...A STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RULE VIOLATION BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVERS Mohammed Najeeb. P. M Motor Vehicle Department, Ministry of Transport, Kerala, India. Mob +91 9447679841 najeeb.blossom@gmail.com Abstract An analysis of traffic accidents indicates that human factors are a sole or a contributory factor in approximately 90% of road traffic accidents. The present study examined the extent to which Type A behaviour pattern , Sensation Seeking behaviour, propensity to aggression, Hostility, Attitude to Speeding and demographic variables including Age, Experience And Education have an effect on violation behaviour of drivers. The Data was obtained from 500 drivers on standardized instruments such as Violation of Basic Traffic Rules scale, Hostility scale (MMPI), Propensity to Aggression Scale, Sensation Seeking Scale (Zukerman) Type A behaviour Scale and Attitude to Speeding Scale. The Result presented in this study revealed that there was an effect of age, experience and education and significant influence of personality traits and attitude on violation behaviour of drivers. Key Words: Violation of Basic Traffic Rules, Type A behavior, Sensation Seeking, propensity to aggression Hostility and attitude 1. Introduction The National Crime Record Bureau Reported that, in India the number of road accidents, deaths due to road accidents and injuries due to road accidents is very high and increasing every year. During the year 2010; 4, 30,600...
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...broken, but you can’t fight City Hall- and that is a fact.”(Kidwell and Richards). Like many other stories out there, Wague was caught by a faulty camera system. After averaging just three tickets a day, the camera that caught her was suddenly averaging 33 tickets per day, then out of nowhere the ticket spree ended (Kidwell and Richards). Many question whether or not these red light camera systems were malfunctioning or being tinkered with by local authorities. Instead of increasing safer driving conditions, the use of red light camera enforcement in the United States has directly threatened the public interest by favoring revenue over safety, and invading our privacy. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, privatized traffic law enforcement systems are rapidly spreading throughout large cities in the United States (Madsen 5). Primarily, this...
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...Automated Traffic Enforcement Policy This policy addresses the installation and use by state, city and county law enforcement agencies of automated traffic enforcement systems, specifically, automated red-light violation and speed enforcement systems on the state highway system only. The Missouri Highways and Transportation Commission (MHTC) hereby delegates the administration of this Policy to the MoDOT Director, who shall be authorized to further delegate by memorandum the administration of this Policy to such MoDOT employee(s) as the MoDOT Director deems appropriate. Automated Enforcement of Red-Light Violations To ensure red-light traffic signal violations are mitigated as completely and as feasibly possible, state highway intersections that are candidates for automated red-light violation enforcement will undergo both an engineering study and a violation study. The engineering study will ensure the state highway intersection warrants the installation of an automated red-light enforcement system and that the cameras and related equipment will not impact the existing signal operation. The review will encompass the following steps: Step 1: Confirm safety problem Step 2: Identify the scope Step 3: Conduct engineering analysis to identify factors contributing to problem Step 4: Identify and select appropriate countermeasures Step 5: Implement countermeasures The violation study will include each approach of the state highway intersection. Conditions for Installation For...
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...Violations in traffic laws are very common in a highly populated country like India. The conditions are even worse in metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai Bangalore and Chennai. The accidents associated with these violations cause a huge loss to life and property. Same is the case in Chennai. Being a metro city and a highly populated one also, has a lot of road accidents every year. Despite this the violations in traffic laws do not reduce. A lot of people disobey the rules every day sometimes willingly and sometimes because they are forced to do so because of others. The major traffic laws in India are wearing a helmet in case of two wheelers, putting a seat belt in case of cars, driving on the right side of the road including overtaking from the right direction, over speeding in certain restricted areas, not obeying the traffics signals and stooping the car after the finish line. It is mainly because of these violations that major accidents occur. It should be recognized that the highway is a social situation, in which people are interacting. However the drivers are unknown to each other in most of the cases and the interaction between them very brief and non-recurring. The communication between them is very limited and that also through mechanical aids like lights and horns. The main objective of these laws is to minimize the confusion and conflict between vehicles and the people. When this is achieved then accidents will automatically reduce. Therefore our study tells the statistics...
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...Journal of Traffic and Logistics Engineering Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2014 A Car Monitoring System for Self Recording Traffic Violations Ahmed M. Elmahalawy Computer Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronics Engineering, Minufiya University Menouf, 32952, El-Minufiya, Egypt Email: ahmed.elmahalawy@el-eng.menofia.edu.eg; a_elmhalaway@hotmail.com which ought to be considered as sufficiently independent. These two major sub-systems are: 1) the transaction subsystem and 2) the enforcement subsystem. [2] Another example is video technology applications for traffic management and safety. This technology offers both tangible and intangible benefits. Video technology requires a substantial up- front investment costs for the purchase and installation of equipment and training of staff. Due to the complexity of video systems and the rapid pace of change related to this technology, agencies may overlook some applications while using resources to implement less valuable applications. [3] Over the last few years there has been a growing interest in Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), to solve the problem of exceeding the speed limits. ISA has the potential to significantly reduce the incidence and severity of road trauma in many countries all over the world. [4], [5] The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives a background of previous work in this field. Overview of Self Recording Traffic Violations system is presented...
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...The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message from a mobile phone, or driving while texting, is limited but growing. A simulation study at the Monash University Accident Research Center provided strong evidence that retrieving and, in particular, sending text messages has a detrimental effect on a number of safety-critical driving measures.[6] Specifically, negative effects were seen in detecting and responding correctly to road signs, detecting hazards, time spent with eyes off the road, and (only for sending text messages) lateral position. Mean speed, speed variability, lateral position when receiving text messages, and following distance showed no difference.[7] A separate, yet unreleased simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.[8] The low number of scientific studies may be indicative of a general assumption that if talking on a mobile phone increases risk, then texting also increases risk, and probably more so. 89% of U.S. adults think that text messaging while driving is "distracting, dangerous and should be outlawed."[9] The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has released polling data that show that 87% of people consider texting and e-mailing while driving a "very serious" safety threat, almost equivalent to the 90% of those polled who consider drunk driving a threat. Despite the acknowledgement of the dangers of texting behind the wheel, about half of drivers...
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...Both the first and second argument are supported by facts and opinions. The first argument by Councilman Lorenzo Hart informs us that automatic traffic light cameras should be installed at 10 major intersections, while the second argument by Baler Herald informs us that installing automatic traffic light cameras is a waste of money. While both sides give good points it is the second argument by Lorenzo Hart that is the stronger argument. One example why the first argument is stronger than the second argument is the explanation that automatic traffic cameras will photograph the license plates of automobiles running red lights. In addittion, the town then sends traffic tickets to the violators. This will allow the police to focus on other...
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...Phoenix, AZ A study done by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, conducted between 1992 and 1998, found that Arizona was by far the most dangerous state for red light-related deaths, with Phoenix, Mesa and Tucson being the first, third, and fourth most deadly metro areas in the U.S. Consider the social costs of red-light running to Arizona as a whole. Statistics from the Arizona Department of Transportation and the Governor's Office of Highway Safety show that red light running in 2005 caused a total of 8,349 crashes in Arizona, which killed 80 people and injured 7,494 others. Below are some 2005 statistics from a few major cities in the state: |City |Crashes |Fatalities |Injuries | |Phoenix |3014 |19 |2902 | |Tucson |997 |6 |841 | |Tempe |507 |4 |394 | |Mesa |646 |9 |565 | |Scottsdale |347 |3 |306 | |Glendale |316 |3 |302 | [pic] http://www.arizonadriver.com/course_sample.html?p=14 The city has the cameras at 12 locations. Only one of those intersections - 15th and Missouri avenues - is among the top five for accidents. Another intersection with cameras, 53rd Avenue and Indian School Road, ranks in the top 10. Read more: http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2011/06/19/20110619phoenix-red-light-cameras...
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...Directorate of Traffic has revealed that 564 762 people died or were hurt in traffic accidents, which is equal to 3.5% of the total population in Saudi Arabia. During the same period 66 914 people have died in Saudi Arabia due to traffic accidents, amounting to one person killed and four get hurt every hour. More than 20% of hospital beds in Saudi Arabia are occupied by traffic accidents victims, mainly adult males aged 16 to 36. (1) If we are to investigate the causes behind this horrifying issue, we find that the increased number of vehicles, and the expansion of road networks within and between cities contribute mainly to the high rate of accidents in Saudi Arabia. This is in addition to the increased number of emigrants from different countries who are unacquainted with local driving conditions and requirements. Nonetheless, most accidents happen specifically as a result of drivers’ error. Over 50% of the traffic accidents are due to over speed and violation of signals at intersections. Signal violation accidents in Saudi Arabia are 4.5 times more common than in the USA. (1) “The report found that almost a third of traffic accidents in the Saudi capital Riyadh were due to drivers jumping red lights, followed by 18 percent of accidents caused by illegal U-turns. The most common dangerous driving activities were speeding, sudden stops and speaking on the phone while driving.” (2) Therefore, the misbehavior and negligence of drivers are dominant factors in most traffic accidents...
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...on-screen and audio navigation technology, and a variety of other information and entertainment services. Telecommunications companies say that new technology in cars not only will improve commerce but highway safety as well. Already, an estimated 98,000 emergency calls are placed by cell phone users each day, and billions of dollars of business may be transacted by drivers each year. Studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine and by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) have concluded that cellular phones often reduce emergency response times and actually save lives. New technology also may make it easier for people to drive more safely on the road. State policymakers, however, must weigh the promises of wireless technology in cars against the growing evidence of the potential dangers. The 1997 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that the distraction caused by phone use in motor vehicles quadrupled the risk of a collision during the brief period of a call, a rate equivalent to the impairment caused by legal intoxication. Other studies - conducted in the United States as well as in...
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...Effects of Cellphone Use While Driving The reason I oppose the use of cell phone during driving is because I was once engaged in a cellphone use while driving that totally distracted me as it diverted my concentration off the road. This happened to me years ago, while I was driving home from work, I made a quick phone call to my mother and at the same instant the car swerved onto the side of the street and almost hit a pedestrian crossing the road. I realized that the risk of taking my eyes off the road for a split second could cause an injury and even fatal accident. It will show the audience why this issue matters to me, and why it should to them. Using a cell phone while driving is dangerous and increases the chance of getting into a car accident. Therefore, texting ban should be implemented to reduce the number of accidents on the road. Cellular phones serve as useful convenient methods of communication. It has become an important communication tool that is used by people all over the world to keep everyone connected. However, the increase use of cellphone while driving is becoming a significant cause of automobile accidents because it decreases a driver’s awareness and attentiveness resulting in driver’s being distracted and impaired driving abilities. It is true that cell phones can also be very useful, but when automobile drivers use them while driving, it becomes a very high distractor because it distracts the driver, impairs the ability to control the vehicle and...
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...while driving has dramatically increased over the past years in the U.S., and studies show that the risk of having an accident significantly increases when a person is talking or texting on their phone. Due to this increased risk, I believe Florida, as well as the other forty-nine states, should ban cell phone use while driving. Using a cell phone while trying to drive is not only a major distraction, it can be extremely dangerous or even fatal. In a recent study done by Strayer and Johnson, they found that "cell phone conversations made drivers more likely to miss traffic signals and react more slowly to the signals that they did detect" (Strayer and Drews 128). The awareness of one's surroundings is vital in safe operation of an automobile. When a driver "disrupts performance by diverting attention from the external environment associated with the driving task to an engaging context associated with the cell phone conversation" (Strayer and Drews 129). The U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found that the use of cell phones while driving is the number one cause of driving distraction leading to car crashes and accidents (Cramer, Mayer, and Ryan 181). Although many people believe that hand-held cell phones cause the most distraction, evidence has shown that hands-free devices can be just as distracting (Seo and Torabi 102). A study at the University of Utah concluded that"talking on a cell phone while driving...
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...Most studies have shown that the most effective tool to enforce red-light running violations is installing cameras. Such countermeasures reduce injury oriented crashes by approximately 25-30% [Retting and Kyrychenko, 2002] and overall violations by approximately 40% [Retting, Ulmer and Williams, 1999]. Hieatt [2011] showed that in 2008 through 2009, the city of Virginia Beach installed RLCs at thirteen intersections to improve safety. In 2010, the total number of accidents per year at these locations had decreased by 24%. In addition to safety issues, studies such as Porter and England [2000], which analyzed actual traffic volume per light cycle data and their corresponding red-light running rates from two urban intersections, show that red-light running activities also exert pressure on traffic volumes at intersections that result in congestion....
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...Recognizing and Minimizing Tort and Regulatory Risk Plan Law 531 Charles Cook January 24, 2011 Recognizing and Minimizing Tort and Regulatory Risk Plan For organizations to avoid detrimental situations that can create excessive loss for the business, it is imperative for them to Recognize and minimize the risks associated with torts. According to Henery Cheeseman, 2010, “Tort law imposes a duty on persons and business agents not to intentionally or negligently injure others in society”(Cheeseman, 2010). Developing a clear plan that reduces and eliminates any fines, penalties and tort liabilities will help the success of a business. Cheeseman (2010) states “Tort law imposes a duty on persons and business agents not to intentionally or negligently injure others in society” (Cheeseman. 2010). Plan elements Knowing the four elements of defending against negligence is fundamental to developing a preventative plan against negative effects of a tort. With foresight, a business can plan against the occurrence by superseding or intervening the event. Having knowledgeable team members who can determine whether or not the company is actually responsible for an event is essential. Assuming the risk of potential negligence can help to diminish the possibility of tort. Keeping a business team aware of what risks are possible and can help to avoid situations where a company knowingly enters into risky practices will keep businesses safe from liability. Finally, both contributory...
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...Imagine driving to work, running late for an important meeting. You are driving the posted speed limit, obeying all traffic laws, and you car is in perfect working order. All of a sudden, flashing red and blue lights are behind you and you’re being pulled over. The officer treats you as a suspect right off the bat, smothering you with questions concerning what you’re doing, where you’re going; yet never really telling you why you’ve been pulled over. Without any warranted reason the officer wants to search your car. After much hassle you are finally free to go, yet still have no explanation as to why you were pulled over to begin with. Now imagine you are black and the officer is white. You have probably just experienced racial profiling. Racial profiling is a problem which is gaining widespread notoriety in the United States. It may be the most important homeland issue we face today. Racial profiling is a clear violation of the civil rights of United States citizens. Not only does racial profiling affect civilians, but it actually makes law enforcement ineffective. Most efforts to investigate and eradicate racial profiling have failed due to unclear findings and a lack of accountability on the part of law enforcement. New measures must be taken in conjunction with current measures to curb racial profiling. A stringent federal program to monitor and survey our nation’s police officers is needed. The public also needs to become more involved in efforts to stop racial profiling...
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