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Accounting Fraud-Worldcom

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世通公司财务舞弊案

世界通信公司成立于1983年,在不到20年的时间内,成为美国的第二大长途电信营运商(仅次于1877年成立的美国电报电话公司(AT&T),如果不是司法部在2001年否决了世界通信与斯普瑞特(Srint)公司的合并方案,他很可能成为美国电信业的龙头老大)。世界通信的成功应归功于其创始人本纳德·埃伯斯(Bernard J. Ebbers)在收购兼并方面的禀赋以及首席财务官司考特D·苏利文(Scott D. Sullivan)。从1983年成立至2001年,世界通信共完成了65项重大收购兼并。 2002年7月21申请破产保护前,世界通信是一个业务范围覆盖65个国家,拥有85000名员工、1000多亿美元资产、350多亿美元营业收入,为2000多万个人客户和数万家公司客户提供语音话务、数据传输和因特网服务的超大型跨国公司。 首先发现世界通信财务舞弊的是内部审计部的副总经理辛西亚·库伯(Cynthia Cooper),2002年末被评为《时代》杂志一年一度的新闻人物(此外,还有安然公司的雪伦·沃特金斯(Sherron Watkins)和联邦调查局的柯琳·罗莉(Coleen Rowley)) 2002年2月8日,世通降低了2002年度的收入和盈余预测,并计划在第二季度计提150至200亿元的无形资产减值准备;3月12日,SEC正式对世界通信的会计处理立案稽查;4月3日,世界通信宣布裁员10%(8500名);4月30日,世界通信的创始人本纳德·埃伯斯(Bernard J. Ebbers)因卷入4.08亿美元贷款丑闻而辞去首席执行官职务;5月9日,穆迪斯(Moody, s)和菲奇(Fitch)等信用评级机构将世界通信债券的信用等级降至“垃圾债券”级别;6月5日,再次裁员20%(17000名);6月20日,因资金周转紧张,推迟了优先股的股息支付;6月24日,世界通信的股价跌破一美元(1999年6元最高股价增达到64.50美元)。6月25日傍晚,上任不到两个月的首席执行官约翰·西择摩尔(John Sidgmore)宣布:内部审计发现,2001年度以及2002年第一季度,世界通信公司通过将支付给其他电信公司的线路和网络费用确认为资本性支出,在五个季度内低估期间费用、虚增利润38.52亿美元。世界通信的股票交易被纳斯达克紧急停牌三天,复排的第一个交易日,股价跌至0.06美元(前一日的股价跌至83美分)。许多美国主流媒体将世界通信的英文缩写“Word Com”改为“Word Con”(世界骗局),正在加拿大进行国事访问的布什总统公开表示震怒。6月26日,SEC以超乎寻常的速度向联邦法院递交了诉状,对世界通信提出证券欺诈指控,与此同时,美国司法部和国会宣布对世界通信的财务丑闻展开调查;7月21日,世界通信向美国破产法院纽约南区法庭申请破产保护,申报的资产总额高达1070亿美元,成为美国历史最大的破产案(据专家估计,资产的公允价值约为150亿美元,而世界通信的负债总额接近450亿美元,资不抵债约300亿美元);7月31日,纳斯达克将世界通信的股票摘牌;8月1日,对财务丑闻负有不可推卸责任的世界通信前执行副总裁兼前首席财务官司考特D·苏利文(Scott D. Sullivan)以及前副总裁兼主计长大卫·迈耶斯(David F. Myers)被联邦调查局逮捕;8月8日,世界通信宣布1999年和2000年度的税前利润被高估了34.66亿美元;11月5日,再次披露又发现了20亿美元的虚假利润,至此,世界通信承认的虚假会计利润已经超过93亿美元。随着调查的进一步深入,预计会突破100亿美元,创下了空前的财务舞弊世界纪录。 世界通信曾经以1150亿美元股票市值一度成为美国第25大公司。1999年6月24日,其股票市值超过1150亿美元,丑闻公布后恢复交易的2002年7月1日,股票市值猛跌至3亿美元以下,债权银行和机构投资者损失惨重:JP摩根信托公司172.0亿美元,梅隆银行66.0亿美元,花旗银行32.9亿美元,JP摩根大通银行30.0亿美元等;加州公务人员退休基金3.9亿美元,培基证券公司3.9亿美元,大都会人寿保险公司3.0亿美元等(上述数字为2002年7月12日所持有世界通信公司债券和股票的账面价值)。 根据SEC以及美国总检查长办公室向法院递交的起诉书,世界通信会计造假的动机是为了迎合华尔街财务分析师的盈利预测。世通的财务舞弊手法大致有以下五种类型。 1、滥用准备金,冲销线路成本 滥用准备金科目,利用以前年度计提的各种准备(如递延税款、坏账准备、预提费用)冲销线路成本,以夸大对外报告的利润,是世通的第一类财务舞弊手法。美国证券交易管理委员会(SEC)和司法部已经查实的这类造假金额就高达16.35亿美元。 2000年10月和2001年2月,在审阅了2000年第三和第四季度的财务报表后,苏利文认为线路成本占营业收入的比例偏高,体现的利润达不到华尔街财务分析师的盈利预期,也不符世通先前向投资大众提供的盈利预测。为此,首席财务官苏利文下令主计长迈耶斯和会计部主任耶特斯将第三和第四季度的线路成本分别调减(贷记)8.28亿美元和4.07亿美元,并按相同金额借记已计提的递延税款、坏账准备和预提费用等准备金科目,以保持借贷平衡。这类造假手法使世通2000年第三和第四季度对外报告的税前利润分别虚增了8.28亿美元和4.07亿美元。(借:各种准备金科目 贷:线路成本)。2001年第三季度,苏利文勒令无线通信部门将已计提的4亿美元坏账准备与线路成本相互冲销,虚增税前利润4亿美元。 上述会计处理既无原始凭证和分析资料支持,也缺乏签字授权和正当理由。 2、冲回线路成本,夸大资本支出 世通的高管人员以“预付容量”为借口,要求分支机构将原已确认为经营费用的线路成本冲回,转至固定资产等资本支出账户,以此降低经营费用,调高经营利润。SEC和司法部已查实的这类造假金额高达38.52亿美元。 2001年4月,苏利文在审阅了第一季度的财务报表后,发现线路成本占营业收入的比例仍居高不下,他决定将已记入经营费用的线路成本,以“预付容量”的名义转至固定资产等资本支出账户。 为了将这类造假伎俩付诸实施,苏利文授意迈耶斯和耶特斯,要求总账会计部给各地分支机构分管固定资产记录的会计人员下达指令,在季度结账后,根据指令借记固定资产账户,贷记线路成本账户,从而使税前利润虚增了38.52亿美元。挤去水分后,世通的盈利趋势与其竞争对手AT&T大致同向。 与第一类造假手法一样,第二类造假手法所涉及的会计处理也没有任何原始凭证作支持,应有的授权签字也同样缺失。值得一提的是,第二类造假手法在夸大利润的同时,也虚增了世通经营活动产生的现金流量。按照美国现金流量表准则,世通在线路成本方面的支出属于经营活动的现金流出,而资本支出则属于投资活动的现金流出。将线路成本由经营费用转作资本支出,相当于对线路成本支出进行重分类。因而,本应在现金流量表反映为经营活动产生的现金流出,结果却被反映为投资活动产生的现金流出,严重误导了投资者、债权人等报表使用者对世通现金流量创造能力的判断。 3、武断分摊收购成本,蓄意低估商誉 世通还利用收购兼并进行会计操纵。在收购兼并过程中利用所谓的未完工研发支出(In process R&D)进行报表粉饰,是美国上市公司惯用的伎俩。其做法是:尽可能将收购价格分摊至未完工研发支出,并作为一次性损失在收购当期予以确认,以达到在未来期间减少商誉摊销或避免减值损失的目的。世通和思科(Cisco)等上市公司在过去几年曾多次采用这种手法粉饰其会计报表而受到SEC的谴责。SEC前主席阿瑟·利维特(Arthur Levitt)在其著名的“数字游戏”(The Numbers Game)一文中指出:“最近几年,各行各业纷纷通过合并、收购和剥离(Spin-offs)进行再造。一些收购方,尤其是那些以股票作为收购货币的公司,已经将这样的大环境作为从事另一种‘创造性’会计的机遇。我将之称为‘合并魔术’”。在利维特列举的五大粉饰手法(创造性并购会计、巨额冲销、饼干盒式准备、重要性、收入确认)中,世通利用了其中的前两种手法。 世通利用创造性并购会计,武断地将收购价格分摊至未完工研究开发支出。1998年9月14日,世通以370亿美元的代价(其中股票约330亿美元,其余为现金)收购了微波通信公司(MCI)。尽管世通未披露收购日MCI公司的净资产,但相关年报资料显示:MCI公司1998年末的资产总额、负债总额和净资产分别为138.8亿美元、109.3亿美元和29.5亿美元,1998年末世通的商誉余额为440.76亿美元,比1997年末的133.36亿美元增加了307.4亿美元。可见商誉的大幅增加与收购MCI有关。收购MCI时,世通原计划将370亿美元收购价格中的60~70亿美元分摊至未完工研发支出,并确认为当期损失,以降低商誉的确认额。此计划受到SEC的干预。SEC认为这是世通利用未完工研发支出的手法进行盈余操纵。迫于SEC的压力,世通最终只好将这部分的分摊额确定为31亿美元,并在1998年度一次性确认为损失(这也是1998年世界通信报告26.69亿美元巨额亏损的主要原因)。然而,世通并不能提供这31亿美元未完工研发支出的相关证据,也无法说明拟分摊至未完工研发支出的金额为何从60~70亿美元锐减至31亿美元。这一武断分摊收购成本的做法,导致商誉被严重低估。 4、随意计提固定资产减值,虚增未来期间经营业绩 世通一方面通过确认31亿美元的未完工研发支出压低商誉,另一面通过计提34亿美元的固定资产减值准备虚增未来期间的利润。收购MCI时,世通将MCI固定资产的账面价值由141亿美元调减为107亿美元,此举使收购MCI的商誉虚增了34亿美元。按照MCI的会计政策,固定资产的平均折旧年限约为4.36年,通过计提34亿美元的固定资产减值损失,使世通在收购MCI后的未来4年内,每年可减少约7.8亿美元的折旧。而虚增的34亿美元商誉则分40年摊销,每年约为0.85亿美元。每年少提的7.8亿美元折旧和多提的0.85亿美元商誉摊销相抵后,世通在1999至2001年每年约虚增了6.95亿美元的税前利润。 5、借会计准则变化之机,大肆进行巨额冲销 世通最终将收购MCI所形成的商誉确认为301亿美元,并分40年摊销。世通在这5年中的商誉及其他无形资产占其资产总额的比例一直在50%左右徘徊。高额的商誉成为制约世通经营业绩的沉重包袱。为此,世通以会计准则变化为“契机”,利用巨额冲销来消化并购所形成的代价高昂的商誉。美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)2001年7月颁布了142号准则《商誉及其他无形资产》,不再要求上市公司对商誉以及没有明确使用年限的无形资产进行摊销,而改为减值测试并计提减值准备。这一准则的出台,使世通如获至宝。在2001年度财务报告中,世通发出了2002年度业绩将大幅下降的预警,拟在2002年第二季度计提150~200亿美元的商誉减值准备。世通的高层直言不讳地表示,由于142号准则不再要求对商誉及其他没有明确使用期限的无形资产进行摊销,世通每年可减少13亿美元的摊销费用。此外,2002年上半年,世通聘请安永(Ernst&Young)根据142号准则的要求对商誉进行评估,拟在第二季度确认一次性商誉减值损失150~200亿美元,估值差异幅度高达50亿美元。会计造假丑闻曝光后,世通聘请美国评估公司(American Appraisal)对商誉及其他无形资产进行全面评估,得出的结论是:账面价值超过500亿美元的商誉及其他无形资产已一文不值,拟在查清所有会计造假问题后,全额计提减值准备。两个著名的评估机构,在同一个会计年度内对世通商誉所做的价值评估,形成如此之大的反差,确实令人瞠目。 2003年3月,世通对外宣布,预计第一季度可恢复盈利1亿多美元。这一预计是建立在拟对无形资产(主要是商誉)和固定资产全额或大幅计提减值准备的基础上的。可见,利用会计准则变化之机,对无形资产和固定资产“洗大澡”,大幅降低折旧和摊销,是世通扭亏为盈的秘笈。 1997年至2001年末商誉的金额分别为133.36亿美元、440.76亿美元、447.67亿美元、448.70亿美元、498.25亿美元,占各期末资产总额的比例分别为56.5%、51%、49.2%、43.2%和48.0%;占账面股东权益的比例分别为97%、98%、87%、81%和86%。

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...the books numbers to look profitable because of a comment made by Ebbers. “Ebbers made a personal, emotional speech to senior staff about how he and other directors would lose everything if the company did not improve its performance.” p 4. 2.  What is the boundary between earnings smoothing or earnings management and fraudulent reporting? To me there comes a line where you know that the entry that you are making is incorrect, and you make the entry anyways. That to me is where fraud is committed. Otherwise make your best judgement call on what would be appropriate to capitalize, or develop a new way of calculating estimates for accruals if you believe them to be wrong. 3.  Why were the actions taken by WorldCom managers not detected earlier? There was no set of stated policies written in the company. The company most likely had around 30,000 employees in 1995, but didn’t have an employee code of conduct. Since this was not in place, every manager was able to act on their own accord. The accounting department sounded like a war room, where each group had to deceive the other of journal entries. The external auditor was stone walled during the audit, and simply stated the information was a moderate risk. The senior management team used scare tactics or “it’ll only be one time” tactic to coheres employees to making fraudulent entries. The internal auditors were never allowed to do their job. They couldn’t get...

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Accounting Fraud at Worldcom

...WorldCom Case Study Requirements 1. The paper must be a minimum of 5 pages in length with 1.5 inch spacing. There is no required font type but it must be legible. Font size cannot be less than 10 nor exceed 14. Use full sentences and avoid using bullet points within the paper. 2. Explain and answer the following questions: a. What are the pressures/forces that lead executives and managers to “cook the books?” b. What is the boundary between earnings smoothing or earnings management and fraudulent reporting? c. Why were the actions taken by WorldCom managers not detected earlier? What processes or systems should be in place to prevent or detect quickly the types of action that occurred in World Com? d. Were the external auditors and board directors blameworthy in this case? Why or Why not? e. Betty Vinson: victim or villain? Should criminal fraud chargers have been brought against her? How should employees react when ordered by their employer to do something they do not believe in or feel uncomfortable doing? 3. Include a title page, bibliography, and work cited. f. The format for the title page is as follows: name of the assignment, student’s full names, class number and section, due date of the assignment, and the instructor’s name. g. The title page, bibliography, and work cited are excluded from the 5 page minimum requirement. h. Students may use either the APA or the MLA format. 4. The tentative deadline...

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...WorldCom history The history of WorldCom Company dates back in 1983 which started as a partnership between a former basketball coach Bernard Ebbers. This company was established at Mississippi as a coffee shop, which later developed to long distance Telephone Company. The company’s name initially was Long Distance Discount Service whose operations began on 1984. After several years in operation, the company became public in August 1989 with Bernard Ebbers as the company’s CEO (Moberg 4). Over the years, the company developed through mergers and acquisitions and becomes public in the year 1989. The notable merge which enabled the company to go public was the merger with the advantage companies Inc. This led to changing of the name from just LDDS to LDDS WorldCom in 1995 and to just WorldCom a year later (Moberg 4). In 1993, the company acquires long distance providers in the name of Resurgence Communications Group and Metromedia communications. This made history as the fourth largest long distance communication firm in United States. There were also several other mergers and acquisitions such as with IDB in 1994, WilTel in 1995, MFS communications in 1996, and the greatest merger which involved MCI communications. In 1998, WorldCom completed the merger with MCI at a cost estimated to be $40 billion. This was viewed as the greatest merger after brooks fiber properties and CompuServe which were valued at $ 1.2 and $ 1.3 billion respectively (Moberg 6). Another notable aspect...

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...of a dividend the employees get more stock. Then all of a sudden one March morning all these millionaire managers wake up to discover they are not only now worth just a few hundred bucks, but that their jobs were disappearing. This situation was a reality for many WorldCom workers, because on that March morning America’s largest fraud at the time had been reported. WorldCom was a publicly traded corporation established in 1983 to provide Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS) (Internet Services, 2011). Through the acquisition of other businesses Worldcom became the world’s second largest telecommunication company. LDDS began by leasing a wide-area telecommunications service (WATS) line and resold time to other businesses (Internet Services, 2011). WATS is a form of fixed-rate long distance telecommunication service in which certain area codes, such 800, 888, or 877, are reserved for businesses and when customers call these numbers they are not charged for long-distance but rather the business is charged as a subscriber of the WATS service (Rouse, 2006). Beginning in 1988, LDDS began growing through the acquisition of other companies such as Telephone Management Corp., National Telecommunications, IDB WorldCom, and WilTel Network Services (Internet Services, 2011). In 1989, LDDS went public through the acquisition of Advantage Companies Inc....

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...Communications acquired MCI/WorldCom and SBC Communications acquired AT&T Corporation, which had been in business since the 19th Century. The acquisition of MCI/WorldCom was the direct result of the behavior of WorldCom's senior managers as documented above. While it can be argued that the demise of AT&T Corp. was not wholly attributable to WorldCom's behavior, AT&T Corp.'s decimation certainly was facilitated by the events surrounding WorldCom, since WorldCom was the benchmark long distance telephone and Internet communications service provider. Indeed, the ripple effect of WorldCom's demise goes far beyond one company and several senior managers. It had a profound effect on an entire industry. 2.0 Introduction Between July 2002 when WorldCom declared bankruptcy and April 2004 when it emerged from bankruptcy as MCI, company officials worked feverishly to restate the financials and reorganize the company. The new CEO Michael Capellas (formerly CEO of Compaq Computer) and the newly appointed CFO Robert Blakely faced the daunting task of settling the company's outstanding debt of around $35 billion and performing a rigorous financial audit of the company. This was a monumental task, at one point utilizing an army of over 500 WorldCom employees, over 200 employees of the company's outside auditor, KPMG, and a supplemental workforce of almost 600 people from Deloitte & Touch. As Joseph McCafferty notes, "(a)t the peak of the audit, in late 2003, WorldCom had about 1,500 people...

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...Executive Summary In this case of accounting fraud at WorldCom, we have identified problems which had grew as the business scale of WorldCom (formerly known as LDDS) expanded, its direction of business started to drift away when its attempt to merge with Sprint was terminated by the U.S. Justice Department and the telecommunication industry started to deteriorate in 2000. The managers, particularly Bernard J. Ebbers and Scott Sullivan, struggled to maintain the company's main performance indicator, the Expense-to-Revenue (E/R) ratio in order to maintain its lucrative image. As the size of the organization increase through extensive mergers and acquisitions, the corporate culture of the company was all jumbled up and there were no uniformity in the management policies in each department. Furthermore, the company's focus on building revenue and disregarding the long-term costs had caused the company burdensome amount of expenses. While the telecommunication industry decline, the managers was forced to use extremity to sustain the good image of the business, thus started to manipulate the accounts, specifically through the release of accruals and capitalization of costs. The conduct was performed through monarch orders by the top management commanding the General Accounting Department to manipulate the accounts, restricting the scope of inquiry of the Internal Audit Department, misleading the External Auditor and also the Board of Directors. Executive Summary Table of Contents ...

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...Accounting: Accounting Fraud at WorldCom Date: 1/26/2015 3. What are the pressures that lead executives and managers to "cook the books"? The CEO and CFO of WorldCom wanted to “cook the books” because they wanted to keep the company’s stock price growing. Managers and accountants “cook the books” because they are forced to do so by their CEO and CFO.          WolrldCom CEO Ebbers believed that increasing the stock price is their number one priority, so he set up a goal for the corporation--“The goal of WorldCom is to be the No.1 stock price on Wall Street”. In the 1990s, WorldCom built their revenues quickly by acquiring other companies. That’s how they do to meet their expected growth. However, when they tried to merger Spring, they were blocked by the Justice Department. When they failed to expand their company by merging other companies, the executive team got lost and not sure how to expand the company in a legal way. As a result, WorldCom’s revenue growth slowed. At the same time, the Dot-com bubble started to burse, so the revenue for the whole telecommunication industry begun to decrease. However, Ebbers wanted to remain the same Expense-to-Revenue Ratio to ensure stock price moving in favorable direction. Which was impossible at that time for WorldCom to fulfill without making the number up. Therefore, the executives decided to “cook the book” to increase the stock price and meet their goal by making the false entries.          For the accountant, they are...

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