...The evolution of psychoanalytic was invented in the 60's to provide any concentrate on behavior. It was incorporated in the 70's and used on higher functioning behavioral children. This was also the treatment for anxiety. In times it produced negative outcomes; but with drugs anxiety was decreased. The difference between CBT and Psychodynamic Therapy is that with these two they concentrate on reducing distress; but psychodynamic therapy observes the reason why people behave the way they do; while CBT gets rid of symptoms by decreasing or changing behavior. CBT are also scientific theories in which can be proved. Example, learning how to behave is through the use of our emotions. This too was founded by Freud in the 40's. CBT therapies;...
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...increase the use of resources and retention in treatment. One focus has been on disseminating knowledge regarding culturally competent therapy, which has led to the establishment of guidelines for culturally sensitive therapy (Asnaani & Hofmann, 2012; Association of Black Psychologists, 2003; Chang & Myers, 1997; Leong, 1986; Root, 1985; Schoen, 2005; Sue & Zane, 1987). These guidelines provided the first step towards the establishment of culturally appropriate treatments. For instance, “culturally responsive” counselors were noted to appear more trustworthy and seem...
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...Behavior Therapy: Basic Concepts, Assessment Methods, and Applications. Different kinds of psychotherapies have existed throughout history, and have always been rooted in philosophical views of human nature (Wachtel P., 1997). Specifically, behavior therapy intents to help individuals overcome difficulties in nearly any aspect of human experience (Thorpe G. & Olson S., 1990). The techniques of behavior therapy have been applied to education, the workplace, consumer activities, and even sports, but behavior therapy in clinical settings is largely concerned with the assessment of mental health problems. In general, behavior therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims on changing undesirable types of behavior. It engages in identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with healthier ones. . According to Rimm D. & Masters J. (1974), the label “behavior therapy” comprises a large number of different techniques that make use of psychological-especially learning- principles to deal with maladaptive human behavior. Behavior therapy is a relative new kind of psychotherapy (Corsini R. & Wedding D., 2008). As a systematic approach, behavior therapy began in the 1950’s, in order to assess and treat psychological disorders. Behavior therapy was developed by a small group of psychologists and physicians who were not satisfied with the conventional techniques of psychotherapy (Thorpe G. et al, 1990). They linked behavior therapy to experimental psychology, differentiating...
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses...
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...Fletcher, M.A. Kathleen B. Stinger Psychopathology and Counseling, Coun 656 4, May 2014 Author Note Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Student, Liberty University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Jeffrey S. Fletcher, Jfletcher1@liberty.edu Abstract This research paper is designed to review articles and books of professional journals in anxiety disorders, definition of anxiety disorder, review of current and past treatments of anxiety disorders, the new section and changes to anxiety disorder in the DSM-5, new treatments for anxiety disorders and medications for anxiety disorders. This paper will show spiritual considerations for treating anxiety disorders and how religion can improve one’s condition. It will show how CBT treatment of anxiety disorders have not been very successful and how medication has its limitations in treatment of anxiety disorders. This paper will also show what this clinician has learned and will take forward into the daily practice of treating adolescents with anxiety disorders. Keywords: anxiety, anxiety disorders, DSM-5, treatment Introduction When we talk about anxiety we have to distinguish between healthy anxiety or normal anxiety and anxiety disorders. It is normal to have a certain amount of anxiety for instance when one is in danger it is normal to become anxious. To have an anxiety disorder your anxiety would have to interfere with your life in a negative way. Anxiety and fear are associate with the disorder and both...
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...Compare and Contrast Paper Frank A. Daniels JR Liberty University 169567 Thesis In my reading I find that Dr. Crabb is very intriguing a very intellectual writer and has a way of convincing the reader with his philosophies. I will discuss the four perspectives: Goal of Christian Counseling, Basic Concepts, Basic Strategy, and Developing a Counseling Program in the local Church as recorded in Effective Biblical Counseling. Then will Compare and Contrast the assigned articles listed in the course. Goal of Christian Counseling Dr. Crabb, stated, “many of us place top priority not on becoming Christ like in the middle of our problems but on finding happiness. People want to be happy but the paradoxical truth is that you will never be happy if you are concerned primarily with becoming happy. Your goal must be in every circumstance to respond biblically, to put the Lord first, to seek to behave, as He would want you to. The wonderful truth is that as we devote all our energies to the task of becoming what Christ wants us to be, He fills us with joy unspeakable and peace far surpassing what the world offers. We must reject the goal of becoming happy and adopt the goal of becoming more like the Lord” (Crabb, 1977, p20). Most people look for happiness in tangible things that you can feel touch or see and still find that they are coming up short and unhappy after the high has settled...
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...Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Abstract Counseling has been in existence from the beginning of time. From Jethro to Freud, therapists and philosophers have been seeking insight into the core of human nature and cognitions. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that faulty cognitions and beliefs affect the behaviors of individuals. One method of cognitive-behavior therapy, reality therapy, incorporates the concepts of free choice and personal responsibility that are taught both in Scripture and Dr. William Glasser’s choice theory. Other aspects of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), also work towards eliminating negativistic attitudes of clients in exchange for more effective and realistic methods for interpreting the situations experienced in daily life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy It is suggested that an individual’s personality is a complex system of cognition, emotion, will, physiology, and spirituality. Hawkins proposes nine aspects of the human self to be active influences on one’s personality: “body, cognition, feelings, volition, human spirit, Holy Spirit, sin/flesh/SAS, temporal systems, and spiritual systems (Hawkins COUN507_BO1_200920). Each therapist individually determines what factors they believe to make up a person’s being. Larry Crabb views humans as involving both the physical and spiritual aspects of man...
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...Introduction Group counseling is a form of therapy which posits that people benefit from shared experiences. Usually focused on particular issue and it allows one to find out that they are not alone in their type of life challenge. This proposal is about drug use, crime and incarceration of Maldives. And this proposal is focused on Maldives Police service and to help them about their work of making productive youths of the country. Currently Maldives police services are focused to decrease the crime rate and prevent crimes in all over the Maldives. One of the challenges they are facing is drug use. According to them drug use is the main crime that people force to attempt other crimes. Rationale: Description of the group The group will consist of ten group members ranging in ages of 18 – 30 years, of both men and women among the people of incarceration. The group will meet once a week for twenty weeks. The reason of choosing this group is because the connection between drug use and crime is well known. Drug use is implicated in at least five types of drug-related offenses. 1. Offenses related to drug possession or sales 2. Offenses directly related to obtaining drugs (e.g., stealing to get money for drugs) 3. Offenses related to a lifestyle that includes association with other offenders or with illicit markets 4. Offenses related to abusive and violent behaviors, including domestic violence and sexual assault 5. Offenses related to driving while...
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...Description Treatment Focus Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a system of therapy originally developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington, to treat people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioral techniques for emotion regulation and reality testing with concepts of distress tolerance, acceptance, and mindful awareness largely derived from Buddhist meditative practice. DBT may be the first therapy that has been experimentally demonstrated to be generally effective in treating BPD. A meta-analysis found that DBT reached moderate effects. Research indicates that DBT is also effective in treating patients who present varied symptoms and behaviors associated with spectrum mood disorders, including self-injury. Recent work suggests its effectiveness with sexual abuse survivors and chemical dependency. Linehan observed "burn-out" in therapists after coping with non-motivated patients who against cooperation in successful treatment. Her first core insight was to recognize that the chronically suicidal patients she studied had been raised in profoundly invalidating environments, and, therefore, required a climate of unconditional acceptance, in which to develop a successful therapeutic alliance. Her second insight involved the need for a commensurate commitment from patients, who needed to be willing to accept their dire level of emotional dysfunction. Treatment Strategies and/or Techniques ...
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...means are familiar as 'symptoms' of mental illness. For example, to shut down physically and cease to compete is depression (Gilbert 1992), and drugs and alcohol provide a straightforward way out. As psychological therapists, our task is to devise, evaluate and, most importantly, persuade the client to adopt alternative, healthier, ways of coping; ways that offer less immediate relief, but which do not trap the person in a diminished quality of life. By explaining breakdown in terms of coping with intolerable affect, this approach, developed and evaluated in an acute hospital setting (Durrant, Clarke & Wilson 2007), enables us to offer more adapted skills for coping with affect as the solution. This 'third wave Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)' approach (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) takes seriously the discontinuities in human information processing (Teasdale & Barnard 1993) and employs mindfulness to manage them. The coping mechanisms considered are: • Mindfulness • Arousal management techniques • Emotion Regulation skills (Linehan 1993a & b) • Skills for coping with relationships with self and others, including a compassionate mind based approach to self esteem. • Coping with psychosis. Many of these techniques are already familiar in...
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...Chapter II Presentation of Data A. Definition of social anxiety disorder or social phobia was defined by different sources. 1. In 400 BC, Hippocrates described the overly shy person as someone who loves darkness as life and thinks every man observes hi. During the second edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMII), social fears were described as a specific phobia of social situations or an excessive fear of being observed or scrutinized by others and in the third edition, it was described as a fear of performance situations. Lastly, it is described in the fourth edition as a marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others. 2. A social phobia is a fear of being observed by others acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. It is an irrational and intense fear that one’s behavior in a public situation will be mocked or criticized by others. 3. Social phobia is an irrational fear of being judged, watched or evaluated, or of embarrassing or humiliating themselves. Fear of scrutiny by other leading to avoidance of social situations. B. There are scientific concerns regarding social anxiety disorder. 1. The signs and symptoms of social phobia were subdivided into four, the physical, emotional and behavioral, associated personality traits and the cognitive aspect. a. Blushing, profuse sweating, trembling or shaking...
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...Scripture in CBT Article Review Liberty University Summary The article entitled “Use of Prayer and Scripture in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” discusses the use of prayer and scripture in a Christian view of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article also discusses the expansion of cognitive Behavior Therapy to include Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article also discusses implicit and explicit integration in therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The article begins by discussing the research behind Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007) . The article states that it is the most empirically supported therapy treatments(Tan, S. 2007) . Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is used to treat many psychological illnesses (Tan, S. 2007). The author points out that that empirically supported therapy relationships and empirically supported principles of therapeutic change have also played an important role in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy research (Tan, S. 2007). The article goes on to discuss the history of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The history can be divided into three generations (Tan, S. 2007). The first generation included traditional behavioral therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The second generation included Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Tan, S. 2007). The third generation includes relatively contextual approaches (Tan, S. 2007). These approaches include Acceptance and Commitment...
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...of Christian counseling into the local churches (Crabb, 1977, p. 13). The tenets outlined in the text apply sound Biblical doctrine in conjunction with advanced psychological techniques. The intent of this paper is to enable the reader to understand that “true healing” can only be experienced through a relationship with our Lord Jesus Christ, but also to parallel Biblical teaching with scientifically proven methods to counsel troubled individuals effectively. Individuals seek counseling for many reasons; they may be depressed, generally not happy with their status in life, or simply need to talk to with someone. One widely practiced form of psychotherapy that focuses in the humanistic approach of treatment is Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT) is common among clients with the above listed issues. According to psychotherapists practicing RCCT, the desired end state or goal of every client is different so in addition to displaying a concern for that person, counselors must also have an understanding of how the human mind works as well as conveying the belief that individual has the capacity to change (Kensit, 2000). Christian counselors also use the RCCT approach with the exception of the overall goal. Instead of varying goals as the outcome of treatment, Christian counselors’ one goal for their clients is a progressed maturity in their Christian walk...
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...04/28/2016 Steffen Fuller, PH. D. Neuropsychological and Personality Assessment. CASE 1#: * 33 years old female, Master’s degree-level education. * She and husband in process of divorcing; have 2 small children * Pt. report increased anxiety in recent month, manifesting in interrupted sleep, worry over possible custody battle with husband, and paranoid thoughts that husband is stalking her. * Pt. also reports that she has new boyfriend, is attracted to other men and feels guilty about this. * Husband reports that pt. is emotionally unstable and has threatened, at different times, both his and her own safety. Questions: 1. Does pt. have an anxiety disorder or is she merely reactive to situation stress? 2. Is there evidence in the test data of bipolar disorder? Depression? Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Acute Stress Disorder? Paranoia? 3. Comment on possible Axis II (personality disorder) features. 4. What recommendations would you make for this woman with respect to her marriage relationship, her parenting issues and needs/ directions for psychotherapy? What specific treatment options would you recommend regarding these areas of functioning and why? WAIS IV RESULTS: VERBAL COMPRENSATION: 115 PERCEPUAL REASONING: 124 WORKING MEMORY: 110 PROCESSING SPEED: 128 RORCHACH RESULTS: 1. A bug. That’s it. W F+ AD(ANIMAL DETAILS) 2. A dead bug. … be it’s bleeding. That’s it. W FMC (SPECIAL PHENOMENUS=BLOOD) 3. A praying...
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...Disorder Specific Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Interventions – WHM-M-030 Introduction The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current theory and empirical literature for using a transdiagnostic approach in cognitive behaviour therapy and it’s relevance in current practice. I will discuss the theory and evidence for using a transdiagnostic approach and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered...
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