... LLC ISSN: 0037-7996 print / 2152-405X online DOI: 10.1080/00377996.2011.585551 9/11 in the Curriculum: A Retrospective DIANA HESS1 and JEREMY STODDARD2 1 2 Curriculum and Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA School of Education, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA This article uses a curricular analysis study to examine how the events of 9/11 and their aftermath are presented to secondary students in supplemental curriculum and social studies textbooks published from 2002–2010. Shortly after 9/11, many political leaders and social studies educators advocated teaching about 9/11 and its aftermath because these events provided a unique “teachable moment,” even though there was often bitter disagreement about what ideological messages related to 9/11 should be promoted in the schools. Within one year, many non-profit organizations and even the United States Department of State developed materials on 9/11 that were disseminated to secondary schools. As the first editions of post-9/11 textbooks came out, it was also evident that content about 9/11 and what happened in its wake would be given special attention. To investigate what was being communicated to young people about 9/11 and its aftermath to students, we analyzed nine curricula from the non-profits and the government in the first few years after 9/11, a sample of nine of history and government textbooks published between 2004–06, and then a subsample of three of...
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...James Janosz Political Science 495 Terrorism December 14th, 2009 The Changing Look of Terrorism The purpose of this paper is to study and look at how terrorism has changed from pre 9/11, to post 9/11, to the current and future times. The United States is currently fighting the war on terror. But who is the enemy to the war? Can terrorism actually be considered an enemy? The answers to these questions are difficult to answer and defend, depending on the circumstances. But the key constant to the question is, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear/terror, are perpetrated for an ideological/political goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilian targets. The first section of this paper will deal with both views of the changing face of terrorism from pre 9/11, to post 9/11, and to the present day. The next section of this paper will discuss the variables of why terrorism has changed. In conclusion this paper will summarize the study of the changing face in terrorism. Throughout this paper there will be historical facts, evidence, theories, and analysis to support my argument how terrorism has changed over time. The language of terrorism that we, as Americans read it as, on September 11, 2001, two American airplanes flew into the World Trade Center and another into the Pentagon, while yet another suspiciously crashed in a deserted Pennsylvania...
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...Terrorism of America On September 11, 2001 life in America changed forever when terrorists crashed planes into the twin towers, pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. Since the occurrence of those events the word “terrorism” has been part of the common vocabulary in our day to day lives. The threat of terrorism has brought about many changes. It has created tighter security restrictions, increased intelligence gathering, and for some a sense of paranoia. It has also created a hatred towards those who seek to terrorize the United States. One must ask what is terrorism exactly and why does it happen? The word terrorism was first used in the late 18th century. In Geoffrey Nunberg’s essay “The War of Words: “Terror” and “Terrorism” he uses French Revolutionary Robespierre’s definition of terror as “nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue” (Nunberg 433). Terrorism was the action of a people who were working for and ideological cause. It was a means of bringing about change. Whether the action was positive or negative was determined by the group defining it. While those acting to bring...
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...The following pages will review the threats and measures taken in the State of Florida. Domestic Terrorism Domestic terrorism can be defined as a threatened use, or unlawful use, of violence or force by an individual or group that is operating without any foreign direction within the country and as an act that is violent and dangerous to human life and also against the jurisdiction of the country (Terrorism, 2005). Explosives, weapons, and chemicals are common means of violence in terrorist attacks. As the appendix lists, there are several types of terroristic attacks that must be watched for such as bombings, sniper attacks, biological weapons, and cyber viruses and counter action and safety measures must be planned. Victims can are defined as society. This includes civilians, government workers, the military, first responders, or any stakeholder within the region being terrorized. While reasons for attacks can vary, political motivations along with religious differences and social ideas are the main culprits. When terrorists are planning attacks they may obtain materials such as weapons, vehicles, and security keys, or map out routes, observe particular places and people, time traffic lights and response times, and even receive training specifically for their mission (Jean, 2012). Specifics There are different times and locations all throughout history and the nation for several different reasons. There are 8 factors that...
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...Terrorism Abraham Andrade November 22, 2012 His/145 The American experience since 1945 Terrorism Terrorism is a systematic method to cause terror. Terrorism is most defined as violent acts as a means of coercion. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts that are intended to create fear and are perpetrated for a religious, political or, ideological goal; to deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians. In the years following the September 11, 2001, attacks in America, terrorist incidents on the United States soil has totaled 33; more than 190 incidents in other countries like the United Kingdom. Countries like Israel report numbers in the thousands (National Counterterrorism Center, 2011). This paper will discuss the reasons as to why terrorism activity is higher in certain areas of the world. The paper will also discuss the relationship between different attacks, and if laws and procedures could prevent future attacks. The way terrorism affects the lives of America, and finally, I will discuss how terrorism has changed and influenced The Unites States’ priorities. Terrorism has existed as long as mankind. Today terrorism is systematic; it has evolved with the growth of resources and technology. These changes and the development in the world have added efficiency to the success of terrorists; however, the national security deficiencies can be credited for the majority of these attacks. Different countries have different procedures...
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...Jack Dedert Ms. Schraub English 2B(4) 03 May 2011 9/11 Terrorist Attack “Smoke clears, and a wail: Where did it go? Oh, Lord, where did it go?” says N.R. Kleinfield (qtd. in Raines 30). The date of September 11th, 2001, will go down in American history forever. This terrorist attack shocked not only the United States, but every other nation in the world. On this day there was nearly 2,900 deaths, it will go down as the largest and most effective terrorist attack ever to have occurred. After the attack of 9/11 the United States changed for the better, it brought change in our government and the faith we have in our country. The day September 11th, 2001 will be a day people will not forget for the rest of their lives. On this morning planes were hijacked from Newark, Boston, and Washington. The first event of the terrorist attack was at 8:46 A.M. in Manhattan, New York. At this time a hijacked plane flew into the north tower of the World Trade Center (Greenberg). The top of the north tower was filled with smoke and flames. The people near the World Trade Center were completely surprised and had their attention caught right when the first plane hit. “Hundreds of thousands of people witnessed the attacks firsthand, and millions watched the tragedy unfold live on television.” (qtd. in “September 11 attacks.”). No one knew at first what had happened. Suddenly, seventeen minutes later, a second plane struck the south tower of the World Trade Center (Greenberg). People began...
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...In what ways, if any, has globalization transformed the phenomenon of terrorism? Introduction The idea of terrorism has not always been as it is today. The word “terror” originated after the French Revolution and the word “terrorism” was subsequently recorded by the Académie Française in 1798 (Roberts 2002). The regime of “la Terreur” was one of force and bloody repression against opponents to the newly born French Republic, but since the 19th century, terrorism has come to designate a method of opposition used by small groups (Tilly 2004, 8-9) “against the legitimacy of the prevailing sovereign power” (Scruton 2002, 126). As Barkawi (2006, 129) aptly puts across “‘terror’ is often used as a weapon by those who lack sufficient weapons to fight a military war, who believe their voices are not being heard and their desires bear no fruit”. Contrary to the French “terror”, “terrorism” is then no longer a practice of the State; it is that of radical groups opposing the State, and it is mainly the State that gives them this name (Townshend 2002, 3); the names these groups give themselves are in relation to a cause they see as legitimate. Such causes have arisen in numerous places, prompting some to take extreme but in their minds justified action, and Europe has faced terrorist threats long before the 9/11 attacks, incarnated by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA) in Spain or the Red Brigades in Italy, to name only a few (Barkawi...
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...the United States to terrorism, and minimize damage and assist in recovery for terrorist attacks that occur in the United States. The U.S Department of Homeland Security was established after the 9/11 attacks to counter terrorist activities against the United States. Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur”. The major objective of the Patriot Act is “to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools" by dramatically reducing restrictions pertaining to law enforcement requests to search telephone records, e-mail communication, and health records. The Patriot Act allows for the emergency disclosure of electronic communications to protect life and broadens the definition of terrorism to include acts of domestic terrorism. Under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the Patriot Act allows the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or a designee of the director to apply for an order requiring the "production of any tangible things (including books, records, papers, documents, and other items) for an investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities Introduction Formed in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in an apparent...
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...Introduction 1. what is Terrorism 2. Definition from the Arab Convention for the Suppression Terrorism 3. Types/forms of Terrorism • State Terrorism • Bio Terrorism • Cyber Terrorism • Eco Terrorism • Nuclear Terrorism • Narco Terrorism • Suicide terrorism(psychological warfare) Islam and prohibition of Terrorism 1. Meaning of word ISLAM: derived from word “Salam” meaning: peace 2.Quranic Verses 3.Ahadith 4.Examples from Islamic History 5. Misunderstaing of Islam • False media projection 6.How to remove false misperception • Mass awareness • Reconstructing OIC Terrorism past & Present Scenario 1. Terrorism as a Religious Imperative 2. Trends in Terrorism 3. The Future Terrorist Threat Pakistan’s role in the war on Terror 1. Wazirastan 2. Actions 3. Effect of Pakistan role in war • On international level • Within Pakistan • Western involvement in terrorism in Pakistan 4. Future concern Causes of Terrorism 1. Social and political injustice 2. Psychological Causes of Terrorism, Violence and Extremism 3. Educational Causes of Terrorism and Extremism 4. Rapid modernization and urbanization 5. Discrimination on the basis of ethnic or religious 6. Repression by foreign occupation or colonial powers 7. Historical antecedents of political violence 8. Poverty & Economic deprivation 9. Undemocratic Governments 10. Free flow of weapons 11. Indoctrination 12. Hopelessness 13. Charities that Aren't Charities/ Business Terrorism 14. Training of...
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...Terrorism The United States has opened the eyes of the global community to terrorism after the attacks of 9/11. These attacks, by terrorist group Al Qaeda, were aimed at the United States and the allies of the country, which is a little recognized fact. On September 11, 2001, more than 80 countries lost citizens in the attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and one aircraft which thanks to its brave passengers would miss its intended target, undoubtedly saving many lives while unfortunately taking some of much value. After the world opened its eyes to this impending threat, it then responded with support for the United States in its newly forged battle. Because of this, the United States should show other nations the same support; terrorism, no matter where it takes place, is a global battle, and should be treated as such. Terrorists can attack anywhere at any time, so to sit back and not take action when another faces such ordeals as those taking place on 9/11 would be wrong, but not just that-it would also almost ensure that these acts continue on and on, never ending. It will take the combined efforts of nations to destroy terrorism. Counter terrorism is how a country responds to stop terrorism, and here too the international community is working together identifying and locating terrorists residing in varied places all around the world. The FBI, CIA, Department of Defense (all US organizations) are also aiding in the search. The United States leads the...
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...Smith Throughout American History very few moments have had the amount of security influence of the attacks of September 11, 2001. The deadliest attack on American Soil has had an everlasting impact on the government. It provided the framework for creating one of the largest government agencies; The Department of Homeland Security. John Smith Throughout American History very few moments have had the amount of security influence of the attacks of September 11, 2001. The deadliest attack on American Soil has had an everlasting impact on the government. It provided the framework for creating one of the largest government agencies; The Department of Homeland Security. Impetus of the DHS 2 September 11, 2001 changed how the American public and government view homeland security. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the U.S Pentagon were the deadliest attacks on U.S soil since Pearl Harbor sixty years prior. These events single handedly thrust the United States into the homeland security mindset, becoming a proactive in the fight against terrorism, becoming a national security state. Although not the first attack on U.S soil the 9/11 attacks became the catalyst for the way American people view security and continues to be the defining factor in prevention of future attacks. Prior to the 9/11 attacks the United States had a multitude of federal agencies with terrorism task forces and investigators. Leading up to the attacks the 9/11 Commission identified several...
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...Terrorism Paper Damon Walton His/145 Dec 3, 2012 Senitra Upton Terrorism Paper The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged which compounds the difficulty of providing an accurate definition of terrorism. Some research studies by scholars have shown there to be over 100 different definitions of terrorism. A less politically and emotionally charged meaning of terrorism is a better defined term used for terror. The word "terror" comes from a Latin word meaning "to frighten.” My definition of terrorism is a violent act which is intended to create fear, to promote an ideological/political goal, and deliberately target civilians and non civilian targets. The age of modern terrorism might be said to have begun in1968 when the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an El Al airliner en route from Tel Aviv to Rome. While hijackings of airliners had occurred before, this was the first time that the nationality of the carrier (Israeli) and its symbolic value was a specific operational aim. Also a first was the deliberate use of the passengers as hostages for demands made publicly against the Israeli government. The combination of these unique events, added to the international scope of the operation, and gained significant media attention. The founder of PFLP, Dr. George Habash observed that the level of coverage was tremendously greater than battles with Israeli soldiers in their previous area of operations. "At least the world is...
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...Terrorism Gina York HIS/135 December 16, 2012 Brian Russell Terrorism History shows us that nearly all countries around the world have at some point have been at war. They may have been the country that perpetrated the attack or possibly the one being attacked. The cause of the war often becomes clouded and after a while no one remembers what the real reason was to start with only that they are in fact in a war. America will, without hesitance or falter, offer assistance if needed. Because the United States feels a duty to offer support to other countries who are in need, Americas intervention into wars that have and are still are being fought between other countries, we have made some countries or groups of people to have a marked hatred for us or America as a whole. In light of that fact we have come face to face with the most terrifying part of hatred. Terrorism. The definition of Terrorism is, “the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion”, however, a more precise definition is, “Systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective (Merriam-Webster Inc., 2012). The latter definition is how many Americans would define Terrorism. Terrorist cells or groups or terrorists tend to populate in specific areas or countries. This could be because American soldiers came into these countries in an attempt to relieve the citizens of a dictator who was inhumane and treated...
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...Terrorism is a Political Term 'States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil...' President G. W. Bush, 29th January 2002 State of the Union Address Abstract: As can be seen from the above quote, ‘terrorism’ is a political, derogatory term with no real, inherently meaningful definition and, with the war being waged against it in its tenth year, one that has divided the world. One reason for the division stems not from the nature of its ambiguity or any fundamental change in its manifestation, but in the West’s difficulty in conceptualizing the motivations behind its many faces. ‘Terrorism’ does not define the motives behind an act of terror. It characterizes them, and this is what has led to its increasing use as a political term, particularly since 9/11. The reasons go beyond mere semantics however and, in the context of the Global War on Terror, have fueled not just the conflict but the surge in recruitment and sympathy that has taken place for terrorist causes across the world. It needs to be recognized that the use of terrorism as a political term has actually had more of a negative impact on the world than any terrorist attack to date. Introduction: Since the coinage of the term ‘terrorism’, its characteristics have always been synonymous with organized violence and a political end-goal. Until recently, however, its employment had been more of a vernacular convenience than a political expression. Over the last...
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...The course of American history changed forever on Tuesday, September 11, 2001 at 8:46 am, when Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center (Bergen). Today, Americans are still experiencing the repercussions of this dark day through the new laws and regulations passed in response to these attacks, like the USA PATRIOT Act. The name of the act also serves as an acronym which stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (“Highlights of the...” ). President George W. Bush signed this act into effect on October 26, 2001 to facilitate information sharing, detection, and punishment of terrorism (Duignan). Up until the September 11 attacks, the worst...
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