...Crime Measurement Kaliyan Hernandez July 14, 2014 Crime Measurement Ever wonder, how does researchers come up with certain statistics for the U.S when it comes to crime? Or, how would one know where criminal activity would be in their community based on facts? Examining crime measurement primarily in the United States can be determined and based on multiple factors. These factors are soon to be discussed which will include instruments that are used to measure crime, major crime reporting programs and their purposes, crime rates, arrest rates, clearance rates, and recidivism rates. This paper also will address the criminal justice interactive video, how crime rates can be deceiving, arrest rates in relation to crime, if there is an ultimate resolution with these specific rates in relation to preventing criminal activity, and certain statistics that tell us about crime as a whole in the United States. All these factors and more will explain how crime is measured in our country. The United States Department of Justice has two statistical programs that measure the amount of crime in the Nation which are the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (Known as UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Each program show the outcome of different parts of the Nation’s crime problem by using different methods focusing on different parts (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009). The UCR collects ad compiles from police reports and other law enforcement agencies and is thoroughly...
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...violent crimes reported in India in 2006 against women. There are many instances of crime especially against women go unreported in India. These are figures released by the National Crime Records Bureau recently. While Madhya Pradesh is worst off among the states, the national capital New Delhi continues to hold on to its reputation of being the most unsafe city in India. Delhi takes the top slot for crimes ranging from murders and rapes to dowry deaths and abductionCenturies have come, and centuries have gone, but the plight of women is not likely to change. T ime has helplessly watched women suffering in the form of discrimination, oppression, exploitation, degradation, aggression, humiliation . In Indian society, woman occupies a vital position and venerable place. The Vedas glorified women as the mother, the creator, one who gives life and worshipped her as a ‘Devi' or Goddess. But their glorification was rather mythical for at the same time, in India women found herself totally suppressed and subjugated in a patriarchal society. Indian women through the countries remained subjugated and oppressed because society believed in clinging on to orthodox beliefs for the brunt of violence—domestic as well as public, Physical, emotional and mental . Male violence against women are worldwide phenomenon. Fear of violence is an important factor in the lives of most women. Fear of violence is the cause of lack of participation in every sphere of life. There are various forms of crime against...
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...Crime Data Comparison Paper Name CJA/ 314 January, 2014 Dr. Anthony Carbo Abstract In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. In addition, this student will address how the crime rate changed over time in each city, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates? Finally, this student provides a conclusion about the topic Crime Data Comparison Paper In this paper, this student completes the following: This student will compare forcible rape crime rates for California and Oregon State. This student will compare the data to show which metropolitan area had more reported incidents of forcible rape crimes. This student will also identify the rates of the crime for each metropolitan area. In addition, this student will address how the crime rate changed over time in each state, and what factors might explain the differences in the rates? Finally, this student provides a conclusion about the topic * Number of Forcible Rape Crimes Reported The FBI has gathered crime statistics from law enforcement agencies from across the Nation that voluntarily participates in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program since 1930. The "UCR Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics" (2010)...
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...safety feature. In 2005, TRN changed its rail head design saving the company two dollars per rail head but failed to notify the Federal Highway Administration which is required by a federal ruling. The newly designed rail heads that TRN has installed on U.S. roads nationally do not propel the guardrails away from crashing vehicles in head on collisions. The lower cost railheads can send the guard rail slicing through a car potentially injuring passengers unlike there predecessors design that pushed the rail away from the wreck and oncoming traffic. The new railheads known as the ET-Plus model failed five crash tests which were also undisclosed to authorities. Joshua Harman, a competitor to TRN discovered the changed design had gone unreported and sued TRN on behalf of the federal government (Davis & Polcyn, 2014). Joshua Harman stands to make one third of a potentially billion dollars in his law suit (Ivory & Kessler, 2014). As a whistleblower, Joshua Harman is saving potential lives and injuries, fighting back at corporate greed and earning a fortune in the process. A whistleblower exposes all forms of alleged misconduct on behalf of an organization which can be illegal and or immoral. Whistleblowers frequently expose fraud, corruption, safety, health, and environmental violations as well as violations to the law, regulations and public interests. Whistleblowers can make their allegations known to individuals within the organization or through external...
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...Islamophobia is at the highest in the United States, however it isn’t taken seriously. Before the events of 9/11, stereotypes, hatred, and prejudices of Muslims or those perceived to be linked with Islam were taken lightly by the United States public. After 9/11, and across the globe, Muslims have faced individual and systemic acts of discrimination and violence after 9/11 as a form of retaliation for the collective guilt ascribed to the followers of Islam and anyone who resembled them‖ (Zine, 2004, p.111). The acts of 9/11 have brought on a new attacks on Islam, all which are negative. Every where around the world Muslim are faced with growing prejudice and are at times singled out. Hate crimes committed against muslim or Mosques are hardly every heard about on the news. While Islamophobia is on the rise it is time to break those barriers and bring communities together in a peaceful manner. This would have to a lot with media portrays Islam. If we take a look at the average news media outlet's headliners in the past 5-10 years and it's clear that a certain word or group has managed to stand out: Muslim or ISLAMOPHOBIA PAGE 7 ISLAMOPHOBIA ANDRIANAKOS Islam. Now with the spotlight on 1.57 billion people following its five pillars of Islam. Their every move is taking apart and analyzed and in most cases show cased in a negative light. The religion of Islam has existed since the 7th century C.E but the...
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... That is unconstitutional according to the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment protectects the right of the people to be secure in their homes, cars, any personal belongings, and no warrant can be issued without probable cause. That means an officer can't just infiltrate your home because he thinks some drugs are inside. Him/Her will need sufficient reason based on facts known to believe a crime has been committed or that certain property is connected with some illegal activity. In an New York Times article Newark, New Jersey has had several instances of unlawful practices and illegal stops and searches by police officers. To deal with these problems a proposal to have officers wear cameras and also make some changes to individual department policies on search and seizures has been made. The justice department revealed a document stating that seventyfive percent of people stopped was without probable cause, and the majority people stopped by the police were minorities. Even the property seized unjustified such as drugs and firearms was gone unreported. The fourth amendment was created just for this issue. Some officers take too much authority in their own hands and go against the constitution. In an article by NJ.com officers in Passiac County, New Jersey executed the correct way of a legal search after search warrant was issued. A man by the name of Mariusz Cebula was home when police came to his residence to serve him with a restraining order...
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...of cases when civilians take the law into their own hands and do what they believe is a justified punishment. When a person takes the law into their own hands they become a vigilante. A vigilante is any person who takes the law into their own hands to avenge some type of crime.[1] (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/vigilante) Since there is a growing mistrust of law enforcement and many crimes go unreported or do not have a proper punishment, vigilantism can be justified more often than it is not. As there is an increase in vigilantism...
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...assault. Response to sexual allegation, it has been a slow process that needs to address accordingly. Constant delaying of responses to victim complaints, will leaves a since of distrust within the chain of command and the opportunity to bring the accused to justice. The U.S. military, for years, set policies in place to govern sexual assault, “zero – tolerance”, yet the abuse still goes undetected or unreported. There are helpful aids and support to reduce or elevate the rate of sexual assault victims to...
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...Types of White Collar Crime Leg200001VA016-1122-001 White collar crimes are crimes that are committed by a person or persons of middle or higher status within their occupation. These types of crimes are considered nonviolent. Generally, the trusted and valued employee commits this type of crime within a company. White collar crimes include insider-trading, conspiracy, embezzlement, fraud, forgery, money laundering, and a few others. These crimes are ones that people of a higher class perform because their occupations put them in a position in which they are able to execute these types of crimes. You would not find a poor black man committing crimes of this nature. He would not generally have the means to perform crimes of this type. It would be rare for you to find a person of higher class to commit street crimes such as assault, robbery, rape or other illegal acts. Younger people generally perform street crimes while middle aged or older people commit white collar crimes. Age does not happen to be the only way in which these crimes differ when generalizing who is committing these crimes. You can also say they are gender committed. This means that on a whole more men execute these types of crimes than women do. When you look at the opportunity in which one person is able to commit a white collar crime, we say they can use their employment to gain access to commit those types of crimes. An accountant has the ability to change the books or alter them if they are taking...
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...Types of White Collar Crime White collar crimes are crimes that are committed by a person or persons of middle or higher status within their occupation. These types of crimes are considered nonviolent. Generally, the trusted and valued employee commits this type of crime within a company. White collar crimes include insider-trading, conspiracy, embezzlement, fraud, forgery, money laundering, and a few others. These crimes are ones that people of a higher class perform because their occupations put them in a position in which they are able to execute these types of crimes. You would not find a poor black man committing crimes of this nature. He would not generally have the means to perform crimes of this type. It would be rare for you to find a person of higher class to commit street crimes such as assault, robbery, rape or other illegal acts. Younger people generally perform street crimes while middle aged or older people commit white collar crimes. Age does not happen to be the only way in which these crimes differ when generalizing who is committing these crimes. You can also say they are gender committed. This means that on a whole more men execute these types of crimes than women do. When you look at the opportunity in which one person is able to commit a white collar crime, we say they can use their employment to gain access to commit those types of crimes. An accountant has the ability to change the books or alter them if they are taking money from the company...
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...Defending Justice Douglas’s Dissent of Terry v. Ohio Defending Justice Douglas’s Dissent of Terry v. Ohio Terry v. Ohio is a landmark supreme court case that started on October 31st, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio, when police officer Martin McFadden observed three men engaging in suspicious behavior. At first, two men, John W. Terry and Richard Chilton, were taking turns pacing up and down Euclid Avenue, stopping to peer into a storefront, then congregating at the street corner. Later, a third party (Katz), met the two at the corner then left abruptly after brief conversation. Officer McFadden then confronted the three men, searched their outer garments under the suspicion of criminal intent, and found a pistol on Terry and another on Chilton. Terry’s defense argued the gun found on Terry was inadmissible in court as evidence, stating that his 4th Amendment right to protection from unreasonable search and seizures was violated. The court denied the defendants' motion on the ground that Officer McFadden, on the basis of his experience, "had reasonable cause to believe . . . that the defendants were conducting themselves suspiciously, and some interrogation should be made of their action." Purely for his own protection, the court held, the officer had the right to pat down the outer clothing of these men, who he had reasonable cause to believe might be armed. The Supreme Court of Ohio dismissed their appeal on the ground that no “substantial constitutional question” was involved...
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...years the crime rate on college campuses has gone up drastically, however, the campuses have been working on advancing the safety systems provided to the students during enrollment. The group decided to cover campus safety because college bound females are the most vulnerable to sexual assault. By covering the statistics, the researchers hope to prevent further attack. The following paragraphs include a comparison of university size to assault rates, provide specific examples of sexual assault, and inform about the precautions that many colleges choose to take and the precautions that are being taken in order to prevent further mishap. The first case that people were informed about happened in the early 2000’s and it wasn’t until...
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...patches to correct any problems. Keeping antivirus up to date is also important. 2. Is a computer owner who refuses to purchase or use software and hardware to block attackers complicit when a bot herders attack, captures and then uses an unprotected computer to commit a crime? I think the computer owners should also be held responsible if any bot herder use the owner’s computer for criminal purposes. The owner should provide effective firewalls and other safeguards to their computer. 3. Do software developers shoulder some of the blame when they distribute operating systems and applications that include security flaws that make computers vulnerable? I don’t think so. Becacuse for me, nobody is perfect. Anyone is entitled for any lapses he or she may execute but that does not mean there will be no room for correction. If further development is needed, then it should be done in order to eliminate these bot herders who kept on seeking cybercrimes. 5.16 What are two tactics criminals use to commit credit fraud? What are two countermeasures financial institutions and retailers use to prevent credit fraud? 5.19 The meaning of the term hacker has changed overtime. Describe three phases it has gone through and what it meant it each phase. Explain the terms white-hat-hackers, black-hat-hacker and cracker. 5.21 Describe the purpose of Cybercrime Treaty (5.5.3). What is the dual criminality provision? Do you consider this provision to be...
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...THE PRACTICE OF DOWRY IN INDIA The last several hundred years of women's history in India has been painted black with dowry related incidences of murder, female foeticide/infanticide and domestic violence. An examination of dowry's history reveals that it is neither an exceptional nor a recent social phenomenon in India. Many societies in the earlier days of civilization had such practices. While such practices in most western societies vanished with modernization, they became more widespread and inflationary in India. Modernizing forces, namely colonialism and commercialization, have been at work in India for years, and they would prima facie be expected to suppress such primitive practices. However, even after more than forty years of its prohibition, the practice has spread and has increasingly ingrained itself in the institution of marriage. A dowry is the transfer of parental property to a daughter as her inheritance at her marriage (i.e. inter vivos) rather than at the owner's death (mortis causa). A dowry establishes a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely.Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. While bride price (or bride service) is a payment by the groom or his family to the bride's parents, dowry is the wealth transferred from the bride's family to the groom or his family, ostensibly for the bride. Similarly, dower[->0] is the property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage and which...
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...THE PLAN OF AMNESTY: The Solution to Illegal Immigration Michael Mays ENG 102: Composition II February 10, 2012 The Plan of Amnesty How much would it cost to put 10 Million people in busses or airplanes and ship them back to their countries of origin? Is there a better way to deal with illegal immigration in the United States? Is the answer a strict and enforceable amnesty, allowing illegal immigrants to report themselves in order to achieve legal status, or is mass deportation of the estimated 10 million illegal aliens living in the U.S. the solution? A well laid-out, simplified, yet fair and enforceable amnesty plan could solve the multi-billion dollar battle of amnesty, deportation and illegal immigration. The cost of illegal immigration to the United States is estimated in the billions by numerous news avenues but what are the actual numbers and their impact on the United States? “More than 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States, and 1,400 more arrive every day” (Katel, 2005). This number seems very high and somewhat scary to people but the truth is that “illegal immigrants only make up about 5 percent of the U.S. work force” (Ketel, 2005). Nonetheless, strong actions have been taken by the government to try to put a stop to illegal immigration. Over the past decade or so, billions of dollars have been spent on border-control measures such as walls, fences, and increasing border patrol personnel. From 1993 to 2004, the federal government quintupled...
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