Free Essay

A Dictionary of Nigerian English

In:

Submitted By wrofro
Words 3161
Pages 13
A DICTIONARY OF NIGERIAN ENGLISH
[DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT]

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/RBOP.htm
Cambridge, Sunday, 07 August 2005

Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/Answerphone/Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................ii Preface ..............................................................................................................................................................ii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................1 Sources..............................................................................................................................................................1 Spelling .............................................................................................................................................................1 Nigerian English/West African English.........................................................................................................1 Pidgin versus Nigerian English ......................................................................................................................1 Auxiliaries ........................................................................................................................................................2 Student slang....................................................................................................................................................2 Pronunciation spellings ...................................................................................................................................2 Re-interpretation of pidgin .............................................................................................................................3 Style versus substance .....................................................................................................................................3 From NE to SE.................................................................................................................................................4 Spelling pronunciation ....................................................................................................................................4 Missionary English ..........................................................................................................................................4 Scientific names, and trade names .................................................................................................................4 Regional variation ...........................................................................................................................................4 Phonology .........................................................................................................................................................5 Parts of Speech.................................................................................................................................................5 References ........................................................................................................................................................6 B. .......................................................................................................................................................................2 C. .......................................................................................................................................................................5 D. .......................................................................................................................................................................7 E. .......................................................................................................................................................................9 F.........................................................................................................................................................................9 G. .....................................................................................................................................................................10 H. .....................................................................................................................................................................12 I. ......................................................................................................................................................................13 J. ......................................................................................................................................................................14 K. .....................................................................................................................................................................14 L. .....................................................................................................................................................................15 M. ....................................................................................................................................................................16 N. .....................................................................................................................................................................18 O. .....................................................................................................................................................................18 P.......................................................................................................................................................................19 Q. .....................................................................................................................................................................22 R. .....................................................................................................................................................................22 S.......................................................................................................................................................................23 T. .....................................................................................................................................................................25 U. .....................................................................................................................................................................27 V. .....................................................................................................................................................................27 W. ....................................................................................................................................................................27 X. .....................................................................................................................................................................28 Y. .....................................................................................................................................................................28 Z. .....................................................................................................................................................................28 Numbers .........................................................................................................................................................29

i

Abbreviations AE Amer. arch. dial. et. euph. fig. hum. id. ideo. ins. joc. lit. NE NNE SE SNE sc. sl. st. sl. TE Preface This dictionary of Nigerian English was stimulated by some enquiries from the Oxford English Dictionary on words of putative West African origin. The OED faces an increasingly uphill struggle in its attempts to capture World English; almost every Anglophone country has now developed a set of distinctive uses, some more divergent than others. It is surprising, however, that Nigerian English has never been the subject of a published dictionary; rumours abound of mighty manuscripts, but these have yet to see the light of day. A recent publication by Igboanusi goes some way towards remedying this deficiency but the inclusion here of many words not in his dictionary indicates how much work is still to be done. The present manuscript is a draft of a document that will eventually, I hope, become a collective product. I doubt that one individual could produce anything very comprehensive; Nigeria is too diverse and regionalised. But it seems sensible to lay down an initial marker; then additions can be made. I am circulating this to individuals I know have an interest; but please send any further information, comments, emendations etc. to the email or address given on the title page. Roger Blench Cambridge Sunday, 07 August 2005 African English American (for Americanisms) archaic dialect etymologically euphemism figurative humorous idiom ideophone insulting jocular literally Nigerian English Northern Nigerian English Standard English Southern Nigerian English schoolboy slang student slang Tropical English

ii

Dictionary of Nigerian English Introduction

Circulation Draft

Roger Blench

These notes are intended to raise some issues on sources, interpretation and the definition of Nigerian English. Sources1 One of the most difficult issues in lexicography is documenting usages in a semi-written language. If dictionaries of indigenous African languages are prepared they usually depend entirely on oral sources and thus no specific justification is given for entries. However, Nigerian English is sometimes written, especially in newspapers and magazines, and thus has some sort of orthographic tradition. Nonetheless, many of the most picturesque expressions are strictly oral and must still be captured in the present document. Although previous studies in this direction have tended to cite novels or literary works (notably Jowitt 1991) these are sometimes unrepresentative of the spoken language. I have therefore used newspaper, notices and overheard speech as sources. Example sentences not specifically sourced should be treated as based on the author’s or his correspondents’ experiences. Spelling Nigerian English is printed regularly in the newspapers and since much of it consists of using SE in extended senses spelling is generally not a problem. Some forms of pidgin origin such as ‘done’ have conventional representations, e.g. ‘don’. However, others, such as ‘rubber’ are pronounced in a variety of forms, such as rçba, rUba etc. depending on sociolinguistic considerations. To capture this, I have written phonologised pronunciations in square brackets after head entry. Thus; leather [lεda] Nigerian /Ghanaian/ West African English One of the more surprising things about Nigerian English is the extent to which it has a common lexicon and grammar with other West African Englishes, notably Ghanaian. A guide to Ghanaian English (Kirby 1998) provides an interesting comparison with the present document and parallel forms are noted2. I have less information about Cameroun, Sierra Leone and Gambia and would welcome further insights. However, the puzzle is the history of some of these forms. Do they go back to the early days of colonial presence on the coast or are they more recent products of the massive migration of Ghanaians to Nigeria during the oil-boom era of the 1970s and 1980s? Probably both, but only a detailed scanning of earlier sources will provide answers. Pidgin versus Nigerian English Nigerian English is regarded as distinct from Pidgin English, although the exact location of the boundary between them differs from speaker to speaker. Some expressions are regarded as strictly Pidgin, for example pickin for 'child' and sabi for 'to know'. I have thought it best to be quite inclusive, but no doubt some of the entries will be questioned.

1 2

Thanks to Philip and Vicky Ostien and especially to Kay Williamson for many useful suggestions. Prof. Mary Esther Kropp-Dakubu of Legon University has kindly gone through the draft text and marked all those entries which also have parallels in Ghanaian English.

1

Dictionary of Nigerian English Auxiliaries

Circulation Draft

Roger Blench

Often the distinctiveness of Nigerian verbs in use consists of unusual auxiliaries applied to conventional verbs. Some of these are as follows; done he done go got the thing got spoiled the water got finished has he has go use to he use to come here Student slang Schools and universities are good but extremely localised sources of slang; Ibadan University in particular seems to have been an important source of unusual expressions. Indeed a small book was published of these expressions when Ibadan was the only university (Opara & Oleghe 1956). Asomugha (1981) began life as a compendium of student slang but was enlarged to take in some more mainstream Nigerian English expressions. Such expressions are often highly localised in time and place; few expressions mentioned in this book appear to be still in use. Where a term seems to be student slang I have noted it; this is a rich and distinct field. Kay Williamson (p.c.) has supplied a number of expressions currently (2002) in use in the University of Port Harcourt, but it is difficult to know how widespread these are. Tropical English There are numerous terms which may be termed ‘Tropical English’; unknown to most speakers of SE, they are nonetheless not specific to Nigeria, but are nonetheless widely used across the Anglophone tropics. This is very common in pan-tropical plants, for example ‘oil-palm’ or ‘yam-mound’. I have marked these in the text as TE. Pronunciation spellings These are spellings which arise because two English words are pronounced alike by Nigerians and the two spellings, which reflect different pronunciations for SE speakers, get confused or treated as equivalent. Most are nonce-forms, but the following examples are typical. he comes here regularly [back formation from used to] he went [just imperfect learning, not standard] he went [Pidgin!]

2

Dictionary of Nigerian English Circulation Draft She feels her life to be sleeping away from her finger.

Roger Blench SE [slIpIN] and [sli:pIN] merge as NE [slipiN] He is well vast in the Igbo proverbs. SE [v‰:st] and [va:st] merge as NE [vast] …to deep his hand in the bag SE [dIp] and [di:p] merge as NE [dip] …capable of performing impossible fits SE [fIt] and [fi:t] merge as NE [fit] She turned out to develop cold fit for the husband when the SE [fIt] and [fi:t] merge as NE [fit] going became bad. Nigerians from all works of life … SE [w‰k] and [wO:k] merge as NE [wOk] Pack your car here. SE [pœk] and [pA:k] merge as NE [pak] reflects the common Nigerian laddle pronunciation [ladEl] Source: Kay Williamson Portmanteau words The portmanteau word, first introduced by Lewis Carroll as a humorous excursus of Humpty-Dumpty, is a lexical reality in Nigeria. Two sound-alikes are combined into a single form as the following examples show; impressionario is a common written form of impressario, presumably a portmanteau form ‘impressario’ + ‘impression’ virgina common spelling of vagina presumably by re-interpretation from virgin Re-interpretation of Pidgin An interesting process is the movement from Pidgin back into Nigerian English through relexicalisation. For example; Pidgin NE de ting no gree boil the kettle did not agree to boil the liquid will not boil the kettle won’t boil

The pidgin expression is primary and it has been re-expressed by a speaker who sees the second formulation as more prestigious. Style versus substance The most comprehensive sources for Nigerian English prior to this are Jowitt (1991) and Igboanusi (2002). When native English speakers try to characterise Nigerian English it is clear that their personal perceptions play an important role in determining which lexical items or usages are distinctive. For example, Nigerian newspapers often use the stereotyped expression ‘men of the underworld’ to refer to criminals. This would be unlikely to occur in a current British newspaper, and has an archaic or jocular feel to it. Still, it is perfectly comprehensible to a speaker of standard English and the component words show no significant lexical deviation from their normal meanings. Contrast this with ‘area-boys’, also referring to criminals, which would have no meaning to a speaker of Standard English. Thus, although I have carefully been through the previous sources, I have excluded many entries that seem to be matters of style rather than true lexical difference.

3

Dictionary of Nigerian English From NE to SE

Circulation Draft

Roger Blench

A similar process occurs where NE is being relexicalised to SE by certain speakers. Generally speaking, the newspapers, formerly a great source of NE expressions, have become closer to SE since the 1980s, almost certainly due to greater exposure to SE forms through the dissemination of news magazines such as Time and Newsweek. For example; ‘hotel’ is commonly applied to bars and drinking places that serve food but may have no lodging and ‘hotel’ in the SE sense is ‘guest hotel’. But modern usage is gradually replacing this so that NE is coming to conform to SE. Spelling pronunciation Nigerian English has one or two distinctive spelling-pronunciations, the most characteristic of which is to always pronounce written ‘ch’ as /tS/ even when Standard English has /S/. Two common examples are the personal name Charlotte, where /tSarlçt/ is heard in place of /Sarlçt/ and ‘chalet’, pronounced /tSalEt/ rather than /Sale/. The second syllable of ‘chalet’ case illustrates another example of spelling pronunciation, but this is in turn a loanword into English. Missionary English I have marked some entries ME, ‘Missionary English’. Missionaries seem to have been responsible for some particular usages that were propagated via church materials. These include pejorative terms for traditional religion such as ‘idol’, ‘fetish’ and ‘juju’, but also a series of terms for animals, assimilating indigenous West African animals to those found in Europe and north America. These include ‘fox’ for genet and ‘rabbit’ for giant rat. [Many of the early missionaries were of Sierra Leonean rather than European origin; possibly some of these are due to their interpretations of English words.] Scientific names, and trade names In the early colonial era, when many new species were coming to scientific attention and the uses of those known botanically were also being explored, many West African vernacular names were developed, notably for timbers and for economic grasses. These were used in colonial literature but with a few exceptions never really entered West African speech and are rarely heard today. For example, the African olive, Canarium schweinfurthii, is called the ‘bush-candle’ in older literature. Charming and evocative as this name is, I have never heard it in current speech and perhaps it was only ever used by forestry officers in the colonial era. I have entered such forms sparingly, pending further evidence of their context of use. Nonetheless, there are a great many names for the timbers of Nigerian trees that are used, although in the specialised context of the timber trade. Some of these are Nigerian, used in the West African region and some have become international trade names. I have adopted the entries from FMI (1964) sometimes updated with reference to Burkill (1985 ff.). Regional variation There is considerable regional variation in NE, most notably between north and south, but also east and west. The lexicon presented in Igboanusi (2002) for example, is rich in Yoruba and Igbo terms, but omits many terms from the North, the Delta and Calabar. The presence of large communities of migrants, especially in urban areas somewhat blurs these distinctions but nonetheless it is possible to assign some terms to specific areas of the country. I have marked these where known, but considerable further work is required. There also seem to be quite a large number of terms local to the Niger Delta, often reflecting its specialised environment and history.

4

Dictionary of Nigerian English Phonology

Circulation Draft

Roger Blench

It is not yet clear whether it would be reasonable to say NE has a phonology. Borrowings from indigenous languages in different regions import phonemes that are alien to English. For example, the labial-velars, /kp/ and /gb/ are found in SNE in loans but are generally absent from NNE, as are the items they denote. An interesting further issue is the presence of tone. Some exclamations clearly have contrastive tone, typically High-Low; òóò tag placed at the beginning of sentences, following the assertion of a previous speaker indicating negative consequences but lexical tone appears to have little functional role in other parts of the vocabulary. Parts of Speech The following table shows the abbreviations used in Column 2 of the dictionary. Some of these assignations should be regarded as highly provisional. Abbrev iation a. a.p. adv. adv.p. cond. conj. dem. excl. int. n. n.p. num. part. p.n. p.u.t. prep. pron. sal. s.t. v. v.aux. v.c. v.i. v.n. v.p. v.t. Full form Adjective Adjectival phrase Adverb Adverbial phrase Conditional Conjunction Demonstrative Exclamation Interrogative Noun Noun phrase Numeral Particle Proper Name Pre-utterance tag Preposition Pronoun Salutation Sentence tag Verb Verbal auxiliary Verbal complement Intransitive Verb Verbal Noun Verb phrase Transitive verb Explanation Describes a noun Describes a noun Qualifies a verb Qualifies a verb Expresses the relation between two events A word used to join two or more nouns, verbs or clauses Words used to point out something. 'this', 'that' etc. Greetings or expressions that do not form part of an ordinary sentence Question words Refers to things, objects etc. Phrase where a head-noun is joined to other words to form an expression Number Short words added to complete the sentence A name of a person or object; always capitalised A tag or exclamation used prior to an utterance to indicate the underlying sense of the utterance A word positioning nouns or verbs in time or space A word that stands for a noun A word or phrase that stands alone as a greeting or introduces a dialogue A word or clause standing at the end of a sentence, that intensifies the meaning in some way but is unnecessary to the syntax. Expresses action An inflected verb that co-occurs with an uninflected main verb Additional word or words found in phrasal verbs [???] A verb with no object A noun formed directly from a verb to express a state of being [only one type; what of agentives?] A phrase where a head-noun is joined to other words to form an expression [head-noun or verb?] A verb with an object 5

Dictionary of Nigerian English References

Circulation Draft

Roger Blench

Asomugha, C.N.C. ?. A pocket dictionary of selected Nigerian student slangs. ?? [referred to in the following entry but not seen] Asomugha, C.N.C. 1981. Nigerian slangs. Onitsha: ABIC Publishers. Bamgbose, Ayo et al. (ed) New Englishes: a West African perspective. Africa World Press Burkill, H.M. 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families A-D, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. Burkill, H.M. 1994. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families E-I, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. Burkill, H.M. 1995. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families J-L, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. Burkill, H.M. 1997. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families M-R, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. Burkill, H.M. 2000. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Families S-Z, Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens. FMI 1964 [2nd ed.]. Some Nigerian woods. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Information. Igboanusi, H. 2002. A dictionary of Nigerian English usage. Ibadan: Enicrownfit Publishers. Jowitt, David 1991. Nigerian English usage: an introduction. Longman: Nigeria Kirby, J.P. 1998. A North American’s guide to Ghanaian English. Takoradi: TICCS. Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. 1965 The vocabulary and determinants of schoolboy slang in Northern Nigeria. Occasional Paper no. 6. Zaria: ABU. Kropp Dakubu, M.E. ed. English in Ghana. Accra: Ghana English Studies Association. Odumuh, A. E. 1987. Nigerian English. Zaria: ABU Press. Opara, R. & P. Oleghe n.d. but 1956. Contemporary student vocabulary. Ibadan: no publisher. Sey, K.A. 1973. Ghanaian English. Ikeja: Macmillan Education Spencer, John (ed.) 1971. The English language in West Africa. London: Longman. Ukpabio, Mercy U. 1985 Students’ Language on Campus. Calabar: Dept of Languages and Linguistics, University of Calabar undergraduate long essay.

6

Circulation Draft Roger Blench but simply intensifies the expression. I have no money again similarly. Jowitt (1991:154) compares to p.u.t.s in Hausa kuma, Igbo ozo and Abi? s.t. Sentence tag meaning ‘Don’t you Yoruba mo. agree?’, Isn't that right? agbada n. man’s long robe < Yoruba Corresponds to Hausa Ko? agree v.i. to want to, but also applied to about prep. just, about to I’m about leaving. inanimate objects the kettle did not agree to I’m just leaving boil abroad n. as in SE, but also refers to being agric a. any crop or livestock variety away from home area We love ourselves introduced by the agricultural services. abroad We have good relations with other people Sometimes also applied to implements. from our home area when away from it [quoted These agric beans do not taste well or He in Trager, 2001, Yoruba Hometowns] bought an agric plough abuna n. lit. Hausa ‘thing’ but often used akamu n. porridge type with chewy lumps in jocularly for penis it served in the morning in the North < abura n. timber tree Mitragyna Hausa Yoruba? stipulosa akara n. fried bean-cake

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Codification of Nigerian English

...CODIFICATION OF NIGERIAN ENGLISH: ISSUES IN EMPIRICAL LINGUISTICS Alexandra Uzoaku Esimaje Department of English Studies, Benson Idahosa University, Benin city Email: alexandra.esimaje@live.com ABSTRACT In the English speaking world where English is either a second or foreign language, the emergence of new forms of the language is a proven socio-linguistic reality of language contact. This results from the needs of the host environment both to communicate to the foreigners and to one another now in the new tongue. Hence, in all cases the merging of two languages, cultures and traditions leads to varieties of the language as was the case with English and the many indigenous languages in Nigeria. So it is not in doubt that forms of English which are dissimilar in differing respects from British English exist in Nigeria. What is in doubt is whether each form qualifies as a variety and if any one of them can as yet emerge as the standard variety. This paper argues that English use in Nigeria needs to undergo some stages of development and description before a confident statement can be made as to whether a Nigerian English variety comparable to the British or American Standard English exists. Codification is one such step but prior to it must come a compilation of an extensive database of English language use in Nigeria and the application of empirical methods in examining and determining the character of English in the Nigerian context so that the continuum of forms of the...

Words: 6571 - Pages: 27

Free Essay

Language

...LANGUAGE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT Examine the socio-cultural and political and religious implications of English as a national language in a multi lingual society like Nigeria. What is Language? Hornby (2001:667) defines language as the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by a people of a particular country. Oderinde (2005) sees language as a “system and vehicle of communication. Language is a symbol used by members of a given society, both in written and oral form. What is a Nation and a National Language? According to the Oxford Learners Dictionary, a nation is also considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history who live in a particular area under one government. Countries like Cameroun, France, Thailand, Switzerland, United States of America etc. are nation states . A national language is a language or language dialect that has some connection with a people and the territory they occupy. It can be described as a dominant language in a multilingual environment used for regional and nation-wide communication. French is used as a mother tongue and national language in France, Thai in Thailand, Urdu in Pakistan, English in the United Kingdom and English in Nigeria but some scholars have argued that Nigeria cannot be called a nation exactly because of the presence of various ethnic groups which have their own languages, Hausa, Yoruba and Ibo being...

Words: 1390 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Influence of Home Video on Youths in Nigeria

...TITLE PAGE TRENDS OF NEGATIVE THEMES IN NIGERIAN HOME MOVIES (A STUDY OF FOUR HOME MOVIES) BY OGBONNIA CHINAZA. C MC/2006/118 A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MASS COMMUNICATION JULY, 201 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to God Almighty for his unfettered love. He is the only guide to my life and studies and he dispenses his grace freely. Also to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Ogbodo Ogbonnia and my brothers Arinze, Nnamaka, Chukwunonyerum, I remain grateful for their moral and financial support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge and appreciate all who fired the flame in one way or the other. First, I thank God, the almighty father who has given me life, knowledge, wisdom and strength to accomplish my work. My special gratitude goes to my head of Department, Damian. U. Agboeze who despite his crowded daily programme as the HOD would readily attend to his students and his fatherly advice. My immense gratitude also goes to my supervisor Justina Obi who devoted her time to supervise, correct and criticize this research work to make it a reality. I can never forget the service of my lecturer, Ferdinand Obasi, who made things...

Words: 10702 - Pages: 43

Premium Essay

Englishes

...The Development of the Theory of World Englishes In our modern world there are more non-native speakers of English than native speakers. This is because there is a growing necessity of people to acquire English as a second language for different purposes. As a result of this growing spread of English, new English varieties have risen all over the world. These are commonly called ‘World Englishes’ which suggests the several variations of English spoken in different countries (Seargeant, 2012) As new ‘Englishes’ develop new theories about their formation, similarities and differences arise around the world. English is no longer seen as a unique structure but as a multicultural and plural concept. Hence, the Theory of World Englishes has been developed. According to Seargeant (2012: 6) the theory of World Englishes is “…used to refer to the general discipline that examines the nature and use of English worldwide or of English in globalised contexts”. Thus, it is vital to consider the cultural issues that influence the contexts of those who want to acquire English as a second language. This helps to understand English variations and improves communication in the world. Therefore, this assignment will firstly explain the development of the Theory of World Englishes, then describe its present and future applications and finally evaluate the cultural impacts on speakers of world Englishes. Firstly, it is relevant to provide a clear explanation of the development of the theory of...

Words: 2172 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Project Work

...STUDY HABITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE. STUDY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OGUTA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE. TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page i Approval page ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Table of contents v Abstract viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 Scope of the Study 3 1.4 Purpose of the Study 3 1.5 Significance of the Study 4 1.6 Research questions 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The concept of Study Habits 6 2.2 Defective study Habits 8 2.3 Factors Affecting Academic Performance 10 2.4 Study Habits in relation to Academic performance 13 2.5 Need for Orientation of Students on study Habits 18 2.6 Criteria for Good Study Habits 22 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Design of the Study 28 3.2 Area of the Study 29 3.3 Population of the Study 29 3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 29 3.5 Instrumentation 30 3.6 Validation of Instruments 31 3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 31 3.8 Method of data Collection 31 3.9 Method of data Analysis 32 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Data Analysis and Presentation 33 Chapter Five 5.0 Discussion and Interpretation of Result 38 5.1 Discussion of Result 38 5.2 Education Implication of the Findings 42 5.3 Recommendation 43...

Words: 2615 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Academic Integrity in a Cultural Context

...Academic Integrity in a cultural context What is Academic Integrity in a cultural context? According to the Oxford School Dictionary & Thesaurus Academic means something to do with education or studying, especially at a school or college or university. Integrity means telling something that is true. Cultural means the custom and traditions of a people. Context means the background to an event that helps to explain it. So we can deduce from these definitions that academic integrity in a cultural context refers to academic honesty as against the background of the customs and tradition of people in an academic world. Academic Integrity in Nigeria With three major ethnic group and over 150 sub ethnic group, I daresay Nigeria is a very rich country in terms of culture and diverse in terms of customs and traditions. From time immemorial information has been passed down from generations to generations orally. Words and proverbs were actually not attributed to a singular person but to an ethnic group, for instance, the Yoruba adage, the Igbo adage, the Hausa adage, the Bini adage and so on. As we advance over the years, we started attributing word or group of words as quotes to an individual and also books were written by individuals. It was in the bid to stop mass reproduction of books that copyright came into been. During my research on this topic, I found out that most of the research works and journals on academic integrity in Nigeria only focus on cheating, malpractice...

Words: 1863 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Publications of Nigerian Football in Vanguard Nwespapers

...BUILDING LITERATE COMMUNITIES: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE EMMANUEL TAIWO BABALOLA Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria ABSTRACT This paper recognizes newspapers, the world over, as useful tools for promoting literate communities. Because of their invaluable functions of informing, educating, entertaining and constructively bringing the activities of the government nearer to the people, newspapers are now very popular and common with adults and young alike. Newspapers are veritable tools for promoting literacy through reading, writing and dialogues (among readers and critics), which are the hallmarks of effective and efficient use of language. Newspapers have a built-in capacity to motivate readers. As a result, it is the common practice in most parts of the country to have people congregate around newspapers stands and vendors every morning reading and discussing the contents of the newspapers. Newspapers can thus promote critical thinking, retention of information, problem solving and questioning of information source. This paper is an account of an on-going study regarding the effectiveness and noneffectiveness of English medium newspapers for facilitating literacy empowerment. Given the need to exploit the enormous resources of newspapers, as vehicles for facilitating literacy empowerment among literate communities, this paper suggests steps that can be taken by newspaper publishers, members of the Nigerian education orchestra and the Nigerian polity in appropriating the catalytic...

Words: 3558 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

An Investigation Into the Downward Trend in Global Stock Markets: a Case Study of the Nigerian Stock Market

...RESEARCH TITLE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DOWNWARD TREND IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET RESEARCH BRIEF The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable...

Words: 3951 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Bizness

...RESEARCH TITLE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DOWNWARD TREND IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET RESEARCH BRIEF The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable...

Words: 3951 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Research Proposal

...RESEARCH TITLE: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DOWNWARD TREND IN GLOBAL STOCK MARKETS: A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN STOCK MARKET RESEARCH BRIEF The history of stock trading and trading associations can be traced as far back as the 11th century when Jewish and Muslim merchants set up trade associations. After centuries of evolution, stock markets have become the symbol of commerce in the modern world. It operates in various countries and trades a range of securities. The world stock market capitalisation is estimated to be about $ 36.6 Trillion. The stock market has various functions such as capital mobilisation, investing opportunities, risk distribution etc. The major stock exchanges in the world today include New York Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Italian Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange. There have been various stock market crashes in the past such as the Wall Street crash of 1929, the crash of 1973/74, the 1987 crash; called black Monday, the dotcom bubble of 2000 and the more recent crash in 2008 caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in America. The economic crisis of 2008 which originated in America spread to various economies in the world and their stock markets were affected. It reduced the value of stocks around the world by as much as 41% and affected both major and emerging stock markets. The Nigerian stock market is an emerging market in Africa. After attaining the position of one of the most profitable...

Words: 3953 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

An Assessment of Examination Malpratices

...LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE BY FAMUBO EMMANUEL OLUBUNMI MATRIC NO: FCE/IB/4372 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (SP) OYO IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIAN CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (NCE) SEPTEMBER, 2009 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was carried out by FAMUBO, Emmanuel Olubunmi in the Department of Social Sciences of the Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, Oyo State. …………………………. …………………………… Mr. J. O. Odewale Date Supervisor DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my late father, Mr. Isaac Omotayo Famubo. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My great appreciation goes first to the Lord, my God for given me the fortitude to begin and finish this programme. I express my sincere gratitude to my wife, Bose Famubo and children for their understanding during the period this course lasted. I also express my profound gratitude to my Project Supervisor, Mr. O.J Odewale for his assistance and scholarly advice. My special thanks goes to the Director-General, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), Prof. S. O. Akande, Mrs. C. O. Adelani, Mr. V. O. Akinrinlade, Mrs. P. E. Bassey, M. O. Akinyemi and others too numerous to mention for their wonderful support. ABSTRACT Examination malpractice is one of the cankerworms threatening Nigeria’s...

Words: 5836 - Pages: 24

Premium Essay

Glt Task1 Non- Western Globalization

...Non-Western Globalization Globalization, as defined by the Cambridge American English dictionary, is “the development of closer economic, cultural, and political relations among all the countries of the world as a result of travel and communication becoming easy”. It goes on to state, “Optimists say globalization means more cultural choices for everyone”. In this paper we will examine two non- Western cultures and their response to globalization. “As globalization has had its positive impact on the society where it has shortened the distances between people of different religions and cultures, conversely it has also had negative effects on the culture as people tend to adopt western culture leaving their own culture and heritage behind.” (Anthropology, 2012) Prior to 1979, China had been closed off from the west. Chinese government was resistant to western influence and change. In 1979 Chinese government saw an opportunity in global trade, opening its borders to the western world and its influence. “Prior to being exposed to Western culture, China was a strong and prosperous empire and was the dominant political and cultural power in East Asia.” (Anthropology, 2012) With Globalization comes westernization and influence on all aspects of life, including culture and customs, dress and fashion, hairstyles, language, music and even construction. Western customs are embraced by the younger generations who see them as modern and exciting, rather than boring or obsolete. ...

Words: 1426 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Wasted

...has translated into extreme acts of xenophobic violence. In 2000 and 2001, Amnesty International’s annual online reports on South Africa singled out attacks and ill treatment of asylumseekers and suspected illegal immigrants as a major source of concern. The 2001 report also recounts reports of abuses of undocumented migrants and asylum-seekers. These included unlawfully prolonged detentions, poor conditions and beatings of detainees by guards at Lindela Repatriation Centre, assaults by police officers involved in the arrest of suspected illegal immigrants, and arbitrary and verbally abusive conduct towards asylum-seekers by Department of Home Affairs officials (Amnesty International, 2001). Xenophobia is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as ‘fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners or of what is strange or foreign’ (Mish, 1997). The literal meaning of the word suggests that xenophobic people would dislike all foreigners equally, as it is their ‘foreignness’ that makes them objectionable. However, the patterns that emerge of the targets involved in incidents that are attributed to xenophobia, as well as empirical research investigating xenophobia, suggest that this is not the case. Particular groups of foreigners are targeted, and the ethnic origins of...

Words: 5407 - Pages: 22

Free Essay

Political and Constituitonal Reforms in Nigeria

...Sokunbi Adetoyese Politics of Political and Constitutional Reforms in Nigeria. Andrew Heywood in his book, Global Politics (2010) identifies that politics, in its broadest sense, he defines it as the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. As such, politics is inextricably linked to the concepts of conflict and cooperation, which means politics is a social phenomenon with the characteristics of both struggle between opposing groups, parties and claims on one hand and cohesiveness, mobilization and organization on the other hand. On former hand, there is the constant existence of rival opinions, different wants, competing needs or opposing interests guarantees disagreement about the rules under which people live. Likewise on the latter hand, people recognize that in order to influence these rules or ensure that they are upheld, they must work with others, with whom they share similar needs and values. This is why we can allude the meaning of politics as the authoritative allocation of values, in which rival views or competing interests are reconciled with one another because at the art of politics is essentially to resolve conflict. In reality however, politics in this broad sense is better considered as the search for conflict resolution and not necessarily its achievement, since it is near impossible to resolve all conflict and satisfy all opposing groups especially in a multi-ethnic super diverse state...

Words: 5143 - Pages: 21

Free Essay

Merits of Corporate Personalities

...MERITS OF CORPORATE PERSONALITY A corporate person (s) is a separate legal business entity created under state laws by an owner or group of owners who become initial shareholders. According to Sec. 3 (1) (ii) of the Companies Act, 1956; a company means a business entity formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 or any of the preceding Acts. A Company comes into existence only by registration under the Act, which can be termed as incorporation. Thus, a company is a legal person. The primary advantage of a corporate form of business is that a corporation is a stand-alone entity, which means you are not personally liable for the assets and debts of the business. Incorporating protects your personal assets from lawsuits, debt collection and other business issues that can arise. Other merits of a corporate personality are as follows: 1)      Independent corporate existence- the outstanding feature of a company is its independent corporate existence. By registration under the Companies Act, a company becomes vested with corporate personality, which is independent of, and distinct from its members. A company is a legal person. The decision of the House of Lords in Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. (1897 AC 22) is an authority on this principle:      It was argued on behalf of the unsecured creditors that, though the co was incorporated, it never had an independent existence. It was S himself trading under another name, but the House of Lords held Salomon & Co. Ltd. must...

Words: 3791 - Pages: 16