...perspective that has a clear perspective on the reduction to crime and solutions is the realist. They both believe that crime is a real problem and is rising therefore both left and right realist have their own individual solutions to how crime rates can be reduced. Left realist are focused on the on policies to deal with crime and deviance, they aim to reduce inequalities and have a more equal distribution of income and wealth. Realist look into the cause of crime in order to find solutions, Lea and young whom are both left realist stated that crime rates are higher within inner city areas because of relative deprivation and marginalisation. When one is feeling relatively deprived it means they do not feel as well off in comparison to another person they used examples of working class boys who feel relatively deprived to middle class boys. The problem with this is there can be no solution to this as it is impossible to get rid of it as there will always be someone who is richer. They also stated that working class males may feel marginalised as they feel powerless and nothing they can do can better their situation. These two combined are what cause working class males to form deviant subcultures. Left realist argue that urban crime is a response to a lack of legitimate opportunities and the powerlessness that deprived groups feel in terms of improving their situation. Left realist believe that economic and social reform acts need to be introduced by the government in order...
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...Assess the contribution of realist approaches to our understanding of crime Realism views crime as a real problem that undermines solidarity and social order in society. There are two types of realists that focus on different aspects of crime to create an understanding. Right realists focus on providing realistic solutions whereas left realists focus on the rooted causes of crime, for example, poverty and marginalisation and then aim to find strategies to tackle crime. Right realists argue to understand crime we must be aware that crime happens due to three factors, biological differences, socialisation and the underclass and lastly rational choice. Right realists such as Wilson and Herrnstein put forward a biosocial theory of criminal behaviour- a combination of biological and social factors. Wilson and Herrnstein argue some individuals are innately more aggressive and therefore are more likely to commit crimes. Also, Herrnstein and Murray argue the main cause of crime is low intelligence, which is yet another biological factor that can explain the occurrence of crime. This therefore gives us an understanding that crime can occur due to biological factors such as being genetically more aggressive and having low intelligence. Rights realists also argue crime also occurs due to poor socialisation and the underclass. Right realists explain that to decrease offending we need to therefore be socialised into a nuclear family and socialised with norms and values. Charles Murray...
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...Assess the value of the right realist approach to crime and deviance. (21 marks) Right realists argue that crime today is a very real and growing problem. Right Realists argue that crime threatens society’s work ethic, social cohesion and destroys communities in society. Unlike other theories, Right realism focuses on the solutions for crime alongside the explanation of what causes crime in society, this approach also criticise labelling and criminology theories for being too sympathetic to the offender or too hostile to those in power. Right realists, Wilson and Herrnstein argue the idea that crime is a result of biological differences in people. Some people are suggested to be more inclined to commit crime than others. For example, those with higher traits of aggression may have the increasing tendency to commit crime. In support of the previous point, Wilson and Murray argue that low intelligence can lead to the causes of crime, this being a biological trait shows that crime is because of biological differences. In contrast, Lilly found that differences in intelligence only accounted for a 3% difference in offenders. This implies that it is very unlikely that the causes of crime are biological differences. Clarke, a right realist, came up with the rational choice theory, suggesting that crime is a matter of choice which is made by the criminal who weighs up the costs and benefits of committing crimes. In today’s society, the costs of committing petty crimes are rather...
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...what is the process of their development and finally what is their impact in world politics. It is a common belief that international institutions are necessary to promote peace and ensure stability in a state. However, looking from the realist perspective one will tend to be more skeptical when assessing the importance of international institutions and claim that they will not foster cooperation or...
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...movement originated in france in the 1850’s after the 1848 revolution. These Realists positioned themselves against Romanticism, a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Seeking to be undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against the exaggerated emotionalism of the Romantic movement. Truth and accuracy became the goals of many Realists. Many paintings depicted people at work, underscoring the changes wrought by the Industrial and Commercial Revolutions. The popularity of such 'realistic' works grew with the introduction of photography, a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce representations which look “objectively real.” Thereafter this new approach to representing the figure grew and new forms such as American realism and social realism where introduced to the art world. Therefore in view of this i will be looking at the American realist Edward Hopper and the realist painter Lucian Freud. Both these artists where at the forefront of modern art and both took different approaches to representing the figure even though both are classed under the same title of realists. Edward Hopper was an American realist, who sought to portray American urban and rural life during a period of hard times. Although he has been given the title of a realist his artistic style does not completely comply with his soft approach...
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...American Realism The Civil War tore the country apart. Once America was reunited in 1865, there was a lot of healing that needed to take place to correct the wounds Americans had suffered at the hands of their kin. In these years there were still a lot of questions to answer and still a lot of truth to be found out about the nation itself. The questions of the place of African-Americans, white Americans, political Americans and every other kind of American out there was a source for constant frustration and violence. This is the background and the huge dust storm that American Realism rose out of. Prior to the Civil War, America was knee deep in the Romantic Movement which included writers such as Hawthorne, Thoreau, Melville, Poe and Whitman. Their writings focused on the puritan aspects of their ancestors or of the dark romance and psychological perspectives writers such as Poe and Melville used. However, after the war, this movement began to fade and Realism increased as the choice reading of the people. This was due to multiple events and changes in culture that led to Americans looking for something better to relate to. The first event was the end of the Civil War. The Civil War showed the violent intentions men had towards each other and also showed the vulnerability of men and the nation and how ungodly man actually was. However, Realism did not begin immediately after the Civil War but rather took off in the 1880’s. So what happened in the 1880’s then? The 1880’s...
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...cases and individual events can be, and are often selected differently by those who have different approaches. In the case of realists, they have an objective view and often use the factual, scientific and quantifiable evidence to understand theories. For the case of 9/11, a realist would only look at this event as an occurrence that was simply a terror attack with explosions and the death of civilians. Realists would view cases such as this as happenings that simply support a theoretical approach along with several other similar cases in history, due to the fact that it is experienced evidence that is universally known and understood. A constructivist however would select and look at cases based upon historical memory and they way they were experienced by multiple different populates. For the case of 9/11, a constructivist would view this historical case as a terror attack that caused trauma to the United States of America and is an event that is more than the deaths of thousands. They would dissect historical events and convey the emotions that were felt, as well as the explosions that ensued, because these theorist believe that there can’t be an objective and single-fact overview of historical events, instead they are subjective yet all true at the same time. Objective accuracy is described as the actual state in which things actually exist. Realist theorists believe that objective accuracy does exist in the historical data used in international relations, and that it can...
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...nation for both domestic and foreign audiences. Realism is an important concept in the cinematic movement of the British New Wave and its spark of Social-Realist films that began to surface from the 1950’s. There are various incentives for this quest for depicting the world as it really is in film. In Theories of Cinema (1999) film theorist Francesco Casetti states that people want to see “the splendor of the world, the truth of things, in a word, reality” (Casetti, 1999, p.21), and this understanding may be regarded as the founding maxim of the British New Wave movement which attempted to present the previously unseen ‘real’ Britain. The British New Wave movement emerged from the short-lived but exceptionally influential British documentary movement of the 1950’s known as Free Cinema. This movement began with a series of documentaries directed by the likes of Lindsay Anderson, Karel Reisz and Tony Richardson being screened at the National Film Theatre in London in February 1956, and continued until March 1959. The films were ‘free’ in the sense that they were created outside the restrictive boundaries of the current film industry. The style in which these films were made foreshadowed much of the New Wave movement in terms of developing realism in film using “a minimum of equipment, real locations and a natural, unmade-up look” (Aldgate & Richards, 2002, p.194). Directors Anderson,...
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...Idealists believe that we know objects through the way we perceive them, that they are mind-dependent. However, realists, who believe objects are mind-independent, proposed the missing explanation argument in order to disprove idealism. This theory supposes that everything is dependent on the mind; if this is true, then nothing in idealism can explain the regularities in our experiences. Although idealists and realists both provide good reasoning, neither argument by itself completely explains the perception of objects. We need to apply both views. Internalists have made many attempts to answer the consistencies of experiences. One of their answers is that in order to believe that something exists, we must first know it. Therefore, it becomes an internal object which is conditioned by consciousness, and since anything conditioned by consciousness is mind-dependent, the object can only exist if there is a mind-dependent internal object. While this proof seems logical, it is very complicated; in order to fully answer the question, some aspects of realism are required. Immanuel Kant seems to do this despite his rejection of realism. Although Kant is considered an idealist, he uses the senses to explain “noumena,” which defines external objects that are unconditioned by our thinking of them. He begins by making a distinction between these “things-in-themselves” and internal objects, but completely avoids elaborating on actual objects by stating that we can only access things that...
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...rBackground * Realists are a group of scholars who having to see themselves having a deep insight within the realm of IR. * They would like to become advisers or become political leaders. * Offer a road map to leaders who conduct in international affairs. * Their insight was not just the result in what happened centuries ago. * They’re timeless wisdom that...certain trusses that are ageless * Telling how the actually worked, not how they looked, or should look * They tell world leaders that the most important, should operate is to enhance the security of their states... * Power is a very important thing in IR. * They should be able to harness this power in creative and noble ways. * The world is a complex place. * Strengths in realism.... * What they also argue is that..Money is a currency..Everything is about power. * Allow us to expand our national interest. * Gain power, use that power, and then use it in a robust manner so that you are on top on IR power. * More dominate then change. * Dominate aspects are wars, security dilemma, missiles etc. * IR is a story of wars being fought, wars having been fought in the past and states recovering.., or preparing for future wars. * Realist’s wars are an endemic/... * You can never get ride of war impossible it stays. * They are not interested in changing the world but helping it and creating peace and unity. * They like talking about violence, states...
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...Politics Essay Topic: “Critically Evaluate Post War Realist Explanation of International Politics with Particular Reference to Power” Introduction The tradition of political realism – realpolitik, power politics – has a long history that is typically traced back to the great Greek historian Thucydides in the fifth century BC. Although dominant attitudes towards realism have varied, realist arguments and orientations have been central to the Western theory and practice of international relations. “In particular, “modern” international society, whether dated from the era of Machiavelli at the turn of the sixteenth century or that of Hobbes in the mid-seventeenth century, has been closely linked to realist balance of power politics. The link between realism and international theory is especially strong in the twentieth century. International relations first emerged as an academic discipline before and immediately after World War I, largely in reaction against realist balance of power politics. The discipline was then reshaped immediately before and after World War II by self-identified realists such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. Prominent scholar-practitioners, such as George Kennan and Henry Kissinger, have called themselves realists. For most of the post-World War II era realism has been the dominant paradigm in the Anglo-American study of international relations”. Even in our post-Cold War era of globalization, realist theories, although much less dominant, still provide...
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...reader is able to differentiate with a clear understanding of the two theories in the context of international relations. Idealism, according to (Heywood, 2014) dealing with how we view things whether in an ideal or perfect manner and Realism dealing with treating with things in a practical way and viewing some situations pragmatically and makes idealism focus on “what could be done” and realism focusing on “what actually is”. Generally idealists are under the impression that human nature is good and with regards to international relations the cycle will initially attain peace, whereas realists sorely believe that the cycle of international relations will not change, it will always be anarchic...
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...relations, realism became the dominant analytical paradigm mostly after the start of the Second World War, when it displaced idealist doctrines, promising "to provide more accurate information, more powerful, and more relevant answers" to the roots or causes of peace and war (Brecher& Harvey, 54). At the same time, many features of the current realist paradigm can be traced back to the time of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Among contemporary thinkers recognized as major writers and contributors to the realist tradition are Hans Morgenthau, Edward Carr and Kenneth Waltz (Freyberg-Inan, 8). What are then the basic tenets or common features of a realist thinker? Machiavelli would acknowledge that to be a realist one has to look at history as "a sequence of cause and effect whose course can be analysed and understood by intellectual effort, but not directed by imagination" (Carr, 64). Hobbes would persist in the same train of thought and insist that to be a realist thinker one must look at things as they are and not as they should be (Warner, 37). Thus, both of these thinkers direct us to the idea that the creation of the realist paradigm and theories are in fact an inductive process whereby "theory does not create practice, but practice theory" (Carr, 64). Suggestive and provocative declarations such as those of Machiavelli and Hobbes not only make the...
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...Realism Although realist artists attempt to convey a candid image of modern life, their tendencies to render a more relatable and aesthetically pleasing result exceeds their objective realities. In both Huysmans’ Against Nature and James’ The Real Thing, the protagonists seek a more evocative reality; one that transcends the boundaries of the objective and replaces the idea of what is natural with the more arousing powers of imagination. In James’ short story, using the real thing, defined by the true nature of Major and Mrs. Monarch, becomes irrelevant to his depiction as the figures rendered by the artist appear as uninhabited forms and in no way suggest the reality of their social stature. Instead, what in person appears artificial and inauthentic, two separate beings insignificant to the social realities of superiority in the eighteenth-century, embrace the dignified postures and mannerisms of high society to a higher degree than the Monarchs who in fact are the real thing. In Against Nature, Huysmans’ Des Esseintes escapes 19th century bourgeoisie society in a manufactured sanctuary, void of anything real or absolute. What is real outside of his retreat has no value, but his own reverie, contrived and artificial, creates a deeper and more emotional beauty. The characters of Charles Dickens, the women of Gustave Moreau, the artificial flowers, “fashioned by the hands of true artists,” encapsulate the essence of his imaginary reality. Transcending into Realist art itself, both...
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...As I previously alluded to; realists strongly believe in the centrality of the nation-state in their international political structure. They recognize the importance and relevance of transnational organizations to international relations; however, they believe that state has the ultimate authority and that no state should pass on this authority to any foreign entity. Another realists’ core assumption is that the international system characterized by an anarchy which shapes the state behavior. Anarchy makes each state always concerned about its own survival and in a constant state of apprehension of being attacked or its interests threatened by another state especially if the latter is seeking to strengthen its power. Therefore, traditional realists like Morgenthau believe that the state must rely on its own power, especially military power, to protect its interests. Moreover, classical realism looks at the state as a rational and autonomous actor. Realists expand the state autonomy to not only include autonomy from international organizations but also sufficient autonomy from their national societies to recognize and pursue the interests of the nation as a whole. This domestic coherent attitude allows them to “exercise control over different national organizations to direct and control government actions in such a way as to implement the decisionmakers’ strategies” (Doyle et al, pp.166). In their pursuit of domestic autonomy, realists believe they ought to be unconstrained...
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