not agree about the complex and multifaceted concept of the literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about the literary language as a whole but about its variations—the written literary language, the spoken literary language, the language of literature, and so on. The literary language is not the same thing as the language of literature. These are different, but related, concepts. The literary...
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...In terms of philosophical, social, and intellectual upheavals, the 19th Century was distinguishably seismic. A tired world order began to unravel at the start of the century, partly due to unmaintainable empires and the growing influence of the West. The power vacuums that resulted from the implosion of the Napoleonic, Spanish, Holy Roman and Mughal empires were filled chiefly by the British Empire, and other growing superpowers like the Russian Empire, the German Empire, the the French colonial empire, and a young United States. Dominance over much of the world allowed the British Empire to command a heavy hand on the cultural advancement and modernization. Unprecedented technological progress enabled Victorians to witness firsthand the urbanization and industrialization of a major civilization. The measureless evolution of the world was in part due to social and cultural challenges...
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...During the 19th Century, as a result of great political turmoil, a new wave of nationalism occurred resulting in a great development of the arts, influencing composers to write music that was identifiable with their countries. These compositions were presented with musical concepts that followed many of the core musical elements of the country's traditional music. Polish composer Frédéric Chopin was one of the first, and most notable composers to implement concepts from his country's traditional music, including musical elements from polish dances, Polonaise and Mazurka, into his own works. Many composers soon followed, developing these ideas of nationalism in music, such as Russian circle of composers ‘The Mighty Handful’. The Mighty Handful...
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...Persian literature (Persian: ادبیات فارسی) is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans two-and-a-half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Irap and the Caucasus, as well as regions of Central Asia wherethe Persian Language has historically been the national language. For instance, Molana (Rumi), one of Iran's best-loved poets, born in Balkh or Vakhsh (in what is now Afganistan or Tajikistan), wrote in Persian, and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus,Turkey, western parts of Pakistan, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all this literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians. Particularly, Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures. Described as one of the great literatures of mankind, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE (the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription...
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...height of its power and influence in the nineteenth century, and seemed set to dominate Europe after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. However this threat came to nothing. Despite the efforts of successive Tsars, the country remained backward and bureaucratic. When change at last occurred, it was through the work of the revolutionaries during the 1917 Revolution. Imperial Russia following the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 , the entire Russia population was plagued with fear, trapped in a country dominated by ruthless totalitarian leaders. and served as an effective way to ultimately control the entire population. Due to many of the despotic policies imposed upon Russian citizens, widespread discontent arose and revolutionary groups began to form. Although terrorism remained relatively quiet during most of the 19th century, tension began to build and by the early 20th century revolutionary movements were in full force, as a “new type of terrorist emerged”(cite). Russia from 1825 until the mid-20th century was, for the most part, a totalitarian state, dominated by tyrannical ruler who used methods of terror to achieve and later consolidate their power. A common strategy used throughout this century in suppressing opposition was the exploitation of a certain group, dubbing all members “enemies of the people.” Russia also experienced a century of economic instability as a result of the implementation of different reforms that at times succeeded, but mostly failed....
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...realized it had changed so much. Electricity, telephones, and radios were created at this time and effected how people lived. Artist became creators of cultural, for the first time in human history the Artist weren't depended on just drawing what the world looked like. They could leave the world of perfect drawing and pursue a different aspect of art. The realist movement didn't just help artist, it helped authors. Authors didn't have to write about romance, or fictional. Author could just be realistic. they did not need elaborate settings, weird/ attention grabbing stories. they wrote simple stories with extraordinary detail which made the story that much more better. Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy also known as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Tolstoy was a master of realistic fiction and is widely considered one of the world's greatest novelists. He is best known for two long novels, War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). Tolstoy first achieved literary acclaim in his 20s with his semi-autobiographical trilogy of novels, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852-1856) and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based on his experiences in the Crimean War. 3 questions is another master piece that Leo Tolstoy created. The story starts out with king that wanted to know the answer to three simple questions: What was the right time for every action, who were the most necessary and how he might know what was the most important. the king promised...
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...Crystal Taylor Professor Chambers English 2333-53001 April 8 2014 From Romanticism to Realism in 19th Century The late nineteenth century was a period of incredible change as political empires broke up, independence rose, the power of the middle class replaced that of the dignity, and colonization grew. Although there were efforts to recover spiritual interest, normally organized religion reduced in influence in the late nineteenth century and was replaced by personal spiritual, moral, or theoretical beliefs. Literature developed as the creative standard that best expressed the social, economic, and logical concerns of the day, moving away from the issues and styles associated with Romanticism earlier in the century. Although in literature romantic elements in the Elizabeth and dramas, the English literary romanticism from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads shows romanticism in a different light than other stories. Wordsworth stated his belief that poetry results from "the natural overflow of powerful feelings," and pressed for the use of natural everyday expression in literary works. Coleridge emphasized, the importance of the poet's thoughts and discounted devotion to personal literary rules. William Blake was maybe the most outstanding of the English romantics. His poems and paintings are blissful, creative, and heavily descriptive, indicating the unworldly reality fundamental the physical reality. Romanticism stresses on...
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...Notes on Existentialism Compiled for PSY 345 (Fall 2004) Existentialism provides a moving account of the agony of being in the world. The spirit of existentialism has a long history in philosophy. But it became a major movement in the second half of the 20th century. Existentialism is not a systematic body of thought like Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more like an umbrella under which a very wide range of thinkers struggled with questions about the meaning of life. Much of the appeal and popularity of Existentialism is due to the sense of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Europeans felt during World War II and its aftermath. Existentialism’s focus on each person’s role in creating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and Humanistic traditions in psychology and on the “human potential” movement that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) said, “Conquer yourself rather than the world.”. To modern existentialists this means that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is not the unfolding expression of Human Destiny or a Divine plan, or even a set of natural laws. The only meaning is that which we create by acts of will. To have a meaningful life we have to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful but it doesn’t create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our own lifetime. You are what you do – while you are doing it – and then nothing. (Very...
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