...Academic writing Semester: Fall 2014 Academic Paper EU EXPANSION: Accession of Turkey and its potential impact on the atmosphere within the EU Rauf Asadullayev Instructor: Christopher Weilage Munich, Germany, 2014 Table of contents 1.Introduction………………………………………….…………………………3 2. The Association agreement…………………………………………….……..4 3. The Ankara Agreement………………….…………………………………...6 4. Customs Union………………………………………………………………..7 5. Turkish government and the accession of Cyprus in the EU………………8 5.1 Turkey’s short term economic effect on the EU…………………………..9 5.2 Turkey’s territorial advantages for the EU……………………………….10 5.3 Religion and culture in Turkey…………………………………………….11 5.4 Food in Turkey and its safety- Security and the EU……...………………12 6. Impact of EU’s democratic standards to Turkey…………………………..13 7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….16 Index of Abbreviations BTC- Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan EEC- European Economic Community EU-European Union EC- European Council EP- European Parliament FAO- Food and agriculture organization SEES-Southeastern European states Introduction Europe - the cradle of human civilization, boiling pot full of many various nationalities, cultures and languages. Geographical borders within and outside of the Europe have changed every time when a new Empires began to flourish. Even now, in the 21st century borders of EU are not defined clearly. Should the Borders be set according...
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...------------------------------------------------- Accession of Turkey to the European Union | Turkey's application to accede to the European Economic Community, a predecessor of the European Union (EU), was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey has been an associate member since 1963.[2] After the ten founding members, Turkey was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and was also a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1961[3] and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1973. The country has also been an associate member of theWestern European Union since 1992, and is a part of the "Western Europe" branch of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) at theUnited Nations. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. Negotiations were started on 3 October 2005, and the process, should it be in Turkey's favour, is likely to take at least a decade to complete.[4] The membership bid has become a major controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the European Union.[5] ------------------------------------------------- History After the Ottoman Empire's collapse following World War I, Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emerged victorious in the Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish...
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...associated member of the European Community since 1964, following the signing of the Ankara Agreement in 1963. They have been trying to become full members since and officially applied for admittance on April 14, 1987. Because the EC was in the midst of forming a politically and economically tight European Union, the EU did not consider Turkey’s application until 1993. They were not a candidate country until 1999. The EU had outlined 35 chapters for the country to comply with before their admittance is decided on a vote. Europe and Turkey extensively trade between each other. Turkey and the EU already have free trade between each other. Turkey’s exports and imports are mostly with Europe. In 2007, 56.4% of Turkish exports were to the EU, and 40.8% of their imports were from the EU. (Euro Comm)Once admitted as a full member of the European Union, the trade market will only grow. As a member of the European Union, Turkey’s economy will continue to grow. As of now, Turkey is able to export and import goods to and from Europe, but does not export many services. As of 2006, 63.5% of Turkey’s GDP came from services rather than agriculture and industry. (Euro Comm) When the EU admits turkey as a member, Turks will be able to freely cross the borders and provide service across Europe. With the influx of service workers into Europe, turkey and the Europeans will benefit. European countries will be able to receive services at low costs, and the Turkish economy will not be flooded with service...
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...The European Union (EU) was established in 1957 by six western European countries. Then known as the European Economic Community (EEC), its aim was to create a Common Market. During its lifetime, the EU has evolved from this Common Market towards monetary union with the establishment of a single currency, the Euro. There has also been a great deal of political integration, with an example of this being the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Currently, membership of the European Union consists of twenty five states. The last wave of admissions included many former Communist bloc countries such as Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. The next scheduled enlargement is in 2007, when Romania and Bulgaria are scheduled to join. After this, the next state scheduled to join is Turkey, which will open negotiations with the EU in October 2005. Potential Turkish membership of the EU is in many ways a paradox. Turkey has for many years had pro-western leanings. Its strategic requirements during the Cold War led Ankara to strongly embrace NATO and rely on the west for its security guarantees. Also, the founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Ataturk founded the state on six profoundly western pillars. These were: firstly, Secularism, which effectively meant removing the direct influence of religious leaders on political decisions and education; secondly, Republicanism, organising the polity as a modern state, as opposed to the Ottoman Empire; thirdly, Populism, not accepting...
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...\ : WHAT PROBLEMS WERE POSED BY THE ACCESSION OF PORTUGAL, SPAIN AND GREECE TO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) Economic intergration has been associated with “removal of discrimination between the economic agents of the member countries and opening up of the market boundaries.” The European Economic Community (EEC) was formed in 1957 by the treaty of Rome and it consisted of France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and Belgium. It is also known as the common market in some publications. Its founding principles consisted of the notions of democracy and political stability and liberalized market economy among others. Countries in Europe joined this community based on these principles and Greece applied for accession in 1975, Portugal in 1977 and Spain initially in 1962 and then in 1977. These 3 countries’ accession to the EEC had some difficulties. These problems were both political and economic. Democracy and political stability, were major political problems, whilst macro-economic problems such as economic level and performance, taxation, tariff policy, industrial protectionism policies, low agriculture production and socio-cultural differences among other problems. Some of these problems are general and others are unique to specific countries among these 3 countries. The first problem to be analyzed is that of democracy and political stability. Among the founding principles of the EEC was demand of working democracy...
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...relations between the EU and Turkey. As a preliminary remark, it is established that only two articles of the EU-Treaty address the question of enlargement. The first one, article 49 1 states that the applicant country has to respect the principles set out in article 6(1) 2, i.e. liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. In reality, these articles entail a long and complicated process, where the Commission is particularly involved. There is a difference between when an entity can qualify as a European state, a prerequisite for the acceptation of the application, and that a state later on will be accepted as a Member State. This hierarchy will be highlighted and further discussed. Compliance with the Copenhagen Criteria 3 is of vital importance before a state is recognized as a candidate state. However, total compliance does not seem to be necessary. In connection to this, the body of EU-law, the so-called acquis communitaire, is discussed. All new Member States have to implement and comply with the “acquis”. The political trend within the EU is moving towards a constantly deepening cooperation. The European Union of today is more of a political Union than an economical Union, which means that a constantly evolving EU legislation renders accession to the Union increasingly difficult. The issue of human rights is of importance during the candidacy process, since it forms a part of the Copenhagen Criteria and EU legislation. The jurisprudence...
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...Key issues in the international relations between Turkey and the EU International relations between Turkey and the European Union are very complicated. The main ground considered while analyzing this problem is Turkey's aspiration to become member of the EU. From the very beginning, those attempts have been the subject of many controversies and Turkey had to face the strongest opposition of all the countries applying for accession. Unlike the other states, Turkey's integration is not as simple as inviting another member to the EU structures and its situation is difficult for many various reasons. First of all – there is Turkey's insufficient progress towards meeting all the required Copenhagen criteria: “- stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union, the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union [1]”. Country is still struggling with maintaining stable democracy – military is too involved in the political life, ethnic and religious minorities are not respected enough, broadcast media is not entirely independent and some key issues between Turkey, Greece and Cyprus are still unresolved. There are also many additional factors that are taken into consideration in the public...
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...with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. While Germany got reunited and the central and eastern European countries turning into democracies, the EU member countries were negotiating on what later became the Maastricht treaty. After the fall of the Berlin wall, everyone expected that a large number of the central and eastern European countries would apply for EU membership that lead to a big revision of the EU system including the institutions. Several western European countries outside the EC became nervous if that they did not soon were to become a member of the community, they would end up in the same block as the new countries missing out on the advantages that the EU provided. The EU received applications from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Switzerland and also from Malta and Cyprus in the beginning of the 1990s. Before any of these countries were accepted in the union, the treaty of Maastricht was implemented, which meant that the common defence and security policies were an element the new countries had to accept as well. The EU that they were about to become a member of had changed since their application was handed in. Sweden, Finland and Austria became members in 1995, but Norway turned down the referendum for the second time and Switzerland feared the same result as in Norway and froze their application. Why EU wants enlargement Until the 1990s the European Union at this time known as the European Community, was considered to be “an economic giant, but a...
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...after and a stock exchange opened in 2000. In 2007 Its successful economic reforms resulted in it joining the World Trade Organization which has promoted more competitive, export-driven industries, It also became an official negotiating partner in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement in 2010. These lifts in protectionism has meant that poverty has declined significantly however, Vietnam is still working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. It also still suffers from relatively high levels of income inequality, disparities in healthcare provision, and poor gender equality. This essay aims to firstly set out the role of the WTO and why Vietnam sought accession, it will then discuss both the positive and negative impacts that freer trade has had on the country. Vietnam joined ASEAN/AFTA in 1995, ASEM in 1996, and APEC in 1998. In January 1995, Vietnam applied for WTO...
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...PEST Analysis of Bulgaria Table of Contents PEST Analysis.............................................................................................................................................. Political Factors......................................................................................................................................... Ruling Part........................................................................................................................................... EU confrontations.................................................................................................................................. EU support............................................................................................................................................ Trading Partners................................................................................................................................... Visa Free................................................................................................................................................ Economic Factors..................................................................................................................................... Economic Growth.................................................................................................................................. Macro Economic Factors.........................................................
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...say, however, the transformation of Central and Eastern Europe near the climax of the 80s took the European Community (EC) by surprise. In the pre1989 era, the EC exercised only a limited relationship with CEE countries and showed no serious interest for a European project of political and economic integration that would include any of the CEE states. According to Gower (1999), this inability to foresee the potential of the CEE region strongly reflects the ineffectiveness in the EC policies. Shortly after transition to democracy, ten CEE states (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) declared their utmost desire to join the “family of Europe” (Andonova 2004). As the idea of EU membership for these newly independent democracies in Central and Eastern Europe started to gain some serious ground in the early 90s, the debate over enlargement and its economic, social and The first chapter is like a long foreword of the dissertation. It introduces the dissertation document (report) and the research behind it in sufficient detail. Its purpose is to provide the reader with all fundamental information regarding the research and its report. It is usually about a tenth of the total count of the study. It usually has the following sections. o Background o Research Statement Research Questions ...
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...and Answers Summary The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership that represents a unique form of cooperation among sovereign countries. The Union is the latest stage in a process of integration begun after World War II, initially by six Western European countries, to foster interdependence and make another war in Europe unthinkable. Today, the EU is composed of 27 member states, including most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and has helped to promote peace, stability, and economic prosperity throughout the European continent. The EU has been built through a series of binding treaties, and over the years, EU member states have sought to harmonize laws and adopt common policies on an increasing number of economic, social, and political issues. EU member states share a customs union, a single market in which goods, people, and capital move freely, a common trade policy, and a common agricultural policy. Seventeen EU member states use a common currency (the euro). In addition, the EU has been developing a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), which includes a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), and pursuing cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) to forge common internal security measures. EU member states work together through common institutions to set policy and to promote their collective interests. Key EU institutions include the European Council, composed of EU Heads of State or Government, which acts as the...
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...This article was downloaded by: [University of Southampton Highfield] On: 15 March 2013, At: 09:07 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Post-Communist Economies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cpce20 Debt sustainability in the EU New Member States: empirical evidence from a panel of eight Central and East European countries Matthieu Llorca & Srdjan Redzepagic a b a b LEG/FARGO, University of Dijon, France CEMAFI, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France Version of record first published: 16 May 2008. To cite this article: Matthieu Llorca & Srdjan Redzepagic (2008): Debt sustainability in the EU New Member States: empirical evidence from a panel of eight Central and East European countries, Post-Communist Economies, 20:2, 159-172 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631370802018882 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation...
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...NEW TRENDS Today, the compensation practice in the central and Eastern Europe are changing with new job definitions and pay scales being created in response to a global economy. NEW JOB DEFINITION Western job evaluation and grading systems require a participative environment at all levels. In this context, an emphasis is placed on clarifying job responsibilities and activities. Jobholders are heavily involved in the design of jobs and structures. SALARY INCREASE The process of salary increase contrast with the current Human Resources approach to line management versus general employee management, decreasing the percentage difference between salary increases of manager and subordinates. In previous years, salaries of senior management always increased at a much higher rate, in both absolute and relative terms, than wages of administrative and bluecollar workers. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Today, the difference in compensation for bluecollar workers and administrative that of their superior can be tenor even twenty fold. It is currently unclear whether this is due to : REJECTION OF COMMUNISM A rejection of the temporary, artificial communist egalitarian system A mimicking of common Western European and US practices Because the diversified investment in new forms of technology and the growth of services industries FOREIGN COMPANIES The foreign companies still offer better salaries; it is not unusual...
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...all member states. It amends the treaty on the EU and the European Community’s treaty without replacing them. The EC treaty is renamed “The treaty of the functioning of the EU”. According to the provisions of the Lisbon Treaty, the EU replaces and succeeds the community. Therefore, the following terms will no longer be used: European Community, European communities or community law. Reference will be made only to the EU and the EU law. Following the treaty of Lisbon, the articles within the treaty on EU and the EC treaty, now the treaty on the functioning of the EU, are renumbered as part of the simplification process. According to the amendments brought by the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has legal personality, and therefore it has the capacity to enter into international treaties and agreements on behalf of the member states. In addition, the 3 pillars of the EU provided by the Treaty of Maastricht are now merged, but special procedures are still maintained in the field of foreign policy, security and defense. However, reference will no longer be made to the 3 pillars of the EU. The main reforms introduced by the Treaty are as follows: * More powerful role for the EU parliament, within the European legislative process * A greater involvement of the national parliaments in the work of the EU * Changes concerning the institutional framework of the Union; thus the treaty recognizes the following seven institutions of the EU: European Parliament, European Council, the Council...
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