...This task will be looking at Pancreatitis. It will look at the different kinds of pancreatitis, the possible causes and also some of the treatments available for pancreatitis sufferers. The pancreas is an organ which is part of the digestive system. It is a leaf shape and is located behind the stomach and is level with the breastbone. The two main functions of the pancreas are to secrete strong digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help the digestion of carbohydrates and also release hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the bloodstream (www.webmd.boots.com). There are two different kinds of pancreatitis, these being acute (sudden and severe) and chronic (on-going). When referring to pancreatitis as chronic or acute, it is mainly referring to how long a person has suffered with the illness rather than the seriousness. Acute is where the pancreas becomes inflamed and is normally a short term illness, whereas chronic is where the pancreas becomes permanently damaged and affects the individual for life or long term. If a person has chronic pancreatitis it is possible to still have flare ups of acute pancreatitis at the same time, (www.bupa.co.uk). Pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes that are produced in the pancreas become activated while still inside the pancreas, therefore causing damage to the pancreas. When normal digestion takes place, the inactivated pancreatic enzymes travel through the ducts in the pancreas and move on to the small intestine...
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...Digestive Case Study: A Case Of Acute Pancreatitis Describe the Anatomical location of the Pancreas relative to the other organs in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity. The pancreas is an “elongated, tapered” organ that sits behind the stomach, across the back of the abdomen. The widest part of the pancreas is called the head and lies in the curve of the duodenum (1st section of s. intestine). The body of the pancreas extends slightly upward, and the tail of the pancreas ends near the spleen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/pancreas_anatomy_function/Pages/index.aspx Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. Pancreatic juice is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts directly into the lumen of the duodenum. Chyme is partially digested food that travels from the stomach into the duodenum, and trypsm, amylase, and lipase are the digestive enzymes which break down proteins, starches, and fats and are carried to the duodenum from the stomach. The liver manufactures and secretes Bile, which is a fluid released into the duodenum that aids in digestion of fat. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.visualhistology.com/products/atlas/VHA_Chpt14_Pancreas_Liver_And_Gallbladder.html Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine...
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...Unit 2 Assignment, Yvonne McAlpin For this week’s assignment covering disease research, I chose pancreatitis. I chose this because my friend was just recently diagnosed with this. She is a very healthy person, in fact healthier than I and a little younger. I thought it would be a perfect research topic. Pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that can appear in two very different ways. Acute pancreatitis is sudden while chronic pancreatitis is recurring or persistent. Some cases of pancreatitis may be mild and go away on their own and do not require treatment. However, severe cases can lead to potentially fatal complications. Although pancreatitis is mainly caused by gallstones, the rise in alcohol misuse in several countries has led to an increase in incidence. Alcohol now accounts for over one third of all acute pancreatitis cases in the USA. The patient will experience a sudden onset of pain in the center of the upper abdomen, below the breastbone. The pain is first felt in the lower abdomen. It will then gradually become more intense until it is a constant ache. The ache may intensify further and become severe, and also spread into the back in 50% of cases. Eating may exacerbate the pain. If it is caused by gallstones everything will happen and develop very fast. When it is caused by alcohol, symptoms will typically develop more slowly, over a number of days. These symptoms may also be present; vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, coughing...
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...College of Nursing 415 Morga St. Tondo, Manila A Case Study on Acute Pancreatitis Secondary to Cholelithiasis Submitted by: Abad, Edryan Calara, Sharika Loradel Casul Mark Jury Corpuz, Trisha Dela Cruz, Marjori Gamboa, Jonalyn Lebico, Elmarie Lopez, Anica Tapawan, Ansherina Tuazon, Serleen March 09, 2012 Acknowledgement We would like to thank the following to the development of this case study. Mrs. Edna Oraye-Imperial, Dean, PCU – Mary Johnston College of Nursing, for her support and for allowing us to have our related learning experiences in the clinical area that hone our knowledge skills and attitude to be a competent, caring, Christian nurses. Ms. Ma. Lourdes Galima, Clinical Instructor, for continually guiding and supporting us throughout our duty at the Surgery ward, for helping us in enhancing and improving our skills in the area. For the patience that she showed us despite of our attitude and mistakes. Ms. Loreto Vicarme, School Librarian, for allowing us to utilize the library books and references for our case study. To the staff nurses on duty at the Surgery Intensive Care Unit and Ward of Mary Johnston Hospital for the support and providing us with enough information about the routines in the area which we were able to apply. To our fellow group members for their continuous support and sharing their knowledge and experiences for polishing this case study. To the patient, as well as her family members, for...
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...disease that can affect it. Function of the Pancreas The pancreas is a hollow organ located behind the stomach with two primary functions are (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013): to secrete enzymes into the small intestine and to release the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. What can prevent the pancreas from functioning properly? There are several diseases that can affect the pancreas but I want to focus mainly on one. What is Pancreatitis? Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is inflamed (Pancreatitis, 1988-2014). Damage occurs when the digestive enzymes are activated before they are secreted and begin attacking the pancreas (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). There are two types of pancreatitis: acute and chronic (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). Anyone can get this but it only happens to certain people with certain risk factors. Acute risk factors include: gallstone disease and heavy alcohol consumption (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). Chronic pancreatitis risk factors may include prolonged alcohol use; certain hereditary conditions and gallstones (Digestive Disorder Health Center, 2013). What can we do? Controlling or Prevention Lifestyle Changes Understanding the disease and risk factors involved is important and as you can see some of the risk factors we can avoid but some it is difficult. The treatment always involves being hospitalized and...
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...22. Occasionally, following a cholecystectomy, undetected cholesterol stones are retained in the common bile duct. How can these stones be treated? Does it mean more surgery will have to be performed? These stones be treated by administering a solubilizing agent through a catheter into the bile duct, which may dissolve the remaining stones. This prevents the necessity to perform more surgery. 23. Discuss the conditions that pancreatitis is associated with in men and in women. How does this affect prognosis? In men it is often associated with alcoholism or peptic ulcers. In women it is more commonly associated with gallbladder disease. The prognosis is good if pancreatitis is associated with gallbladder disease but is very poor if it is related to alcoholism. 24. Discuss how pancreatitis is diagnosed and treated. The procedures to diagnosis pancreatitis include blood and urine tests for elevated pancreatic enzymes (lipase and amylase), fecal fat test, and an abdominal CT scan or ultrasound. The treatment requires hospitalization, a few days of fasting,fluid replacement, intravenous fluids (IV) nutrients, and...
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...CASE STUDY SYNTHESIS PAPER GREG BOIVIE NURS 221 MAY 24th, 2011 Case Study Synthesis Paper Tami is a 56-year old woman, 5’6” tall and weighs 136 kg. She came in for an ERCP to remove gallstones at 0800. The surgery went well and she woke up at 1130 denying any pain. At 1300 she had abdominal pain of 9/10 and received Toradol 60mg IVP. By 1350 she was complaining of back pain of 9/10 and she was given Morphine 2mg IVP and denied any pain 10 minutes later. Come 1530 the patient’s vitals were stable on room air, she ambulated to the bathroom independently and at 1535 a loud thud was heard in the bathroom. The patient was found lying on the floor with a laceration above her left eyebrow, not responsive to verbal commands and breathing at a rate of 4 per minute. We will discuss the immediate concerns and treatment for the patient and then we will go back and see what could have been done differently with the patient to prevent the situation that occurred. The nurse immediately assessed the ABC’s and activated the MET team. The patient had an open airway, was breathing at 4 per minute and had a weak carotid pulse at a rate of 40 per minute and blood pressure of 82/44. The primary concern for the patient was Risk for Complications of Decreased Cardiac Output r/t bradycardia secondary to vasovagal stimulation while having a bowel movement. According to Kyrillos and Pineda (2005), vasovagal episodes are caused by triggering baroreceptors that increase vagal response leading...
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...concern, history of concern, allergies. O – VS appear to be erratic with fever, the PR is high, and PT has extremely low BP. CBC done with WBC very high. Jaundice is evident on PT. Lungs clear. Pain in LUQ obvious when examined. PT is also C/O swelling in ankles and dizziness. Denies dysuria. Infection is obvious. This is the objective data. It contains the observations made by the doctor during examination. Some of the information included in this area is the patient’s vital signs, general appearance and mental status. Laboratory results may also be included in this area. A – This 47 YO male has been found to be symptomatic of possible pancreatitis that has been occurring off and on for about a month. Patient is feverish and is showing signs of malaise. Findings suggest possible gall stone pancreatitis or acute pancreatitis. This is due to the occurrence of pain and nausea after...
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...Surgical Patient Case One: Activity One: With reference to anatomy explain how a gall stone can migrate into the pancreas, causing pancreatitis. The pancreas is in the upper abdomen and lies behind the stomach and intestines. It makes a fluid that contains enzymes that are needed to digest food. The enzymes are made in the pancreatic cells and are passed into tiny tubes. These tubes join together to form the main pancreatic duct. This drains the enzyme-rich fluid into the duodenum. The enzymes are in an inactive form in the pancreas, they are 'activated' in the duodenum to digest food. Groups of special cells called 'Islets of Langerhans' are scattered throughout the pancreas. These cells make the hormones insulin and glucagon. The hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream to control the blood sugar level. The bile duct carries bile from the liver and gallbladder. This joins the pancreatic duct just before it opens into the duodenum. Bile also passes into the duodenum and helps to digest food. Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas becomes inflamed. When pancreatitis occurs, it's largely due to digestive enzymes attacking and digesting the pancreas, which produced them in the first place. There are two types of pancreatitis: Acute pancreatitis - when the inflammation develops quickly, over a few days or so. It often goes away completely and leaves no permanent damage. Sometimes it is serious. Chronic pancreatitis - when the inflammation is persistent...
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...producing a parasite form known as the miracidium, which then infects a snail host. Under optimal conditions, the development process in the snail may be completed in 5 to 7 weeks; cercariae are then shed in the water around the snail. The cercariae lose their tails when they encyst as metacercariae (infective larvae) on water plants. In contrast to cercariae, metacercariae have a hard outer cyst wall and can survive for prolonged periods in wet environments. Fasciola hepatica is found in more than 50 countries, in all continents except Antarctica. It is found in parts of Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Fasciola gigantica is less widespread. Human cases have been reported in the tropics, in parts of Africa and Asia, and also in Hawaii. In acute infection, immature flukes migrate through the intestinal wall, the peritoneal cavity, the liver capsule, and the parenchyma of the liver before entering the biliary...
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...The Case of the Coughing Housewife Homework, up to 30 points. Read clinical case. Provide the definitions for terms in bold on the second page. Save file on your hard drive as “your_name.doc”, NOT as docx or any other format! Submit it as assignment similar as you would send an attachment via e-mail. Jessica, a fifty-nine year old mother of four, moved from a ranch in Colorado to Los Angeles, after the death of her husband, to be closer to her oldest son and his family. She has been in Los Angeles for 18 months and has noticed that she is experiencing shortness of breath which has worsened over the last six months, and sleep apnea. For the last week, she has been coughing and bringing up yellow mucus. She also noticed edema in her ankles so she decided to visit a physician about her condition. Jessica's family and medical history include a negative history of asthma or allergies, lack of occupational or home exposure to asbestos, a previous smoking history (one package of cigarettes per day between the ages of 16 and 52), episodes of bronchitis and bronchopneumonitis, treated with antibiotics on an outpatient basis, and a positive history of pancreatitis (father at 52) and meningomyelitis (brother at 56). Jessica has no history of serious illness, including heart disease, and her weight is within five pounds of her "desired" weight. She usually coughs in the morning to "clear her throat", but there is usually only a small amount of white mucus. Her nurse practitioner conducts...
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...Digestive Case Study: A Case Of Acute Pancreatitis Describe the Anatomical location of the Pancreas relative to the other organs in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity. The pancreas is an “elongated, tapered” organ that sits behind the stomach, across the back of the abdomen. The widest part of the pancreas is called the head and lies in the curve of the duodenum (1st section of s. intestine). The body of the pancreas extends slightly upward, and the tail of the pancreas ends near the spleen. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/liver_biliary_pancreatic_disease/pancreas_anatomy_function/Pages/index.aspx Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. Pancreatic juice is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes that travel through the pancreatic ducts directly into the lumen of the duodenum. Chyme is partially digested food that travels from the stomach into the duodenum, and trypsm, amylase, and lipase are the digestive enzymes which break down proteins, starches, and fats and are carried to the duodenum from the stomach. The liver manufactures and secretes Bile, which is a fluid released into the duodenum that aids in digestion of fat. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.visualhistology.com/products/atlas/VHA_Chpt14_Pancreas_Liver_And_Gallbladder.html Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions...
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...Heart Failure and Alcohol Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure, a term that refers only to HF cases with volume Overload. Heart failure is a progressive disease in which the heart fails to pump a sufficient amount of Blood to the body due to structural heart damage. Heart failure is the endpoint of a cardiovascular Disease, including hypertension. Heart failure can be classified as being either left sided or right sided Right sided acute or chronic, or systolic or diastolic. Overtime, the compensatory mechanism is Developed to maintain the heart output, with increased cardiac workload, induce heart remodeling. Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with different cardiovascular disorders, such as Hypertension, arrhythmias sudden cardiac death, stroke and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Alcohol exerts Toxic effect on the myocardial cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular death, which Imp-pairs systolic and diastolic function, decrease cardiac contractility, and finally produces dilation of The heart cavities and HF. Alcohol consumption may also complicate existing heart disease, such as Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease. Facts and Figures Heart failure affects between 6% and 10% of adults over the age 65, making it one of the most Common causes of illness and death in the United States. In developed countries alcohol abuse is the Leading cause of non-ischemic...
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...a medical emergency characterized by inflammation of the appendix, many cases of which require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Untreated, mortality is high, mainly because of the risk of rupture leading to infection and inflammation of the intestinal lining (peritoneum) and eventual sepsis, clinically known as peritonitis which can lead to circulatory shock. Reginald Fitz first described acute and chronic appendicitis in 1886, and it has been recognized as one of the most common causes of severe acute abdominal pain worldwide. A correctly diagnosed non-acute form of appendicitis is known as "rumbling appendicitis". Appendicitis is most common between the ages of 5 and 40; the median age is 28. It tends to affect males, those in lower income groups, and, for unknown reasons, people living in rural areas. The term "pseudoappendicitis" is used to describe a condition mimicking appendicitis. It can be associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. acute appendicitis appendicitis of acute onset, requiring prompt surgery, and usually marked by pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant, referred rebound tenderness, overlying muscle spasm, and cutaneous hyperesthesia. chronic appendicitis 1. that characterized by fibrotic thickening of the organ wall due to previous acute inflammation. 2. formerly, chronic or recurrent pain in the appendiceal area, without evidence of acute inflammation. fulminating appendicitis that marked by sudden onset and...
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...Clinical Background Information Patient: Betty Boop Sex: Female Married status: Widowed Age: 79 No. of children: 2 Occupation: Disabled Date admitted: 09/03/13 Admitting diagnosis: Hematemesis, melanotic stools, cirrhosis, hepatorenal syndrome. Allergies: Codeine Signs and symptoms on admission: fatigue, lethargic, oriented x 1, vomiting bright red blood, reported recent black stools, jaundice. Summary of History and Physical on admission: Patient has a history of hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, cirrhosis, GI bleed, and pancreatitis. Patient was lethargic, with mental status changes. Patient’s appearance is jaundice, stomach distended and tender to palpation. History of Surgical Procedures with dates: Not Known Patient was brought to Memorial ER by her neighbor who was with patient when she collapsed while checking the mail. She has multiple home medications including lactulose. She has a history of hepatitis C, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and alcohol abuse. Patient is allergic to codeine. She is suspected to have hepatic portal hypertension. She is on Protonix, multi-vitamins, folic acid, thiamine and lactulose at home. Skin appears to be jaundice. Seems confused and is only oriented to place. Pupil’s dilated, not reactive to light and conjunctivae pallor. Patient is in no respiratory distress. Her abdomen is hard and tender. Blood Pressure 79/46, pulse of 59, respiratory rate of 22, and temp of . Patient possibly has a GI bleed and an NG tube will be inserted...
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