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Short essay on the negotiable instruments in business law

The law relating to “negotiable instruments” is contained in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, has been amended for more than a dozen times so far.

The latest in the series are: (i) the Banking, Public Financial Institutions and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1988 (effective from 1st April, 1989), and (ii) the Negotiable Instruments (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002 (effective from 6th February, 2003). The provisions of all the Amendment Acts have been incorporated at relevant places in Part IV of this book.

The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, as amended up-to-date, deals with three kinds of negotiable instruments, i.e., Promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and Cheques.

Definition:

The word negotiable means ‘transferable by delivery,’ and the word instrument means ‘a written document by which a right is created in favour of some person.’

Thus, the term “negotiable instrument” literally means ‘a written document transferable by delivery.’

According to Section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, “a negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable either to order or to bearer.” “A negotiable instrument may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it may be made payable in the alternative to one of two, or one or some of several payees” [Section 13(2)].

The Act, thus, mentions three kinds of negotiable instruments, namely notes, bills and cheques and declares that to be negotiable they must be made payable in any of the following forms:

(a) Payable to order:

A note, bill or cheque is payable to order which is expressed to be ‘payable to a particular person or his order.’ For example, (i) Pay A, (ii) Pay A or order,

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