...A Look into the Human Memory Process Jasmin Chopper American Intercontinental University Abstract The memory process is comprised of different aspects which a person uses to acquire, retain, store, and later retrieve information. There are different systems of the memory process that are in charge of different types of memories. A stage model is used to help better understand the 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long- term memory. There are ways to help one improve the process of information flowing into the next stage of memory. Some factors contribute to a person’s inability to properly retrieve information as well as cause a person to forget information. Memory is a complex process that pertains to more than just looking at an object and remembering what you saw. A Look into the Human Memory Process The human memory is a process in which we use to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. Memory has to deal with different systems that are in charge of different types of memories (Sayre, 2011). A way of understanding more about memory would be to look at the stage model of memory, which is often used to explain the basic structure as well as function of memory. The model was initially proposed by Atkinson and Shiffron in 1968, this theory outlines 3 different stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory where sensory information from...
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...top 10 in America that cannot be prevented, cured, or slowed? Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. It is the most common form of dementia. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, 1 in 3 senior citizens end up getting Alzheimer’s disease or another type of dementia in their lifetime. And many of those who have Alzheimer’s disease have not been diagnosed. Today I’m going to inform you on how to be able to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease through the causes, symptoms, along with further prevention, medication, and research. Alzheimer’s is a tricky disease to find and understand because there are no direct causes with it. Doctor Alois Alzheimer was the first doctor to identify the first case of Alzheimer’s disease. He realized something was different with a woman’s brain tissue after she had passed away from an unusual mental illness. This woman’s name was Auguste Deter. Her symptoms were memory loss, language problems, and unusual behavior. Scientists have discovered that brain damage beings to start around a decade before the patient shows signs of memory loss. The beginning damage appears to take place in the hippocampus, which is that part of the brain that forms and keeps the memories. As more neurons become damaged, more and more parts of the brain are being affected. At the final stage of Alzheimer’s, the damage is all throughout the brain, and the brain tissue shrinks dramatically. Although there is no...
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...and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1 a. One way in which these patterns differ from each other is in the architecture of their sleep. In the normal brain of a young person, the duration of REM sleep increases while the duration of NREM-3 or deep sleep decreases as the night progresses. In infants and babies, REM sleep roughly covers half of the sleep and there is a lot of NREM-3 sleep. However, older people tend to have much less REM sleep than younger people and their NREM-3 stages of sleep become almost extinct, which is why older people are more prone to waking up at night, unlike babies who are heavy sleepers.1 b. REM sleep, also known as paradoxical sleep, is also known to cause genital arousal characterized by erections in males and increased in vaginal fluids in women. While the average young man has erections during nearly half their sleep, older men have erections for only a quarter of their sleep due to the reduced REM that is caused by aging. This may apply to women too. 1 c. Researchers have noticed that there are four different types of waves that appear on the EEG when they study sleep. These waves are Alpha waves, Theta waves, Delta waves, and Beta waves, which respectively correspond to the 5 stages of sleep: Awake and relaxed, NREM-1 and NREM-2, NREM-3, and...
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...There are seven different stages of Alzheimer’s the during stage 1 (No Impairment), Alzheimer’s disease is not detectable and no memory problems or other symptoms of dementia are evident. Stage 2 is (Very Mild Decline), the senior may notice minor memory problems or lose things around the house, although not to the point where the memory loss can easily be distinguished from normal age related memory loss. The person will still do well on memory tests and the disease is unlikely to be detected by physicians or loved ones. Stage 3 (Mild Decline) At this stage, the friends and family members of the senior may begin to notice memory and cognitive problems. Performance on memory and cognitive tests are affected and physicians will be able to detect...
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...Memory Summary Lewana Jackson Essentials of Psychology/Psy-211 October 27, 2014 Mark Ammer Memory Summary Three Stages of Memory The first stage of memory is encoding. What is encoding? According to Miller (1956), Encoding is “When information comes into our memory system it needs to be changed into a Form that the system can cope with and understand so it can be stored.” Miller uses the example Of changing money in a foreign country to explain encoding. According to Miller, there are three ways information can be encoded: 1. Visual (picture) meaning if one sees something they are more apt to remember the item or Subject. An example is when children are taught how to count money. When they use play Money and actually use the items they see and feel what coins and the dollar bill sizes mean. 2. Acoustic (sound) meaning if I only had hearing as that of a blind person, I would be able to Recognize someone that I knew based on the sound of his or her voice including the pitch. I would be Able to determine if they are happy or sad based on the sound of their voice. 3. Semantic (meaning) as in certain cultures and professions people have different meanings and Nicknames for item and people. A prime example would be in the African American culture a Light-skinned person is referred to as “Red Bone”. Memory Storage Memory is stored two ways according to Miller (1956): 1. Short Term Memory (STM). This is...
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...between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. The complete sleep cycle of an individual is composed of two stages: NREM and REM stage. NREM includes the stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep and the REM stage started from stage 3 to 4. The NREM comprises approximately 75% to 80% of the entire sleeping time of the person; the second stage, REM has the longer span which...
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...the experiment stage 1 (digit span) I was able to clear my mind from my surrounding and focused solely on the numbers presented to me. As the number of digits increased I noticed that I was able to remember the first and last digit more readily than the digits in the middle. Also, the speed at which the numbers were called out to me seemed to have an impact as well. The faster the digits were read the quicker I was able to reiterate the digits back. The slower or wider the gap was between each number the harder it was to recreate the digits. Some other observations that came to my attention were; the clarity of the digits while they were being read out, the order of the digits whether it was ascending or descending, repetitive numbers in each list , and whether the beginning of the list was the same as the ending of the previous list. Each observation had its own share of impact on my recollection of the list being read out. If there was any hesitation from the reader’s part it directly affected my ability to regenerate the list from...
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...Pipelining, Cache Memory, and Virtual Memory are the four most important advances. If any of these techniques were to be implemented separately there would not be as great of an improvement in the computer systems we have today. They are each dependent upon the other to amplify the performance increases. While each of these performs separate tasks to improve system performance, Pipelining has helped to improve system performance the most. Reduced Instruction Set Computing simplifies the instructions that are executed for a microprocessor. The RISC architecture was developed not to speed up the time with which processors can complete the instructions, but to simplify the instructions themselves. According to Masood in his article entitled RISC and CISC the Reduced Instruction Set Computer uses a “small, highly optimized set of instructions”, as opposed to the more complex instructions in other architecture systems. When a RISC architecture, which simplifies the instructions, is coupled with other methods, such as pipelining the system has a CPI of one cycle (Masood, 2011). Cache Memory improves system performance by storing recently accessed data not in the main memory, but in a high-speed intermediate memory location. This reduces the time used to fetch these instructions. Modern microprocessors use various levels of cache memory to perform the cache memory functions. According to the Network Dictionary L1 Cache is a primary that is built into the CPU. This memory stores copies...
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..."Where has Yesterday Gone" Memory loss, like old age is a condition which mankind has always reluctantly recognized and always - with resignation. Memory loses are sometimes trivial and meaningless and go unrecognized. However, when these loses are so great that a person does not know who or where they are the concerns are quite grave. Although it is realize that Alzheimer's disease destroys the brain memory function, many do not realize precisely how the memory is destroyed once one is aware of the process, it becomes faster to work forward to alleviate the destruction. "Without memory there is no knowledge to recreate or reproduce past perceptions, emotions, thoughts and actions that are so vital to live a full and functioning life. Memory is the key that unlocks doors that keep us functioning, not only mentally but physically (Corrick 32)." "Memory loss is not a sign of decay (Freedman 10)." As we get older, there is some mild impairment in our recollection of recent events, such as forgetting why one went into a room or misplacing a person's eye glasses, which even young are guilty of doing. As reported by Larry Squire, "forgetting is quite normal and usually develops in the third decade of life, and by one estimate 85 percent of the healthy elderly - those over 65--suffer some memory impairment (59)." According to Dr. Seligmann, "forgetting is the process through which information in memory becomes inaccessible, either because it is stored but is not at that time retrievable...
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...Handout # 8 Introduction to Phychology BBA-1 Consciousness Instructed By Ms. Ghazala Danish Consciousness: Consciousness refers to your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment. Your conscious experiences are constantly shifting and changing. It is prosperity of particular parts of the brain, not of the brain as a whole. The awareness of various cognitive processes and making decision. For example, in one moment you may be focused on reading this article. Your consciousness may then shift to the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a co-worker. Next, you might notice how uncomfortable your chair is or maybe you are mentally planning dinner. Cognitive Process: | Cognitive processes are very important for human behavior. It is about knowledge and the way people use their knowledge. For example, sleep, looks dream are count in cognitive process. Consciousness as a social phenomenon: Consciousness is that we aware of ourselves of our thoughts, our perceptions, our actions, our memories and our feelings. Historically, people have taken three philosophical positions about the nature of consciousness. The first and earliest position is that consciousness is not a natural phenomenon, (natural phenomenon is that subject to the laws of nature that all scientists attempt to discover: laws involving matter and purely physical forces. This position says that consciousness is something supernatural and...
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...Foundations of Cognitive Theory Elizabeth Caldwell Excelsior College Abstract Cognitive-learning theories explore the complexity of the mind from the perspective of how the mind processes information. The paper will discuss the history of cognitive-learning theories and how they shaped the way one perceives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information. The main focus will be on Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, however, it will include theorists such as Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Edward Tolman and Frederic Bartlett. It will start off with the definition of cognitive theory and move on to the history of psychological theorists, ending with the conclusion. Keywords: Defining Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought processes (Fritscher, 2014). The main facet of cognitive theory involves the communications between mental components and the information that is processed through this intricate system. As individuals learn, they vigorously generate cognitive arraignments which determine their perceptions of environment and self. Concepts of Cognitive Theorists Cognitive theorists think that learning consists of the incorporation of events into an operating storage system contained within the organizational structures called schemata. This concept of schemata was introduced by Frederic C. Bartlett in the early 1930’s. We will discuss more about Frederic C. Bartlett...
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...occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first” (2). Pavlov’s Dogs. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist in the 1890s who did studies on dogs creating “Pavolovian Conditioning” also know as classical conditioning. In his studies he began to look at the correlation between dogs salivating in response to being fed. A dog salivating in response to being fed is not a learned trait but a reflex. The dog salivating is an unconditioned response, which means it requires no learning (3). Pavlov started measuring the salivation secretions in response to being fed (3). Through his studies Pavlov saw that any object or event that the dog associated with being fed would make the dog salivate. “Classical conditioning is "classical" in that it is the first systematic study of basic laws of learning / conditioning” (3)....
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...STAGES OF MEMORY DWIGHT CALDWELL Aspects of Pyschology-SSCI-1202B-01 Geoffery Hackert AIU May 17, 2012 The mind is designed to process thoughts, emotions and has the ability to maintain and reproduce memories. To fully understand the memory process one must look at how memory starts and how each stage is used to complete the process of memory. The model that this paper will discuss will provide definitions and examples of each stage and how the mind uses each to process each stage. The minds are somewhat like a Central Processing Unit that has the ability to multi-task and complete different assignments at a time. The first stage of memory is called sensory memory. This is when sensory information that comes from our five senses is stored for a brief period of time, which generally for no longer than a half-second for visual and information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing this information to pass into the next stage-short term memory (www.psychology.about.com/2012). An example of sensory memory would be a person smelling or tasting something that they did not like and being able to have a feeling of pleasure from the memory or a feeling of disgust because of the initial contact with the food or odor. Short-term memory also known as active memory, this is the process of information that we are aware of or are currently thinking about a certain thing. In language that is more common...
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...Care: Naomi Feil The Validation Model of Dementia Care was founded by Naomi Feil in 1982. She was a graduate from New York University. In her validation model there are 4 stages: 1. Stage 1 : Early Stage Experience 2. Stage 2: Disorientation 3. Stage 3: Repetitive Experience 4. Stage 4: Late Stage Intense Needs Experience Stage One: Early Stage Experience: • Awareness – a person becomes aware of failing memory and tries to hide it through jokes, excuses and making ‘light’ of the situation • Appears to be orientated – aware of time, space and location • Frightened of going mad – as increased awareness of loss of memory and changes occurring in their brain – fear for future • Defends loss of memory or strange behaviour by making up stories for actions Stage Two: Disorientation • Visibly disorientated – markedly less orientated to time, place and setting • Loss of sense of time – times of the day, month and year will be lost as person focuses on past times • Disinhibition – Learnt social skills may lose their meaning and the individual may do or say things that are socially/morally unacceptable • Less aware of loss – the individual ‘relaxes’ into their altered reality as they become less aware of their loss of memory and less able to joke about themselves and their changed behaviour. Stage Three: Repetitive Experience • Repeated movements and words – words, sounds or actions repeated over and over again e.g. asking the same question • Language function...
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...Cognitive Processes: Memory The human body is wired and created in a manner that various developments occur as one advances in age; for instance, it would be impossible to have a new born child who can speak. Most of the cognitive processes in human beings develop over time and, in fact, most of them get developed as a result of the various situations and experiences that one undergoes on a daily basis. Cognition is the intricate process through which a living being can decode and comprehend various aspects of the surrounding. For instance, it would be an aspect of cognition when one can identify that there has been a drop in temperature and it has, therefore, become cold. Cognition is not only unique to human beings as some animals also exhibit sufficient intelligence to understand the various cognitive processes (Schacter & Scarry, 2001). This paper shall evaluate these cognitive processes with particular regard to the aspect of memory as it develops with age and how the memory status of a child differs from that of a person with advanced age. The Idea of Memory Memory could be described in simple terms as the aspect and process through which living organisms are able to store, decipher and even retrieve information. Memory mainly deals with information and the manner of handling that information on a day to day basis. The intricate process and aspects of memory, however, seek to go beyond just storing and retrieving information; there is the idea of how one can interpret...
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