Chpt. 8 Vocab 1. Deozyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- molecules that carry the body’s genetic information 2. Plasma- fluid portion of unclotted blood 3. Erythrocyte- a red blood cell 4. Serum- liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed 5. Antigen- substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the body to produce antibodies against it 6. Antibody- protein in the blood serum that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen 7. Antiserum- blood serum that contains specific antibodies 8. Agglutination- the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody 9. Serology- study of antigen-antibody reactions 10. Polyclonal Antibodies- antibodies produced by injecting animals with specific antigen; series of antibodies are produced responding to a variety of different sites on the antigen 11. Monoclonal Antibodies- collection of identical antibodies that interact with a single antigen site 12. Hybridoma Cells- fused spleen and tumor cells; used to produce identical monoclonal antibodies in a limitless supply 13. Hemoglobin- red blood cell protein that transports oxygen in the bloodstream; it’s responsible for the red color of blood 14. Luminol- most sensitive chemical test that is capable of presumptively detecting bloodstains diluted to as little as 1 in 100,000; its reaction with blood emits light and this requires the result to be observed in a darkened area 15. Precipitin- antibody that reacts with is corresponding antigen to form a precipitate 16. Gene- basic unit of heredity, consisting of a DNA segment located on a chromosome 17. Chromosome- threadlike structure in the cell nucleus, along which the genes are located 18. Egg- female reproductive cell 19. Sperm- male reproductive cell 20. Zygote- cell arising from the union of an egg and a sperm cell 21. X Chromosome- female sex chromosome 22. Y Chromosome- male sex chromosome 23. Locus- physical location of a gene on a chromosome 24. Allele- any of several alternative forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes 25. Homozygous- having two identical allelic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes 26. Heterozygous- having two different allelic genes on two corresponding positions of a pair of chromosomes 27. Genotype- particular combination of genes present in the cells of an individual 28. Phenotype- physical manifestation of a genetic trait such as shape, color, or blood type 29. Acid Phosphatase- enzyme found in high concentration in semen 30. Enzyme- protein that acts as a catalyst for certain specific reactions 31. Oligospermia- abnormally low sperm count 32. Aspermia- absence of sperm; sterility in males

Chpt.10 Vocab 33. Crime-Scene Reconstruction- method used to support a likely sequence of events at a crime scene by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by individuals involved with the incident 34. Satellite Spatter- small drops of blood that are distributed around the perimeter of a drop or pool of blood and were produced as a result of the blood impacting the target surface 35. Angel of Impact- angle formed between the path of a blood drop and the surface that it contacts 36. Impact Spatter- bloodstain pattern produced when an object makes forceful contact with a source of blood, projecting drops of blood outward from the source 37. Forward Spatter- blood that travels away from the source in the same direction as the force that caused the spatter 38. Back Spatter- blood directed back toward the source of the force that caused the spatter 39. Low-velocity Spatter- impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 feet per second or less and producing drops with diameters greater than 3 millimeters 40. Medium-velocity Spatter- impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 5 to 25 feet per second and producing drops with diameters between 1 and 3 millimeters 41. High-velocity Spatter- impact spatter pattern created by a force traveling at 100 feet per second or faster and producing drops with diameters less than 1 millimeter 42. Area of Convergence- area on a two-dimensional plane where lines traced through the long axis of several individual bloodstains meet; this approximates the two-dimensional place from which the bloodstains were projected 43. Area of Origin- location in the three-dimensional space from which blood that produced a bloodstain originated. The location of the area of convergence and the angle of impact for each bloodstain is used to approximate this area 44. Cast-off- bloodstain pattern that is created when blood is flung form a blood-bearing object in motion onto a surface 45. Arterial Spray- characteristic bloodstain pattern containing spurts that resulted from blood exiting under pressure from an arterial injury 46. Expirated Blood Pattern- pattern created by blood that is expelled out of the nose, mouth, or respiratory system as a result of air pressure and/or airflow 47. Void- area within a deposited patter pattern that is clear of spatter, caused by an object or person blocking the area at the time of the spatter’s deposition 48. Transfer Pattern- bloodstain pattern created when a surface that carries wet blood comes in contact with a second surface; recognizable imprints of all or a portion of the original surface or the direction of movement may be observed 49. Flow Pattern- bloodstain pattern formed by the movement of small or large amounts of blood as a result of gravity’s pull 50. Skeletonization- process by which the edges of a stain dry to the surface in a specific period of time (dependent on environmental and surface conditions). Skeletonization will remain apparent even after the rest of the bloodstain has been disturbed form its original position 51. Drip Tail Pattern- pattern of bloodstain formed by the dripping of blood off a moving surface or person in a recognizable pathway separate from other patterns