...BEVERLY TIONGSON HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 19th CENTURY: SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES 19th CENTURY SPAIN • Spain during the first three quarters of the 19th century was a country of instability and chaos. • Conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte, he made his brother Joseph as king. • Guerilla warfare against the French ensued • In 1812 a constitution was made by the Liberal Cortes • Ferdinand VII was restored to power by 1814, he returned to absolute government • Civil wars broke out between the Liberals and Carlists (supporters of Don Carlos) • Maria Cristina as regent of her infant daughter Isabella (successor to the throne under the terms of Pragmatic Sanction • 1868 a revolution against Isabella took place and she was forced to abdicate • Alfonso XII of Spain became king, which finally brought Spain into a period of stability and reform 19th Century Philippines Economic Development • Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade • Reforms made by Gov. Gen. Jose Basco y Vargas • Real Compania de Filipinas 1785 • Tobacco Monopoly • 1830 – growth of export economy from the British and American merchants • Philippines exported agricultural products resulting to the growth and profit of Filipino hacienderos and inquilinos of the friar haciendas • Economic Development as a whole is a non-Spanish initiative • Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 Social Development The Native Population • PRINCIPALIA they are the rich landowners; local gov’t officials • ILLUSTRADO educated middle-class ...
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...In 19th century Europe, the conditions of the poor in the cities were of much concern as they went through a period of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. Novelist, Charles Dickens often unveiled the faults of the 19th century in his works, as did Edwin Chadwick and Henry Mayhew in their work. The 19th century is often considered a very pious age, however, it was actually a period of doubt and loss of faith for many thoughtful people. General ideals and beliefs of the era were already changing by the early 19th century. Many churches in America and England were very liberal. For example, they rejected the doctrine of Hell, or who were, like the Unitarians, deists. Amongst the urban working class, there was a widespread non-attendance at church that Sunday. A survey carried out in March 1851 shows that in out of the total 17,927609 population of England and Wales, only 7,261,032 had attended church that Sunday. Moral philosophy became increasingly detached from religion. A “Utilitarian” definition of and basis for goodness was developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Judeo-Christianity morality was attacked by Friedrich Nietzsche while William James, an American psychologist, contemplated...
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...American Imperialism in the 19th Century In the late nineteenth century, the American Imperialism movement began. Imperialism is the "acquisition of control over the government and the economy of another nation, usually by conquest." (Davidson, Delay, Heyrman, Lytle & Stoff, 2008, p. G-4) During the late 1800's, Americans had visions of empire. Their sights were aimed toward Canada, Mexico and Cuba, as well as "more distant lands in Asia and Latin America...by opening the doors of trade to foreign markets and resources." (Davidson et al., 2008, p. 611) Through imperialism, a country can gain power by amassing new territories and building wealth. The American Imperialism was adopted for many reasons. According to the Regents Prep website (2000): The public perception of the "closing of the west", along with the philosophy of Social Darwinism, contributed to a desire for continued expansion of American lands and the spreading of American culture. The result was a shift in US foreign policy at the end of the 19th century from a reserved, homeland concerned republic to an active imperial power. (para. 1) The Spanish-American War started the era of American Imperialism. Cuba was trying to gain independence from Spain. Newspapers made up stories of Spanish brutality in Cuba causing Americans to call for war. 260 Americans were killed when the USS Maine, stationed in the harbor of Havana, exploded. The newspapers immediately blamed the Spanish increasing the call for...
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...According to some, the 19th century was a time of great change. Advances in science and technology induced much of this change and had wide spread effects on society. Some of the social changes resulting from the advancement in science and technology during the 19th century that were recognized included the industrial growth. By 1850, western and central Europe were developing a middle class population of industrial professionals. Due to the invention of usable electricity, steel, steam and petroleum products, there was confidence in human progress among this middle class that profoundly changed their day to day lives. This confidence brought about optimism and growth of individualism, which influenced their values, gender roles and the...
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...Nghi Bui Professor Kern History 1302 - 5055 Feb 2nd, 2015 Industrialization and reform (1870 – 1916) After the Civil War, the United States owned an abundant amount of natural resource, an expanding market for manufactured goods, a growing supply of labor and availabilities of capital for investment. In addition, the federal government vigorously promoted industrial development which stimulated the American economy to change dramatically from the Gilded Age to the Progressive Era. However, the progress of the industrialization affected every aspect of the American society in either positive or negative way. As the nation moved to the west, the United States was transformed by vast changes in technology and a large amount of natural resources which stimulated new industries. Particularly, steel came to be used in the expanding new railroads which contributed in linking the nation and created a national wide market. By the 1890s, there were five transcontinental railroads transported the raw material from the West to the Eastern markets and carried manufactured goods to the West (Foner 596). Though, the government was not able to deal problems formed by the industrial revolution. Both parties came under control of powerful political managers with close ties to business interests. Republicans intensely supported a high tariff to protect America industry. During the 1870s, Republicans established a financial system based on reducing federal spending, which helped to repay...
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...During the nineteenth century, any form of physical, mental or verbal abuse by one partner towards the other was not punishable by the law. This was due to the attitudes that people had towards domestic violence during the 19th century. One public attitude towards domestic violence was that it was acceptable to beat women as wives were subordinate to their husbands. This was evident from the fact that women had no political power until 1918. It was also evident that women were subordinate to men from the fact that at this time there was an all male police force. This suggests that men were previously seen as superior to women. Therefore, one attitude towards domestic violence was that it was acceptable as women had a lower social status. Also, a government attitude towards domestic violence was that it was too unimportant to be dealt with by the police. This was evident from the fact that cases of domestic violence were often dealt with by the community rather than the authorities. This shows that the government saw domestic violence as insignificant so they left the issue to be dealt with by the public. Moreover, the attitudes towards domestic violence during the nineteenth century were that it was more of a working class issue; newspapers generally only recorded domestic violence within poorer households. This was due to the fact that domestic violence was linked to drunkenness and disorder problems within the working class. Therefore, one attitude towards domestic...
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...industrial revolution, a period of transition and innovation, inevitably brought with it changes. Life for both rich and poor was changed forever. A way of life in Europe was passing away, when the lord of the manor, independent farmers, servants and workers that had previously lived independently in a vertically integrated society were replaced by a city based society of segregated social classes. The population grew rapidly, and people found work in the factories of cities. The industrial revolution began in Britain, which filled all the requirements for it to happen. As an aftermath of 1688 and the “Glorious Revolution”, British kings lost much of their power and influence to aristocratic landowners, who in turn sought to bring their own lands under greater control. This is known as the Enclosure Movement. This lead to two very important consequences; the land became more productive, which in turn lead to the agricultural revolution, and people who used to work the lands of the aristocratic landowners effectively became a poor, unemployed, new class of society in need of work. It was this class of poor that manned and worked in the factories that the industrial revolution brought along with it. They were ideal for the job, because they were in desperate need of work and would work for low wages. Although they were mostly unskilled labourers, it didn’t matter much since the jobs at factories required little skill from the workers. So, the factories...
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...allowed countries to export vast amounts of resources easily, therefore boosting economies. The introduction of electricity into society during this time also had a profound impact on the economic situation of many countries and individuals by allowing possible work hours to be increased dramatically. In 1914, Britain, Germany, France and the US owned 72% of the world’s manufacturing output, having a profound impact on the economies of the countries but also creating a climate of competition between the strong industrial powers. To a certain extent, this economic change throughout the world had a significant impact, and acted as a catalyst for increasing social and political change. Political change was evident during the early 20th century given that dynastic rulers still governed solely over many of the imperial nations at the start of this period. But this was soon to change due to the growing discontent in both the middle and working class. During this time the middle class began growing discontent with the way that the upper class was running the country. They believed that they should have more political power, as they are the ones running the...
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...(a) Pride and Prejudice Critically analyse the following passage from Pride and Prejudice, giving detailed consideration to what the passage shows of the thematic concerns and narrative methods of the novel (for example, what themes are dealt with here? What use is made of narrative point of view? How is characterisation achieved?). Pride and prejudice was written by Jane Austen and published in 1813. This passage of the story was written in third person narration perspective that displays thematic concerns and narrative methods throughout the novel to make the readers relate to the story or understand the relations and differences between the 19th century society and the modern society. The themes in this passage are pride, prejudice, family, marriage, class and society, wealth, love, women and femininity, and language and communication. The narrative methods of this passage are narration and point of view (third person narration e.g. focalisation and indirect speech), selection and arrangement of events, characterisation, description, dialogue, exposition and the development of themes. Written in third person, this passage from the “pride and Prejudice” novel is written and told by an omniscient narrator (Jane Austin) who used her heroine and hero character (Elizabeth) as a focalizer through her actions and feelings towards herself, others and what is happening around her. The themes in this “Pride and prejudice” passage are pride, prejudice, family, marriage, class...
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...2013 Hedda Gabler and “The Trapped Woman” in the 19th Century Appearances can be deceiving. Hedda Gabler, the great story of an aristocratic woman, smart, and somewhat off her rocker, takes us into the personal life of a woman by the married name of Hedda Tesmen. Through analysis and research of the story though, we can see the author is trying to show us something further from what it seems. Henrik Ibsen, the writer of Hedda Gabler, seems to not be telling us the personal story of the woman Hedda Tesman, but showing us the faults of society for that time period in terms of the roles of women. “The Trapped Woman”, is a term I will use to describe the role of “The Woman” in the late 19th Century. Henrik Ibsen appears to be showing us through Hedda’s life that no matter the apparent strength or background of a woman during the 19th century, they are still trapped in a way which forbids them to be who they truly are. Hedda Tesman, as described early on in the play, due to her background and personality, should in no way be anything but in complete control over her life. As stated by Aunt Julle, “General Gabler’s daughter. What a life she had in the general’s day!” (Ibsen). This statement in the beginning of the play almost immediately foreshadows her unhappy life in her current state. Due to the roles of women for that time period, she is just the representation of all women in her situation at the time. Women in the 19th century had very minimal rights. When a woman becomes married...
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...Women In The 19th Century Women in the 19th century were very dependent on men and focused very much on mans needs, even if it meant their happiness. In the short story, "The Story Of An Hour" by: Kate Chaplain, the author uses a hopeful, intense, and jovial tone to show that women can live a happier better life when they aren't controlled by anyone but themselves. Most wives in the 19th century were not happy with the relationship rules that had come with there husbands. " It was not very uncommon for them to commit suicide". (Women In Us History) because " every man had the right to force his wife to do anything he wanted". (Hasting Press). In the story " The Story Of An Hour " by Kate Chaplin Mrs. Mallard was sad at first about the death of her husband but she then looked further down her life to do freely what she wanted, " she saw beyond that bitter moment along procession of years to come that would belong only to her, and opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome" (Apple Bee 625). Mrs. Mallard can now enjoy her new life and do as she wishes without being controlled. After her husbands death she kept whispering " free! body an soul free!" (Apple Bee 625). She can live her days freely without being told to do anything unwanted by any man. The author uses a hopeful tone to show that Mrs. Mallard is a happier person when she is living like a free person and not controlled by anybody but herself. Women had no say in what they wanted, and...
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...The Story of an Hour Caprice Tarpley Kaplan University Professor Susan Zappia April 2, 2013 The Story of an Hour Introduction Kate Choplin in her mini story ‘The story of an hour’ depicts very beautifully the yearnings and longings of a woman in the 19th century. The story is short and beautiful, and the underlying message is that women are just as humans as men and they have the same yearning desire for freedom as the men in their life (Chopin, 1894). The story of Mrs. Mallard Louise Mallard is the major character of the story. She is represented as a fair and calm woman along with little indication of being strong. She was suffering from heart disease and that is why the death of her husband was disclosed to her after much hesitation. Her character envelops a mixture of happiness and grievance. It can clearly be observed when she got the news of her husband’s death. Despite of going into shock, she dramatically cried hard for a time (Jamil, 2009). Owing to the fact that she had a heart trouble, she must had went into shock, however, she was calm and started considering the new opportunities her life may pose her. She welcomed some mysterious things appearing to her from the sky and her actions show that she was feeling immense independence after her husband’s death. She was overjoyed with the fact that she could lead her life without any domination (Seyler, 2009). At start, the weaker side of her character was portrayed, whereas...
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...After the loss of the American colonies in 1783 Britain began to look for new colonies in order to find cheap sources of raw materials. The 19th century brought about the greatest prosperity in Britain. Its sources lay in colonial expansion, industrialization, improved transport, and social reforms. At the beginning of the century Britain was at war with Napoleonic France. In 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding any country under his control from trading with Britain. In the following year, the British issued Orders in Council, granting the right to seize neutral shipping bound for French controlled ports. This decision led to a war with the USA (1812-1814). In 1815, the Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo near Brussels, and after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain became the greatest and richest power in Europe. The British controlled world trade. In the 19th century the population of Britain increased rapidly. By 1815 it had reached 13 million and London was one of the largest cities in Europe (1 million inhabitants). By 1850 half the population lived in towns and London had more than 2 million inhabitants. Between 1750 and 1850 the population of Britain increased threefold. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, a younger son of King George III, succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837. Her reign lasted until her death in 1901, and it was marked by a steady growth of national wealth and expansion of the empire. Britain held the...
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...Women were long considered naturally weaker than men, squeamish, and unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most preindustrial societies, for example, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving "heavier" labor such as hunting and plowing to men. This ignored the fact that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required heavy, sustained labor. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that women live longer and more resistant to most diseases. legal status of women changed with the beginning of common law in England which permitted an unmarried woman to own a property, make a contract, sue and be sued and married woman giving up her maiden name and all her personal property was being in the absolute control of her husband, Equity law in England also stressed the importance of equal rights per early history. The western culture in the early year’s tradition was that, middle-class girls had to learn house chores like cooking, cleaning and basic things to care for their future homes from their mother’s as this was expected of her when she grew up. Tests made in the 1960s showed that the scholastic achievement of girls was higher in the early grades than in high school. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that...
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...In the Hayfield "In the Hayfield" by Julien Dupre represents the simple life style of a peasant farmer in the 19th century. In the 19th century farming was a difficult job for simple people. It took up a lot of time and farmers usually worked from dawn to dusk only getting a break on Sundays. I feel like this painting by Julien Dupre represents this because of many things he included in it. There is a young woman about the age of 20 directly in the middle of the painting in an action pose. She is in the middle of turning some hay when it's almost as if someone takes a snapshot of exactly what's going on in that moment. The left side of the young women there is a little village with a few cozy looking houses. The artist probably just modeled some houses that he saw in the country side. On the right side there is five men throwing hay onto a house drawn wagon. This also makes the painting realistic because what would a young woman be doing out in the field far away from the village by herself. It makes sense that there are others helping her with her work. The task seems almost never ending with the long rows and mountainous piles of hay. The subject matter of the painting is still life. He is trying to portray what it would look like in fall harvesting hay in the 19th century. This painting looks as if the artist just took a picture of a person in their daily life. She has her lunch basket along with which shows me that she will be out there all day. The scale of the...
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