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Textbook Exercises Semana 5 – individual
University of Phoenix
Prof. Oscar Rosario-Figueroa
12 de enero de 2012

Textbook Exercises
Para la realización de esta asignación se realizaran los trabajos de pregunta y ejercicios asignados en el del libro de la contabilidad financiera, de los siguientes ejercicios del capítulo 7, y 8. Pregunta 1 y 2, y el ejercicio E8-5, respectivamente. 1. (a) ¿Cuáles son los principios generalmente aceptados de contabilidad (GAAP)?. La profesión de contable ha desarrollado normas que son generalmente aceptadas y practicadas universalmente. Este conjunto común de estándares, llamados principios de contabilidad generalmente aceptados (GAAP), indica cómo se debe informar los sucesos económicos.
La Comisión de Seguridad e intercambio (Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), por sus siglas en ingles) es la Agencia del gobierno Estadounidense que supervisa los mercados financieros de Estados Unidos y órganos de fijación de normas de contabilidad. El principal órgano normativo de contabilidad en los Estados Unidos es la Junta financiera de estándares de contables (Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), por sus siglas en ingles). Muchos países fuera de los Estados Unidos han adoptado las normas de Contabilidad emitidas por la Junta Internacional de normas de contabilidad (International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), por sus siglas en ingles). En los últimos años el FASB y el IASB han colaborado estrechamente para intentar minimizar las diferencias en sus niveles.

(b)¿Qué órganos autorizados proporcionan soporte para GAAP?. El proceso que conduce a la preparación de lo informes financieros de una empresa. Son los Estados financieros. Esta área de la contabilidad se denomina contabilidad financiera. La profesión de contable ha establecido un conjunto de normas y reglas que son reconocidas como una guía general para la presentación de informes financieros.
Este reconocido conjunto de normas se denomina principios de contabilidad generalmente aceptados (GAAP). Generalmente aceptados; significa que estos principios tienen "apoyo sustancial de autoridad”. Ese apoyo proviene generalmente de dos órganos normativos: la Junta financiera de estándares contables (FASB) y la Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Desde la década de 1970 las comunidades empresariales y gubernamentales han dado a la FASB la responsabilidad de desarrollar los principios de contabilidad en este país. Esto es un proceso continuo; los principios contables cambian para reflejar los cambios en el entorno empresarial y las necesidades de los usuarios de información contable 2. ¿Qué elementos componen el marco conceptual del FASB?. Antes el establecimiento de la FASB, los principios de contabilidad fueron desarrollados sobre la base de un problema por problema. Órganos de formulación de normas desarrollaron las normas contables y los métodos para solucionar problemas específicos. Los críticos habían acusado que el enfoque de problema por problema condujo con el tiempo a reglas y prácticas inconsistentes. No claramente desarrollado el marco conceptual de la contabilidad, existe para referirse a resolver nuevos problemas. En respuesta a estas críticas, la FASB elaboró un marco conceptual.
Como base para resolver los problemas de contabilidad y presentación de informes. La FASB puso mucho tiempo y esfuerzo en este proyecto. La Junta considera que su marco conceptual como "... una Constitución, un sistema coherente de objetivos interrelacionados y fundamentos”. El Marco conceptual del FASB consta de los siguientes cuatro elementos: 1. Objetivos de la información financiera; 2. Características cualitativas de la información contable; 3. Elementos de Estados financieros; 4. Directrices operativas (hipótesis, principios y restricciones).
Objetivos de la información financiera. La FASB empezó a trabajar en el marco conceptual mirando los objetivos de la información financiera. Determinar que estos objetivos requiere respuestas a esas preguntas básicas como: ¿quién utiliza el Estados financieros? ¿Por qué? ¿Qué información necesitan? ¿Cómo los conocedores de negocios y contabilidad son usuarios de Estados financieros? ¿Cómo debería la información financiera informarse, para un mejor entendimiento? En respuesta a estas preguntas, la FASB llegó a la conclusión de que los objetivos de los informes financieros son proporcionar información que:
1. Sea útil para aquella toma de decisiones de inversión y crédito; 2. Sea útil en la evaluación de futuros flujos de efectivo; 3. Identifica los recursos económicos (activos), las reclamaciones de esos recursos (pasivos) y los cambios en los recursos y reclamaciones. La FASB emprendió entonces describir las características que hacen que la información contable sea útil.
Características cualitativas de la información contable. La FASB llegó a la conclusión de que el criterio primordial para las opciones de contabilidad es la utilidad de la decisión. La práctica contable seleccionada debe ser aquella que genera la información financiera más útil para tomar una decisión. Para ser útil, la información debe poseer las siguientes características cualitativas: pertinencia, confiabilidad, comparabilidad y uniformidad. La Información contable tiene relevancia si hace la diferencia en una decisión. La información relevante pertinente tiene valor predecible o de retroalimentación, o ambos. Comparabilidad. La Información contable de una empresa es más útil cuando puede compararse con la información contable sobre otras empresas. Resultados de comparabilidad cuando diferentes empresas utilizan los mismos principios contables. Además, cada empresa utiliza el reconocimiento de los ingresos y la coincidencia de principios en la determinación de sus ingresos netos. Conceptualmente, la comparabilidad debe extenderse también a los métodos utilizados por las empresas en el cumplimiento de un principio de contabilidad. El único requisito de contabilidad es que cada empresa debe revelar los métodos contables utilizados, de las revelaciones el usuario externo puede determinar si la información financiera es comparable.
Consistencia. Significa que una empresa utiliza los mismos principios y métodos contables de año en año. Si una empresa selecciona FIFO como el método de valoración del inventario en el primer año de operaciones, se espera que utilice FIFO en años posteriores. Cuando una empresa reporta información financiera sobre una base consistente, los Estados financieros permiten un análisis significativo de las tendencias dentro de la empresa. Una empresa puede cambiar a un nuevo método de contabilidad. Para ello, debe justificar la gestión que el nuevo método resulta en información financiera más significativa. En el año en que se produzca el cambio, la empresa debe revelar el cambio en las notas a los Estados financieros; tal divulgación hace conscientes de la falta de consistencia de los usuarios de los Estados financieros.
Elementos de Estados financieros. Una parte importante del marco conceptual de contabilidad es un conjunto de definiciones que describen los términos básicos utilizados en contabilidad. La FASB se remite a este conjunto de definiciones como los elementos de los Estados financieros. Incluyen términos tales como activos, pasivos, patrimonio neto, ingresos y gastos ordinarios. Debido a que estos elementos son tan importantes, es crucial que se definan con precisión y aplicabilidad universal. ¿Por ejemplo, debe el valor de los empleados de la empresa ser informada como un activo en un balance? ¿La muerte del Presidente de la compañía debe indicarse como una pérdida? Un buen conjunto de definiciones debe ofrecer respuestas a estos tipos de preguntas.
Directrices operacionales. Los objetivos de los informes financieros, las características cualitativas de la información contable y los elementos de los Estados financieros son muy amplios. Porque la practica de contadores debe resolver problemas prácticos, se necesitan directrices más detalladas. En su marco conceptual, la FASB reconoció la necesidad de directrices de funcionamiento, clasificando estas directrices como hipótesis, principios y restricciones, estas pautas están bien establecidas y aceptadas en la contabilidad. Hipótesis, proporcionan una base para el proceso de contabilidad. Principios son reglas específicas que indican cómo eventos económicos deben darse en el proceso de contabilidad. Limitaciones en el proceso de Contabilidad permiten una relajación de los principios bajo ciertas circunstancias.
Ejercicio E8-5. Enumerados a continuación cinco procedimientos seguidos por la Compañía Beat.
1. Varios individuos operan la caja registradora usando la misma caja de registro; 2. Se prepara una conciliación bancaria mensual por alguien que no tiene otras responsabilidades de efectivo; 3. Elena Mayo haces cheques y también registra las entradas de efectivo de pago diario; 4. Un individuo realiza pedidos individuales, mientras que un individuo diferente autoriza pagos; 5. Facturas de venta de crédito Sin numerar se envían al departamento de contabilidad cada cuatro semanas para su registro.
Instrucciones: Indicar si cada procedimiento es un ejemplo de buen control interno o de control interno débil. Si es un ejemplo de buen control interno, indicar qué principio de control interno está siendo seguido. Si es un ejemplo de control interno débil, indicar qué principio de control interno es violado. Utilice la siguiente tabla.

Procedimiento | Control Interno bueno or débil? | Relacionados con el principio de Control interno | 1. Es un principio esencial de control interno asignar responsabilidad a empleados específicos. El control es más eficaz cuando sólo una persona es responsable de una tarea determinada. | | X | Establecer responsabilidad | 2. La cuenta de activos efectivo mantenido por la empresa debe tener el mismo balance que la cuenta del Banco para esa compañía. Conciliación bancaria compara saldo del Banco con el balance de la compañía y explica las diferencias que resulten de acuerdo. | X | | Control Interno del efectivo | 3. Generalmente, los desembolsos de efectivo de control interno, es más efectivo cuando las empresas pagan con cheque, en lugar de efectivo. Una excepción es cantidades incidental que se pagan por caja chica. | X | | Control interno sobre los desembolsos de efectivo | 4. El trabajo de un empleado, sin una duplicación de esfuerzos, proporcionarán una base fiable para evaluar el trabajo de otro empleado | X | | Segregación de tareas | 5. Las empresas deben utilizar documentos pre numerado, y todos los documentos deberán ser contabilizados. Pre numerar ayuda a prevenir que una transacción se registre más de una vez, o por el contrario, de no ser registrada del todo. | | X | Procedimiento de documentación. |

Referencia: Weygandt, J. J. (2008). Financial accounting (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons

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...was expected to eliminate graphite costs and reduce power consumption at the Collinsville plant by 15% to 20%. We will evaluate the acquisition of the Collinsville by Dixon at the proposed price. Table 1 identifies the assumptions that have been used for the evaluation of this acquisition. Table 1 Assumptions Laminate Technology reduces power by a mean of 17.5% Laminate Technology is depreciated over 10 years Sodium Chlorate price growth is 8%, per annum Power cost (per KWH) growth is 12%, per annum Plant Life is 10 years Plant Salvage Value is zero EBIT is flat after 1984 Capital Expenditures: $600,000 per annum after 1984 Net Working Capital Remains flat after 1984 Definition of “Flat” Reference Pg 3, HBS 9-280-102 Pg 3, HBS 9-280-102 Pg 4, HBS 9-280-102 Pg 4, HBS 9-280-102 Pg 1, Assessed work Sheet Pg 1, Assessed work Sheet Pg 1, Assessed work Sheet Pg 1, Assessed work Sheet Pg 1, Assessed work Sheet Pg 4 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06218.pdf 6.5% is the Equity Risk Premium Tax rate is 48.69% From 1984 to 1989, the following growth rates are used 4 year Growth rate is used for Variable Costs Capital investment is based on figures from 1980-1984 PPE and depreciation is based on figures from 1980-1984 Beta Debt is zero Debt to Equity Ratio: 35% : 65% Plant: Valuation starts in 1980 Laminate Tech valuation starts in...

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Acc 557 Complete Assignments 1 , 2 and 3 to Purchase All Assignments Please Follow the Link Below/ Homework-Aid

...ACC 557 Complete Assignments 1 ,2 and 3 To Purchase all Assignments please follow The Link Below http://www.homework-aid.com/ACC-557-Complete-All-Assignments-12-3-Strayer-152.htm ACC 557 Assignment 1: Review of Accounting Ethics Purchase Assignment 1 here Many organizations have been in the news over the past few years due to accounting ethical breaches that have affected their customers, employees, or the general public. Search the Internet or the Strayer Library to locate a story in the news that depicts an accounting ethical breach. You may select from any type of organization about which you have information or a curiosity. Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you: Given the corporate ethical breaches in recent times, assess whether or not you believe that the current business and regulatory environment is more conducive to ethical behavior. Provide support for your answer. Based on your research, describe the organization, the accounting ethical breach and the impact to the organization related to ethical breach. Determine how the organizational ethical issue was detected and how management failed to create an ethical environment. Analyze the accounts impacted and / or accounting guidelines violated and the resulting impact to the business operation. As a CFO, recommend which measures could have been taken to prevent this ethical breach and how each measure should be implemented in the future. Use at least FIVE (5) quality academic resources...

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