Running head: A Portfolio of International Business

A Portfolio of International Business

Kathaleen Hull
International Business 662
Harding University

Abstract
Understanding how we learn as adults, what positive and courageous leadership looks like, international business defined and ventures in global business we are able to look at international business as a whole. All of these components affect how we do business beyond borders and give us an idea of what components are required as a professional in a vast growing global market.

A Portfolio of International Business

Defining International Business
According to BusinessDictionary.com, international business can be summarized as the exchange of goods and services among individuals and businesses in multiple countries or a specific entity, such as a multinational corporation or international business company that engages in business among multiple countries. (BusinessDictionary.com) Knowing that the definition of International in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is defined as relating to two or more nations and that business in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is defined as a commercial or sometimes an industrial enterprise; I think Business Dictionary’s definition of international business is very accurate. (Merriam-Webster Online)
When you think international business, the non-profit sector is probably not the first type of organization that comes to mind. Heifer International is a non-profit entity that works internationally with the mission to end hunger and poverty through sustainability. Currently, Heifer International has projects in 46 countries and counting as new projects are developed. Heifer has projects in North and South America, Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and the Asia/South Pacific regions and is headquartered in Little rock, Arkansas.
Heifer’s model is based loosely around the idea, ‘Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime’. (The Quotation Page) Heifer uses education and the gift of an animal to turn a gift of livestock into sustainable income. Heifer chooses communities that have a high poverty level and a dire need for the projects. These project guidelines place Heifer projects all over the world. The reason Heifer chooses to bring projects into areas with high need is because one gift to an individual will turn into many gifts for many participants over time. Part of the agreement for the participant of the Heifer project program is that they have to go through the training on how to care for the animals and agree to pass on the training and first born female to a new participant of the program in the community. So one gift can turn into multiple gifts over time and the receiver becomes the giver which is a remarkable and proud moment for the Heifer project recipients.

Heifer International has a very diverse and specialized group of employees. Some of these employees are specialized in soil, livestock, philanthropy and education to name a few of the fields that are required to carry out the mission and projects. Heifer looks for individuals that are comfortable with diversity and knowing several languages is always a plus with all positions, whether you are headquartered in Zambia, Africa or Little Rock, Arkansas. Heifer strives to use donations in the most effective way and by hiring a staff that is able to communicate with each other from headquarters to the field is very important for project success.

International business can take many forms from for-profit ventures to non-profit ventures. I have had my own personal experiences on the international business level in the non-profit sector. Heifer International is able to bring projects to areas of the world where they are needed the most because of the ability to work in countries all over the world. This certainly could not be done as fluently and successfully without courageous leadership among the Heifer staff.

Courageous Leadership and Followership
According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, courage is mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty. (Merriam-Webster Online) Based on this definition, the most courageous individual that I have met to this day is a thirteen year old girl named Alex. Alex was diagnosed with bilateral moderate to severe hearing loss at the age of 4 ½. Alex has faced many challenges from being the only person in her school that wore hearing aids to the reality that she would lose all of her hearing by the age of 8. She is a role model for me and teaches me the strength in diversity and being unique. She is the definition of courage in my opinion.

At 4 ½ years old Alex was fitted with hearing aids and had a very progressive summer of daily speech therapy and learning to live with the new devices on her ears in order to be ready for kindergarten by age 5. Alex had challenges with memorizing directions and had to learn to communicate with the teachers to make sure she understood assignments and directions. So if it was in her cards to be a shy person, it was changed at a very young age, because she had to learn early on to speak up for herself.
Alex gradually lost her hearing and at the age of 7 she was given the diagnosis that she had about a year before she would lose enough hearing to be considered completely deaf and the hearing aids would no longer be able to assist her with hearing. Technology had been advancing in the hearing device world and there was a device called a cochlear implant that was 30 years on the market that could possibly give Alex her hearing back if she were chosen as a candidate for the surgery. A cochlear implant consisted of an internal component that was like a mini processor and would be placed behind the ear and the external part would be worn externally on the ear and the components would be connected by magnets. Alex would now be able to hear thanks to computer generated hearing. Alex was a candidate for the implants and the surgeries were a success.
By the age of 9, Alex was speaking to audiology students at the University of Central Arkansas about cochlear implants and her experience with the devices. At the age of 12 she was chosen as an Ambassador for Children’s Hospital which had her speaking to civic groups and the community about cochlear implants, featured in local magazines and radio-thons for the hospital. Alex has become a strong advocate for the cochlear implant technology and for herself as a deaf person. She is a remarkably strong young lady that truly believes that she can do anything she puts her mind to and I believe she is right.
Alex has shown courage her entire life. An example of this courage would involve another child named Abby who also wears cochlear implants. The girl’s personalities are quite opposite of each other. Alex tends to be very personable while Abby is a bit more reserved. An author had come to the school to talk about and promote his latest book. Alex bravely walked up on the stage as everyone was getting seated and told the presenter that she and Abby were deaf and asked if he could wear a special device called an FM system that would allow the girls to hear him more clearly without the background noise. He gladly wore the device for the girls and even signed Alex and Abby’s copies of his new book!
Alex is only 13 years old but she is the strongest and most courageous person I know. Alex is my daughter. I feel very fortunate to know this exceptional young lady and to watch her make her way into becoming a confident and successful woman. She deals with challenges every day in a world that does not slow down for her disability. She inspires me to continue to push the envelope and live right outside my comfort zone. Alex is my inspiration when I think of courage. As professionals we strive to become better at what we do through our experiences and through experiences and behaviors of others.
How Adults Learn
Andragogy is the art and science of how adults learn and is often interpreted as the process of engaging adult learners with the structure of learning experience. Andragogy was created into a theory by Malcolm Knowles and was based on six assumptions of adult learning. These assumptions are: 1. Adults need to know the reason for learning something. 2. Experience provides the basis for learning activities. 3. Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. 4. Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate relevance to their work and/or personal lives. 5. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented. 6. Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators.
(TheFreeDictionary.com mirror, 2013)
David A. Kolb helped to popularize the idea of experiential learning. This type of learning is the process of actively engaging in an authentic experience that will have benefits and consequences. (New World Encyclopedia) In our professions and through secondary education programs, like masters programs, we learn through a combined approach of learning new concepts and drawing from previous experiences.
An event that has had a lasting impact on me as an adult learner comes from my first year in management. As a new manager I was ready to take on new challenges and ready to improve all processes with an enthusiasm that new managers with little experience sometimes have. I managed a mail processing center that had 100 % manual processes. I wanted to update the current processes by using technology to make these processes faster and more efficient by implementing a paperless scanning system. I had worked out on paper the time savings and monetary savings that updating the current processes would bring. I felt that I had covered the entire basis with why we should implement a paperless scanning system. What I failed to realize at the time was that the employees completing the manual processes were apprehensive about making the changes because they felt these more efficient processes using technology would replace them. I was so wrapped up in selling the idea to upper management and working to get the budget approved that I completely forgot to onboard the team that carried out the processes.
Through this experience I have learned that the human element in a process is just as important as the process itself. Without the team support to carry out the new processes, the updated system would not have been as successful. I learned the hard way that an idea is only good when it is supported by the team as a whole.
Personality affects the way you learn and interact with others. It is important in business to recognize the different personality types and to recognize how these different personality types of individuals in a business act and react to one another. Many companies have recognized this and are now offering, sometimes requiring employees of the company to take a written personality assessment, like the Birkman to help the company understand the personality types of the employees to better understand the work environment that is being created.
I know from taking the Birkman test, which is a formalized personality assessment, that I am assertive and outspoken. I am classified as an ENTJ- Executive personality type. Knowing my personality type has allowed me to confirm that I am in the right line of work and also allows me to understand how other personality types perceive me. This is important in business so that you can avoid miscommunication. There are 16 classified personality types.
The personality types are:
ISTJ - The Duty Fulfiller - Serious and quiet, interested in security and peaceful living. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ISTP - The Mechanic - Quiet and reserved, interested in how and why things work. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ISFJ - The Nurturer - Quiet, kind, and conscientious. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ISFP - The Artist - Quiet, serious, sensitive and kind. (The Personality Page, 2013)
INFJ - The Protector - Quietly forceful, original, and sensitive. (The Personality Page, 2013)
INFP - The Idealist - Quiet, reflective, and idealistic. Interested in serving humanity. (The Personality Page, 2013)
INTJ - The Scientist - Independent, original, analytical, and determined. (The Personality Page, 2013)
INTP - The Thinker - Logical, original, creative thinkers. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ESTP - The Doer - Friendly, adaptable, action-oriented. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ESTJ - The Guardian - Practical, traditional, and organized. Likely to be athletic. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ESFP - The Performer - People-oriented and fun-loving, they make things more fun for others by their enjoyment. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ESFJ - The Caregiver - Warm-hearted, popular, and conscientious. Tend to put the needs of others over their own needs. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ENFP - The Inspirer - Enthusiastic, idealistic, and creative. Able to do almost anything that interests them. Great people skills. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ENFJ - The Giver - Popular and sensitive, with outstanding people skills. Externally focused, with real concern for how others think and feel. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ENTP - The Visionary - Creative, resourceful, and intellectually quick. Good at a broad range of things. (The Personality Page, 2013)
ENTJ - The Executive - Assertive and outspoken - they are driven to lead. (The Personality Page, 2013)
As I have grown as a professional I have experienced what seemed like burnout and lack of enthusiasm in my professional roles. Hudson & McLean have a 4 phase process for individuals that experience this career fatigue. This 4 step process is called Hudson’s Cycle of Change and Renewal. The four steps in this process are:
Phase 1: Go for it stage- high energy, focused, confident.
Phase 2: The doldrums- stuck, disenchanted, restless, bored.
Phase 3: Cocooning- deep reflection, inner work, self-evaluation.
Phase 4: Getting Ready- is the phase that takes us out of “Cocooning” and back into the Go For It! phase where it all can begin again. (The Leadership Notebook)

I have personally gone through the motions of excited to start my profession as an accountant, became restless and disenchanted with the profession, personally reflected with job considerations that would make me happy and excited again in my job roles and starting down a new career path with energy and enthusiasm into management.
Learning as an adult allows us to continue to grow in our professional roles as we are able to bring our experiences and ideas to the job. My professional experiences have allowed me to learn from my mistakes and build my skillset by transitioning from one profession to another with the skill-sets I gained along the way. Continued learning as an adult through our experiences allows us to adapt to change and to bring forth better solutions in our professions to bring forth the most efficient and profitable solutions. Especially in a global economy where change and innovation are changing the way we make products and do business. As products continue to have more pieces that are outsourced and businesses add locations all over the world it is important to understand how businesses is being completed on an international forum and how this affects businesses and consumers.
Following the Travels of a T-Shirt in the World of International Trade & Investment
Following the travels of a t-shirt in the world of international trade & investment literally leads you from one country to another and back and is tangled in a web of trade policies.
From the author of The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy: An Economist Examines the Markets, Power, and Politics of World Trade Pietra Rivoli takes you on the journey of a t-shirt from the cotton grown for the shirt, the making of the t-shirt to the disposal and afterlife of a t-shirt. One example of the life of a cheaply made tourist t-shirt according to Rivoli takes you to a cotton farm in Lubbock, Texas where short fiber cotton is grown for cheap textiles. Next the cotton is shipped over to China where the raw cotton is spun into yarn and made into a t-shirt. The t-shirt is then shipped back to the United States to be sold. After the t-shirt is sold and it is ready to be disposed of by it owner it will end up in a few likely places: a small amount will end up in thrift shops, a quarter will end up as rags and sold to factories, another quarter is shredded and about half of disposed t-shirts ends up being exported to other countries like Tanzania for resale. (International Monetary Fund)
Amongst the web of trade policies, the following are factors that affect the textile industry. (Merriam Webster Online)
Quotas- In international trade, a government-imposed limit on the quantity of goods and services that may be exported or imported over a specified period of time. Quotas are more effective than tariffs in restricting trade, since they limit the availability of goods rather than simply increasing their price. (Merriam Webster Online) Tariffs- Tax levied upon goods as they cross national boundaries, usually by the government of the importing country. (Merriam Webster Online) Subsidies- Financial assistance, either through direct payments or through indirect means such as price cuts and favorable contracts, to a person or group in order to promote a public objective. (Merriam Webster Online) Competition- The effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favorable terms. (Merriam Webster Online) FDI- Investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. (About.com) Free trade- Policy in which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports. (Merriam Webster Online) Comparative advantage- The ability of a firm or individual to produce goods and/or services at a lower opportunity cost than other firms or individuals. (Merriam Webster Online) Technology- Includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. (Merriam Webster Online) Labor- The aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used in creation of goods and services. (businessdictionary.com)

Costs of production- The costs related to making or acquiring goods and services that directly generates revenue for a firm. (businessdictionary.com)

Transportation- Any device used to move an item from one location to another. (businessdictionary.com) The future of the American worker employed in the textile and apparel manufacturing industry will be greatly affected by trade regulations and the lifting of quotas on the apparel industry by the World Trade Organization that occurred in 2004. There are no longer limits on the number of polo shirts, tank tops and socks to name a few textiles being imported. This gives China an advantage over the U.S textile market for production producing these items. The WTO will not allow the U.S to reinstate the textile quotas that were in place. (McClatchy 2008) This forces U.S. corporations to seek cheaper labor for the labor intensive positions in order to stay competitive. The designing and cutting jobs will not be outsourced as much because of the degree of technical skill needed for these positions and the rate of change in the fashion world in order to get the latest fashion styles to market in a quick manner. (MyPlan.com)
What's Happening in Global Business?

As businesses look to grow and stay competitive in our global economy many have entered in international business ventures. Non-profit organizations have also taken the global business approach to stay competitive, bring more awareness to their cause and grow support through donations. Non-profit organizations specializing in fighting global hunger and poverty have benefitted from marketing on a global scale. Among the non-profits fighting hunger and poverty on a global scale are: Heifer International- Heifer International is a global, non-profit, strategic organization committed to the sustainable end of world hunger. Heifer has projects in more than 50 countries. Heifer’s model is unique in the fact that the gift of livestock is passed on to another recipient with the first born female. Heifer is also different by not only providing a gift of livestock but also providing education on how to care for the livestock and marketing and entrepreneurial advice. This model closely follows the saying “Give a man a fish you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.” (The Quotations Page)
Feeding America- The nation’s largest domestic hunger-relief charity, with network members supplying food to more than 25 million Americans, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico each year.
Kiva- Grassroots campaign and advocacy organization backed by more than 2 million people from around the world and every walk of life who are committed to the fight against extreme poverty and preventable disease, particularly in Africa.
ONE- A confederation of 13 like-minded organizations working together and with partners and allies around the world to bring about lasting change.
Jubilee USA- The Jubilee USA Network is an alliance of more than 80 religious denominations and faith communities, human rights, environmental, labor, and community groups working for the definitive cancellation of crushing debts to fight poverty and injustice in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Mercy Corps- Mercy Corps exists to alleviate suffering, poverty and oppression by helping people build secure, productive and just communities. Mercy Corps works amid disasters, conflicts, chronic poverty and instability to unleash the potential of people who can win against nearly impossible odds. Since 1979, Mercy Corps has provided $1.5 billion in assistance to people in 106 nations. Supported by headquarters offices in North America and Europe, the agency's unified global programs employ 3,500 staff worldwide and reach nearly 16.4 million people in more than 35 countries.
The Hunger Site- The Hunger Site was founded to focus the power of the Internet on a specific humanitarian need; the eradication of world hunger. Since its launch in June 1999, the site has established itself as a leader in online activism, helping to feed the world's hungry and food insecure. On average, over 220,000 individuals from around the world visit the site each day to click the yellow "Click Here to Give - it's FREE" button. To date, more that 200 million visitors have given more than 300 million cups of staple food.
The Hunger Project- The Hunger Project is a global, non-profit, strategic organization committed to the sustainable end of world hunger. In Africa, Asia and Latin America, The Hunger Project seeks to end hunger and poverty by empowering people (especially women) to lead lives of self-reliance, meet their own basic needs and build better futures for their children. These organizations have found success in several approaches to reaching a diverse and global audience. One of the most common approaches is using the World Wide Web. Most of the non-profits have a website that shares their mission, volunteer opportunities and allows you to give your donation through the website. Non-profits have benefited greatly from the vast amounts of technology that has become easily accessible for donors. Non-profits main portals of reaching potential donors has gone from a costly mailing approach to e-mails, phone applications and internet advertisements. E-mailing donors on a regular basis with links to give another donation and to stay connected with the cause have also become a popular. Another approach to entering the global market for non-profit organizations with a mission of ending global hunger and poverty is through partnerships with other groups that support the cause or have similar missions. Through technology and partnerships, non-profits have also taken advantage of stepping into the international market in order to reach a larger and more diverse donor base in our growing global economy. The move towards a global economy has opened the door for start-up businesses, existing for-profits and non-profits to branch out into new and diverse markets.
Doing Business the "New Way!"
If I were to start a business and market my product internationally I would first have to choose a product or products that would be profitable in many diverse markets. I would probably take the route of developing my own product. My product would be based on a hearing system called a personal frequency modulation (FM) system that is used by people who wear hearing devices. FM systems are like miniature radio stations operating on special frequencies. A personal FM system consists of a transmitter microphone used by the speaker (such as the teacher in the classroom, or the speaker at a lecture) and a receiver used by you, the listener. The receiver transmits the sound to your ears or, if you wear a hearing aid, directly to the hearing aid. (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association) The FM system allows you to hear the speaker directly without the background noise. My product would be very similar to this but would be marketed to non-hearing device individuals wanting to cancel out background noise. My device would use a smart phone as the transmitter and ear buds would be connected to the smart phone and worn by the user. I would name my product Clear Voice. Clear Voice would be a program that can be purchased through an application on your smart phone, on a card at your local retailers that sell gift cards and on the product website. Because of the nature of this product, research and development would be very important in the making of Clear Voice. Our research and development team would consist of experts in FM system development, smart phone application development and information technology. Our application would have to be user friendly and have special features that will set our product apart from potential competitors. Once the Clear Voice phone application is developed the following steps in choosing markets and marketing for an international approach would need to be taken. The following steps would be taken in order to choose the right markets for Clear Voice: * Market analysis of where this product would be profitable. * Choose international target markets based on the market analysis. * Set strategic pricing for each market that aligns with annual product costs in order to make sure product is profitable and consumers will buy purchase the product. * Create a strong marketing mix consisting of product, place, price and promotion that are well coordinated and in conformity with each other to give a clear image to the target market of the firm’s brands and its product. * Manage and maintain marketing for international markets from implementation and afterwards for continued success.
(Zainbooks.com)
Once the markets and marketing are decided and developed we would start targeting our potential customers. We would start with focus groups using Clear Voice in potential markets and get feedback. Once we know our targeted customers, we would send marketing e-mails, texts and purchase advertising space on specified websites that are region specific for the most visibility. For the e-mails we would purchase e-mail addresses from third party vendors based on our target group of potential consumers. We would partner with music venues, movie theatres and other similar venues that Clear Voice could be used at. We would also send out texts to these targeted groups. We would purchase advertising space on social networks and popular websites to the region we were marketing to. Continued strategic marketing would continue after the launching of Clear Voice in each country. A combination of a thorough market analysis, a well-developed product and strong partnerships would help ensure that Clear Voice would be a success in entering markets all over the world. Understanding how we learn as adults, what positive and courageous leadership looks like, international business defined and ventures in global business we are able to look at international business as a whole. All of these components affect how we do business beyond borders and give us an idea of what components are required as a professional in a vast growing global market.

References

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