...Accountability & responsibility Accountability is the state of being liable and to be called on to render an account at any given time. It requires both the understanding and the meeting of said responsibilities. It also embodies a commitment to be both a contributor and active participant in the process. The responsibilities of outcomes are based solely on standards. These standards apply to the development of soldiers and to the evaluation of their performance, self-discipline, and their integrity. Each soldier is accountable for his/her own actions because at any time we could be alerted to go to war. Accountability of personal items teaches young soldiers discipline there will be times when said soldier will become care free and begin to think it is ok every now and then but it is not the standard and the sanction was placed there for a reason. Webster defines Accountability as being liable at all times to said obligation, also the united states army values soldiers that are always accountable for their actions it also means being dependable .Example arriving to i.e., work, appointments on time and meeting deadlines, which means being In the right place at the right time, and doing the right thing at the right time. Without accountability there is a sense of not knowing where everybody is and of what’s going on in certain situations. Not only is it important in the matters of personal items but all around in general it is the embodiment of a priority each soldier should...
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...Understand the role and responsibilities of the team leader. 1 Outline the role of the team leader. Henry Fayol was one of the early leading theorists for revolutionising the ideas of management. His vision and work categorised the principles of a manager into fourteen main categories. Fayol streamlined his work into four primary function of management; leadership, planning, controlling/monitoring and organising. Using these four categories we could outline the role of a team leader. (http://www.mindtools.com) Leadership – It is a team leader’s responsibility to know and understand the objective and purpose of when to act, listen and be able to offer clear explanations for their decisions, and be able to give and receive constructive feedback through praise or when dealing with poor performance. A successful team leader will be able to recognise success and mistakes and be able to develop learning from them. They will be able to delegate, lead by example, promote individual talent and be open to new ideas. A good leader will be able to encompass the three main functions of a successful team, focussing on the task, the team and the individual functions and adapt the needs accordingly to suit each given situation as specified in John Adair’s model. (Leadership and Motivation by John Adair) Planning – Taking into account objectives and resources available, to be able to forecast and plan for future conditions and develop approaches, methodologies and needs...
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...Responsibility centers and financial performance measures Performance measurement is a tool for management control activity. Management control can be defined as the process by which managers and/or those placed in positions of responsibility influence other members of an organization to implement the organization’s strategies. The management control activities are aimed at ensuring that strategies are carried out so that the organization’s objectives are achieved. A specific aspect of management control activity is task control. Task control --a management control process by which specified tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently. Some writers draw a distinction between management control and task control, describing the former as a broad process for deciding and ensuring how strategies are implemented, and the latter as a device for assuring that specified tasks are carried out in a desired manner. In any event, performance evaluation can be applied to assess the success/failure with which a strategy is implemented or to measure the efficiency or effectiveness with which a specified task is performed. The steps followed to measure performance of a unit are often represented in a stylized model describing the chain of activities that produce a performance report. The figure below is one such stylized model of performance measurement that outlines a number of steps that produce a performance report used in decisions. A simple process model of performance measurement ...
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...10.Authority, Delegation and Decentralisation AUTHORITY Meaning : Authority is the right or power assigned to an executive or a manager in order to achieve certain organizational objectives. A manager will not be able to function efficiently without proper authority. Authority is the genesis of organizational framework. Without authority, a manager ceases to be a manager, because he cannot get his policies carried out through others. Authority is one of the founding stones of formal and informal organizations. An Organization cannot survive without authority. It indicates the right and power of making decisions, giving orders and instructions to subordinates. Authority is delegated from above but must be accepted from below i.e. by the subordinates. In other words, authority flows downwards....
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...Responsibility charting (RACI) What Is RACI ? Responsibility Charting Is a technique for identifying functional areas, key activities, and decision points where ambiguities exist; differences can be brought into the open and resolved through team effort. The approach enables management to actively participate in the process of systematically describing activities, decisions that have to be accomplished, and to clarify the responsibility that each plays in relation to those activities and decisions. 2 Objectives/Benefits • Assist natural work teams in charting roles and responsibilities in a consistent manner • Assist natural work teams with development of implementation tool kits • Clarify individual/departmental roles and responsibilities • Identify accountabilities • Eliminate misunderstandings, encourage teamwork • Reduce duplication of effort • Establish “consults” and “informs” resulting in better communication 3 Critical Issue Summary Opportunity Roles and Responsibilities Accountability • To clarify Responsibilities • To identify authority Job responsibility • To empower employees with authority to do it Role of middle manager • To bring up to speed with organization structure Approval 4 • To better understand • To improve communications • To reduce uncertainty of multiple reporting Guidelines • Remember new culture philosophy when defining roles and responsibilities ! Eliminate “checkers...
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...Midterm Exam Question 1: The single greatest social change that has taken place in the last generation was the internet and in recent years it has become so streamlined that thoughts and events written or recorded by anybody can be seen by the entire country live as it occurs. The internet has such massive volume that it is almost impossible to regulate or control. It will inevitably become the single greatest instrument in judging and holding politicians and administrators accountable. The internet also exponentially amplifies all other elements of social change such as working over full time in poverty, minimum wage, worker rights, marriage equality, voting rights, campaign finance disapproval, lobbying disapproval, healthcare, and anti-corporatism to name a few. A recent study called "Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens." by Martin Gilens of Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page of Northwestern University. (1) quantifies the will or opinion of the American people on a variety of issues from pieces of legislation to Supreme Court rulings. Then the will of hyper wealthy Bankers, Corporations, Lobbying firms, and other interest groups was quantified. The demands of these individuals and entities almost always conflicted with the will of the vast majority of American people. This study found that over 90% of the time, legislation and court rulings served the will of the very few. This study effectively proved the United...
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...Legal aspect of Nursing Nursing practice is ruled by many legal concepts. It is important for nurses to know the legal aspect of Nursing; because nurses are accountable for their professional judgments and actions. Accountability is a crucial concept of professional nursing practice and the Knowledge of laws that legalize and affect nursing practice is needed for two reasons: first to ensure that nurses’ decisions and actionsLegal aspect of Nursing Nursing practice is ruled by many legal concepts. It is important for nurses to know the legal aspect of Nursing; because nurses are accountable for their professional judgments and actions. Accountability is a crucial concept of professional nursing practice and the Knowledge of laws that legalize and affect nursing practice is needed for two reasons: first to ensure that nurses’ decisions and actions are consistent with legal principles and second to protect nurses from legal responsibility. What are the functions of law in nursing? The law serves a number of functions in nursing: it helps structure nursing actions in the care of clients are legal. It helps establish the boundaries of independent nursing action. It assists in maintaining a standard of nursing practice by making nurses accountable under the law. There are three sources of laws that affecting nurses: Federal Regulation, Criminal and Civil law and State law. Federal Regulations have a great impact on nursing practice for example The Health insurance portability and...
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...Define accountability versus responsibility. Provide some general examples. In simple terms, accountability refers to being answerable to a higher authority and responsibility is having to do with a sense of duty. In nursing, responsibility is defined as the "reliability, dependability, and the obligation to accomplish work. Responsibility also includes each person's obligation to perform at an acceptable level, the level that the person has been educated." (Kelly-Heidenthal, 2003, p. 268) Accountability is the ability and willingness to assume responsibility for ones’ actions and accepting the consequences of one's behavior.” (Kozier, Erb, Blais, Wilkinson; AddisonWesley) Accountability is a legal obligation. In health care it is also an ethical and moral responsibility. Within the realm of professional accountability, there are many factors. Professional accountability applies to everyone involved in health care. You may transfer responsibility to another person but will continue to remain accountable for those tasks. This is called delegating. ANA defines nursing delegation as transferring the responsibility of performing a nursing activity to another person while retaining accountability for the outcome (ANA/NCSBN, 2006); A professional nurse has the responsibility to practice within his/her scope of care, calling upon his/her knowledge and skills to make decisions in the best interest of the patient. Assuming responsibility for one’s own nursing practice...
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...of Phoenix, Axia College Prepared for: Edward Jeffreys May 26, 2011 The joint-stock company is a connotation of characters in business originality with convenient shares of stock, greatly like a firm excluding that stockholders are accountable for the obligations of the corporate. It is likewise a form of company or partnership among two companies. Credentials of ownership are disputes by the business in reoccurrence for each input, and the investors are free to transmission their proprietorship concern at any time by vending their stockholding to others. Here are two types of joint-stock company, the open market and the private company. The stocks are typically only detained by the boards and Company Secretary, obligation for which they decide to be accountable. For instance, Microsoft Inc. represents this type of company. Apprehensive stockholders wait for newsflash about the Microsoft Inc. a joint-stock company. This is when joint-stock businesses are a method of corporation in which each colleague, or shareholder, is economically accountable for the performances of the business. A Limited Liability Company in the regulation of the enormous mainstream of United States authorities is a lawful method of Business Company that delivers limited liability to its proprietors. Limited Liability Company is a comparatively new business construction permitted by national decree. LLCs are widespread since, comparable to a corporation; proprietors...
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...Guidelines for effective employee empowerment • Select the right managers. • Choose the right employees. • Provide training. • Offer guidance. • Hold everyone accountable. • Build trust. • Focus on relationships. • Transform mistakes into opportunities. • Reward and recognize. • Share authority instead of giving it up. • Encourage disagree. • Give it time. • Share information. • Realize that empowerment has its limitations. • Watch for mixed messages. • Involve employees in decision-making. • Be prepared for increased variation. Employee empowerment is good because of job satisfaction, motivation, productivity, creativity and innovation. Whilst it increases the efficiency in employees. Employees when empowered become more entrepreneurial and start taking more risks. Greater the risk, greater are the chances to succeed. As with the positivity there exist negativity, similarly there are many disadvantages of empowerment. • Egotism / arrogance • Security • Risks • Industrial democracy Therefore the best executives are one who has the sense enough to pick good men to do what he wants done, and self-restraint enough to keep from meddling with them while they do it. WHAT’S BEHIND THE ‘E’ WORD: MYYTHS ABOUT THE EMPOWERMENT AND WHY YOU NEED IT The dictionary defines empowerment as giving authority or power to others. Quality in organization means delivering the right services to the clients efficiently and responsively. Therefore, it seems that people spend...
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...Name:__________________________ 1. Herbert Hoover assumes that engineers are accountable for whether the products they make actually work according to expectations. But suppose, as is typical, that an engineer works on only a small part of a building or computer. Is Hoover mistaken in saying that the engineer shares responsibility for the project in its entirety? Does what he says apply only to the project engineer responsible for overseeing the entire project? Distinguish the applicable senses of ‘responsibility.’ CBS News had an article online regarding the court case involving the Army Corps of Engineers and their accountability with the levee failure during Hurricane Katrina. CBS News reports that the ruling could impact northern Texas. Congress made the decision that if something happened, the Army Corps of Engineers would not be held accountable. So when something happens, who is responsible? The city that the levee protects? The Federal Government is one thing, but what about all of the other engineering companies large, small, and everywhere in between? Obviously, one company can’t ever say “We cannot be held accountable if one of our products fails and injures people”. That’s wrong. So, how where would the accountability be pinned? If one of those smaller companies produced a product that ended up hurting or killing people, the entire company should be accountable. According to the Encyclopedia of Business, “businesses can be held liable for any...
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...in progress, there may be many parts needing improvement/changes. We look forward to receiving your comments and suggestions (L.yuliani@cgiar.org). Decentralization Definitions and descriptions of decentralization used in the papers include: • “Decentralisation is usually referred to as the transfer of powers from central government to lower levels in a political-administrative and territorial hierarchy (Crook and Manor 1998, Agrawal and Ribot 1999). This official power transfer can take two main forms. Administrative decentralisation, also known as deconcentration, refers to a transfer to lower-level central government authorities, or to other local authorities who are upwardly accountable to the central government (Ribot 2002). In contrast, political, or democratic, decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority to representative and downwardly accountable actors, such as elected local governments” (Larson). • “The term decentralisation is used to cover a broad range of transfers of the "locus of decision making" from central governments to regional, municipal or local governments” (Sayer et al.). • Decentralization reform refers to “transforming the local institutional...
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...13 ORGANISING 13.1 INTRODUCTION Organising in a general sense means systematic arrangement of activities. In this sense, organising is done by each individual. However, organising as a process of management essentially relates to sub-dividing and grouping of activities. Organising becomes necessary when two or more persons work together to achieve some common objectives. When a player is playing alone, there is perhaps no need of organising. But organising becomes important when players are playing in a team. In that case, it is important to determine the role of each player and for the team as a whole to attain victory over the rival team. Similarly, in a one-man business, all the activities are performed by the owner himself. But when the owner employs someone to assist him, he has to determine the work to be done by the employee and give him the right to use materials, machinery, equipment, etc. This is the point when organising becomes necessary. As more people are appointed, there has to be further division and sub-division of work among them. When an organisation becomes large, separate departments are created to perform different functions. Each department has to be divided into a number of smaller units. Ultimately, the work of the organisation is divided into a number of positions of employees and managers. Relationships are then established among the different positions in the organisation. The outcome of the organising process is a set of formal relationships which...
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...Accountability as a Concept Wendie Malkinski Theoretical Foundations of Advanced Nursing Dr. Linda Phelps November 29, 2015 Accountability as a Concept Accountability in the field of nursing is very important as everything we do can either save or take lives. When mistakes are made at this level of care it affects public trust and someone must take responsibility for mistakes and also life saving measures. This is one of the cornerstones of the medical profession as a whole. As we have taken an oath to do no harm. Responsibility equals accountability. Accountability shows in many ways, shapes and forms. This concept also shows up in more than just the medical field, and nursing. It appears in everything from architecture, government, and even our personal lives. All throughout history the concept of accountability has appeared on the canvas. For example, President Truman embraced the term “The buck stops here”. Basically saying that instead of passing the blame or the “buck”, the responsibility lies with him as our leader and president. (The Harry S. Truman Library, n.d.). What the Literature Says During a preliminary literature search, I found the accountability concept displayed in many different disciplines and categories. For example, I found accountability mentioned in the medical field, government, sociology, psychology, and even engineering / architecture. Going a little further...
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...M1 – Synthesis Essay #1 Delegation Versus Empowerment In today’s business world what makes empowerment differ from delegation? By definition empowerment means to give power or authority to; authorize, especially by legal or official means: “I empowered my agent to make the deal for me”. “The local ordinance empowers the board of health to close unsanitary restaurants”. “Wealth empowered him to live a comfortable life”. While delegation is defined as the assignment of responsibility or authority to another person (normally from a manager to a subordinate) to carry out specific activities. It is one of the core concepts of management leadership. However, the person who delegated the work remains accountable for the outcome of the finished product. Delegation empowers a subordinate to make decisions, this in turn, is a shift of decision-making authority from one organizational level to a lower one. The opposite of effective delegation is micromanagement, there this where a manager provides too much input, direction, and review of delegated work. In general, delegation is beneficial and can save money and time, help in building skills, and motivate people. Poor delegation, on the other hand, might cause frustration and confusion to all the involved parties. Some agents however do not favor a delegation and consider the power of making a decision rather burdensome. Empowerment on the other hand allows for the subordinate in some cases identify the concern and address the concern...
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