...accident. An operation at seven months removed the testicles and the remainder of the penis, and the patient was also given female hormones to develop breasts and other female traits, this subject continues to live as a woman and describes herself as bisexual. Another case, not with a “happy ending” similar to the first case, a boy was re-assigned as a girl at 17 months of age. She, however, rejected her female identity at the age of 14 and began living life as a male. “Despite everyone telling him constantly that he was a girl, and despite his being treated with female hormones, his brain knew he was a male, it refused to take on what it was being told.”(Dr. William Reiner, John Hopkins Hospital). A person self image is a person’s mental model of him or herself, self esteem and individuality. Two cases speak of two individuals who had an experience that changed their world, not by want or choice but, by medical mistakes. Their gender identity was assigned at birth, male and female, no nature defects, with the male a new gender was assigned due too a circumcision accident, as his testicles were removed and the remainder of the penis, he became a girl with the help of female hormones. Psychological Awareness in this case is this person had to accept and seek out the ability to understand through mind functions, the programming of becoming someone else, other than the one he was born to be. Acceptance, playing a major role in growth, maturity,...
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...Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality PSY/265 PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 10/14/2012 Petar Sardelich Historical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality have had such an impact on societies and their people all around the world, that some people have taken their own life to avoid admitting that they are homosexual. Homosexuality has its own unique history through the ages. These views varied from acceptance, to deviance, to illegal, to an abomination according to the bible and religious beliefs, to partially accepted, to individual choice, to scientific findings pointing to genetic differences. I don’t know that any other subject has any rival that has such a vast history. Because of these different views and beliefs, “homosexual people, like heterosexual people, struggle to incorporate their sexuality within their personal identity, to find lovers, and to establish satisfying lifestyles. In fact, gay marriages are now permitted in a number of states. Unlike heterosexual people, gay people in our culture face a backdrop of social intolerance, even if they commit themselves to long-term relationships”, (University of Phoenix, Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity)...
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...A time-line of transgender identities. © 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven Contents Summery 2 Introduction: The development of gender as we know it How does history relate to us? 3 From a one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to ‘third sex’ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 The late nineteenth century: Inverts turn to Experts. Enters sexology and the empirical case history. 8 Part II: Early 20th century The rise of Psychoanalysis and it's denial of transgender identities Developments in Medical technology. 10 Psycho-analysis’ erasure of transgender 11 The sixties and seventies: routine treatment of the empty transsexual 12 Part III: Transgender becomes Real. The emergence of transgender. 15 De-constructing gender, from gender identity to “freedom of gender expression”. 15 Changes in transgender care. 17 The lack of transgender in Continental Europe. 18 References 19 Summery This paper was originally written for the “Sex, Gender and Identity” program of The School for International Training (SIT) in Amsterdam. SIT is an US university and specializes in study abroad programs for students from American universities. This paper discusses transgender identities during the last...
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...is with these distinct theories in mind that I reflected on my own personality as it exists today and how it may have been shaped by the formative first five years of my life. Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of adult personality development proposes that our personality develops in stages during childhood. During each stage, the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id focus on, and derive pleasure from, a particular area of the body and on activities connected with that area. If we fail to resolve conflicts associated with a particular (oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital) stage of personality development, Freud said we could develop fixations. Freud’s psychosexual stages begin in the first year of life with the oral stage, as a child is fixated on sucking and satisfying the need for food and pleasure. I was not weaned any earlier than average, though I was primarily bottle-fed. Therefore, I did not develop an excessive dependence on others or become overly fond of oral pleasures as eating, drinking and smoking. These activities are examples of areas that a person can become fixated on if they do not successfully resolve conflicts in the Oral Stage of development. I did smoke briefly in college, however, though I attribute this to a form of peer pressure/acceptance rather than to something rooted in the oral stage of personality development. Interestingly, I did drink a lot of iced tea as an infant, as my mother grew up in the South. I remember drinking sweet tea in...
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...Throughout the ages, our society has documented homosexuality. Within our culture, homosexuality has been largely condemned. In looking at the historical perspective of homosexuality, the responses were different with each society that was dealing with it. The Greeks were okay with it due to their belief that some of their mythical gods were engaging in homosexual behavior. Christianity denounced those sexual associations and made their belief and intentions clear that this behavior was not to continue. The legal system became intertwined with the Christian belief that homosexuality was sinful and would punish inappropriate sex acts as criminal offenses (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Heritage is another perspective to consider. Traditionally, in many cultures, there are specific roles for men and women. When family is the "primary social unit" as we find in the Latin American culture, anything outside of the designed gender roles are not acceptable (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Interestingly enough, men can be sexual with other males without being considered gay (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). However, women cannot be sexual with other females as these are seen as a threat to the traditional male dominance in this culture. Women are also expected to be virgins when they marry, therefore, any sexual acts before marriage are prohibited. Specific gender roles in many cultures around the world lay the basis for what is consider correct and incorrect...
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...Vol. 1 January 2012 IAMURE International Journal of Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Morphological Analysis of Gay’s Spoken Discourse ARIEL B. LUNZAGA abl.slsu.to@gmail.com HERMABETH O. BENDULO VIOLETA B. FELISILDA SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY Philippines Abstract The language of gays known as gayspeak has now earned respect from the community and observably been infused in the mainstream language of the society. Language is evolving and with its changing nature, existing language needs to be documented for posterity reasons. Gayspeak is not an exemption. It has to be analyzed especially its morphology. This study focused on the morphological analysis of the language of gays who were studying at SLSUTomas Oppus in SY 2009-2010. Specifically, it identified the common vocabulary of local gays and the corresponding meanings through a self-administered questionnaire and an informal conversation. Based from the information provided by 20 purposively selected college gays, it was learned that gayspeak is simply an adaptation of the mainstream language like English, Filipino, and Cebuano. For purposes of shielding from the chasms of the heterosexuals, gays construct their language through simple reversal, syllabic reversal, simple reversal with affixation, clipping with affixation, straight words with affixation, and connotation through images. It was concluded that the spoken discourse of college gays in the campus violates the rules of English grammar yet used...
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...“Most people in Western cultures grow up learning that there are two and only two sexes, male and female, and two and only two genders, feminine and masculine” (Spade and Valentine – 3). For most cultures all around the world, this is their case. People have grown up learning strictly about these distinctions; people are labeled as male or female according to the sexual organs they were born with and must identify as feminine or masculine with their looks, without there being an in between or even a slight glimpse of a change occurring in society. It could be that they choose to turn their backs on these issues because of their culture, religions, and/ or personal beliefs or people are just not well informed of what these titles carry. For someone that does not struggle to conform with society’s ‘acceptable way’ of gender it is no issue to fit in when it comes to that part of their lives. However, to a transgendered person, for example, fitting into a certain gender/ sex is an everyday struggle. Sex and gender have become the main distinction all over the world; it would be very hard to get rid of this. Personally, I do not believe that there will ever come a day where the existing gender binary completely disappears but I do believe that changes may be done to it over time. In an issue like gender binary, nurture ironically beats nature. People are not born hating homosexuals, transgender people, bisexuals, etc., that sort of hatred is acquired throughout the years and growing...
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...Brandon Case 10/08/2013 Communications Europa Europa Report The movie Europa Europa is nothing like the movie Europa Report, which is the movie I was going to watch for this assignment, before my know it all girlfriend decided it wasn’t “multicultural” enough. The film should not be confused with the 1991 Lars von Trier film Europa, which was initially released as Zentropa in the United States to avoid such a confusion. Europa Europa is directed by the young European director Agnieszka Holland, who previously directed the films Angry Harvest, and To Kill A Priest, and would later go on to direct such films as In Darkness and Burning Bush a three part miniseries which aired on the premium cable channel HBO this year. After doing a good amount of reading on Wikipedia, I am a big fan of the director, despite not knowing anything about the director, nor having seen any of his movies. My girlfriend insists the director is a woman, and begrudgingly I admit to her that she is in fact correct. This is a gender bias I have displayed unwittingly, and a multicultural stereotype of men directing war movies that I have internalized. I recognize that this is a negative bias. Dark sided. I have displayed a misogynistic tendency here in this situation. Irregardless, the female director has quite the repertoire of Nazi war movies. I am ready to accept her for who she is and empathize. I will probably have to empathize for the next three or four hours for a myriad of different reasons....
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...Kia Villarreal “The Gender Trap” Book Review California State University, Bakersfield Kristen Gibson October 14, 2015 Gender issues have recently hit the surface pretty hard and has made life changing impacts, nationally. Some political topics have been on same-sex marriage and restrooms for transgendered students. The nation is divided in regards to gender issues. The recent awareness has forced the government to step in and back up laws that are for and against these issues. Analyzing our lives on a daily basis seems easy, but after reading The Gender Trap: Parents and Pitfalls of Raising Boys and Girls by Emily Kane, I didn't realize how much I actually gender my children and how it could affect them in the future. Interviews are not easy to get. I believe Kane did a great job with the participants she had. Kane argued that parents are the ones who construct their children and although their parenting is safe they have the ability to stay away from the pitfall of the gender trap. The bigger picture? It can demolish a lifelong practice that gender injustice takes on. The strong notion is assuming because your child is a female she will recognize herself as a girl, or if it is a male he will recognize himself as a boy and if he or she doesn't, some parents feel disappointed as Haley's dad did from one of the YouTube video's in one of the lectures. He felt that he left his “son” down and was disappointed in himself because Haley did not recognize herself as a boy...
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...Communication in Marriage 10. Faithfulness and Unfaithfulness in Marriage Section 4 – THE DUTIES 11. Duties of the Husband 12. Duties of the Wife 13. The Total Wife 14. Home Keeping and House Helps 15. Principles of Finance in Marriage Section 5 – UNDERSTANDING THE TEMPERAMENTS 16. Introduction to the Temperaments 17. What it means to have a Sanguine Husband or Wife 18. What it means to have a Choleric Husband or Wife 19. What it means to have a Melancholic Husband or Wife 20. What it means to have a Phlegmatic Husband or Wife Section 6 – THE PROBLEMS AND THE SOLUTIONS 21. Problem-Solving in Marriage 22 In-Laws 23. The Step Home 24. What Every Christian Should Know about Divorce Section 7 – THE MASTER KEY OF ACCEPTANCE 25. The Key of Acceptance Section 8 – THE HUMAN BODY 26. Understanding the Human Body through Pictures 27. Family Planning Methods Section 9 – THE SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP 28. Introduction to Sexual Happiness 29. The Wedding Night 30. The Honeymoon 31. Pleasurable Sex 32. Dutiful Sex 33. Exciting Sex 34. Orgasm 35. Common Fears about Sex 36. Sex for Reproduction 37. Grey Areas on Sex...
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...term used to define sexual orientation of homosexuals that engage in sexual activities with the same sexes. Homosexuality is widespread throughout history including the past, present, and future generations and varies widely amongst societies and cultural acceptances. In some cultures and religions homosexuality is accepted and tolerated. Whereas, in other cultures and religions it is found to being condemning and dirty. Some even think of the individual as being in a sick state of mind. It is because of these different historical and scientific perspectives that are being placed on homosexuals minds are what shape their perceptions of themselves. In historical perspectives western cultures have never censured any sexual practices or orientations more than the male and male and female and female orientations. The sexual behaviors have varied per religion and past cultures of what is accepted and what is not. In ancient Greece it was common and accepted for males to have sexual relationships with other males, sometimes even boys. It was thought as soon as the young man grew a beard it was time to start the male-male sexual behavior. Greek vases displaced artwork of men having sexual relations to boys by placing their penis between the boy’s legs until ejaculation thus leading people to believe it was normal (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2005). It was a few centuries later in Rome when some of the Romans saw men running through the towns looking for mates who seemed feminine...
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...PERSONALITY Psychoanalytic Freud’s psychosexual theory Structure: id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle), superego (morals, ideals) Levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious Development: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipal complex, penis envy), latency, genital Fixations Defense mechanisms - reduce anxiety Repression (primary) Regression Reaction formation Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Projection Denial Neo-Freudians Adler—social, not sexual tensions * Birth order, inferiority complex Horney—rejected penis envy idea Carl Jung—collective unconscious Assessment Projective tests Rorschach TAT - Thematic Apperception Test Draw-a-person Sentence completion Evaluation: * Repression often not shown (vivid memory often results after trauma) * Terror management theory Social-cognitive Reciprocal determinism—interplay of Personal factors/internal cognition Behavior Environment Personal control (Julian Rotter) External locus of control Internal locus of control *Without internal locus, learned helplessness results Explanatory style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional...
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...Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different Milton Diamond, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology Pacific Center for Sex and Society Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry - Special Issue In Press for July 2002 Special Editors: Bernadette Wren, Portman Clinic Fiona Tasker, University of London | | | | | | | |Sex and Gender are Different: | |Sexual Identity and Gender Identity | |are Different | | | |Abstract: | |This paper attempts to enhance understanding and communication about different sexual issues. It starts by offering definitions to| |common...
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...after graduating high school. On the outside it appeared Otto’s strict attitude towards his daughter helped her; giving her the desire to strive for excellence. However, it may have done just the opposite (“Poet: Sylvia Plath”). Sylvia felt pressured by her father’s success to make something out of her life. She knew she couldn’t let her parents down and be a disgrace to the family. This insecurity-inducing pressure she had to bear was the leading cause to her depression (Butscher 384). A quote from Robert Kastenbaum and Ruth Aisenberg book, The Psychology of Death, describes how Sylvia felt; "goaded to conform, to achieve academic excellence, to be productive, to be a joiner, to be a leader. More important still is the fact that parental acceptance and love, which should be a child's birthright, are often made contingent upon his social and academic succsss [sic]" (New York: Springer Company, 255) Otto Plath’s death had an everlasting hold on Sylvia. Although he died in 1940 when she was just 8, this is what caused her bitter poem lashing out at him in 1962 (Alberge, “FBI Files on Sylvia Plath’s Father shed new light on poet”). In Sylvia’s poem Daddy she claims her dad is a follower of Hitler and compares herself to a Jew multiple times. “I thought every German was you . . . /I began to talk like a Jew. / I think I may well be a Jew” (Plath, “Daddy”). Before Sylvia made her father’s fascination with the Nazis public she wrote about in in her private journal. A journal entry from...
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...QUESTION 1 (B) - Students who go to class half an hour later than the prescribed start time for eight classes in a semester lost every desirable privileges (breaks during class, no football games, graduation dinner etc.). After the rule was implemented, there seemed to be a marked improvement in student attendance in class. How does operant conditioning explain the students’ behavior? Introduction Operant conditioning was thoroughly studied by Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B.F. Skinner), which he confirmed that someone learning ability is displayed by his or her behavior. When a factor in the person’s environment changes the consequences that they endure from their learning, can cause a positive or a negative impact on their behavior, which he categorize as reinforcers or punishments. Therefore, Operant Conditioning is a tool that can influence a person’s increasing or decrease his or her behavior by the consequences of their behavior. Operant conditioning will be illustrated by the behavior of the students when removing negative reinforcement or punishment or adding positive reinforcement or punishment (Robins et al, 2013). In this paragraph, the student’s behavior will be explained using Negative Reinforcement with the illustration of their behavior being increased frequently, towards the termination of the unfavorable consequence, which is, not having the privileges. From the question, the students attended to class early, which is their behavior, in order to avoid...
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