...A comparison between Adam Smith and Karl Marx The purpose of this essay is to evaluate and discuss how economists Adam Smith and Karl Marx contributed to current management practices and, more specifically, how they influenced the field of economics. Through critical analysis, we will explore the theories of Adam Smith and Karl Marx. Adam Smith’s contributions, from division of labor and the shift from a mercantile society to a capitalistic one as proposed in his “Wealth of nations report,” will be critically evaluated as to determine both their relevance today and the influence that they have had. Similarly, Karl Marx’s theories that helped to develop the economy in its most prosperous time will be critically evaluated to determine their influence and relevancy today. Although very distant in their theories and time, both men have played key roles in the development of economics, while in turn influencing current management practices. Both men were able to change and introduce new philosophies while reacting to the circumstances of their times, while creating legacies through their works that are still relevant in today’s vastly different circumstances and society. Adam Smith Scottish economist Adam Smith, born in 1723, is responsible for the initial development of economics in the eighteenth century and provided the framework for how we approach economic issues today. Smith was an “advocate for a free market society where international trade through both imports...
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...is best given by the Author himself. “It is striking that so many of the lessons of the great economists will speak to us. Each of their wisest theories has a practical point or analogy today. This book seeks their wisdom by looking at mainstream Economics and asking who first had these insights and built these durable models? We can learn from their masters.” (Buchholz 9). Again and again Smith name’s is mentioned. Smith...
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...published his utopian vision of social progress and the perfectibility of man Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de l'Espirit Humain (The Future Progress of the Human Mind) in 1794. Malthus' remarks on Condorcet's work spans chapters 8 and 9. Malthus' essay was in response to these utopian visions, as he argued: "This natural inequality of the two powers, of population, and of production of the earth, and that great law of our nature which must constantly keep their effects equal, form the great difficulty that appears to me insurmountable in the way to the perfectibility of society." The "Other writers" included Robert Wallace, Adam Smith, Richard Price, and David Hume. Malthus himself claimed: "The only authors from whose writings I had deduced the principle, which formed the main argument of the Essay, were Hume, Wallace, Adam Smith, and Dr. Price ..." Chapters 1 and 2 outline Malthus' Principle of Population, and the unequal nature of food supply to population growth. The exponential nature of population growth is today known as the Malthusian growth model. This aspect of Malthus' Principle of Population, together with his assertion that food supply was subject to a linear growth model, would remain unchanged in future editions of his...
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...edThe Condensed Wealth of Nations and The Incredibly Condensed Theory of Moral Sentiments Eamonn Butler www.adamsmith.org The Condensed Wealth of Nations and The Incredibly Condensed Theory of Moral Sentiments Eamonn Butler The Adam Smith Institute has an open access policy. Copyright remains with the copyright holder, but users may download, save and distribute this work in any format provided: (1) that the Adam Smith Institute is cited; (2) that the web address adamsmith. org is published together with a prominent copy of this notice; (3) the text is used in full without amendment [extracts may be used for criticism or review]; (4) the work is not re–sold; (5) the link for any online use is sent to info@adamsmith.org. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect any views held by the publisher or copyright owner. They are published as a contribution to public debate. © Adam Smith Research Trust 2011 Published in the UK by ASI (Research) Ltd. ISBN: 1–902737–77–6 Some rights reserved Printed in England Contents 1 Introduction 2 The Condensed Wealth of Nations Book I: Economic efficiency and the factors of production Book II: The accumulation of capital Book III: The progress of economic growth Book IV: Economic theory and policy Book V: The role of government 3 The Incredibly Condensed Theory of Moral Sentiments 4 Further reading 9 32 42 47 59 77 84 4 7 1 Introduction Adam Smith’s pioneering book on economics...
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...This report attempts to uncover the changing attitudes towards economics in the world over the course of several centuries. Several articles will be examined in an attempt to trade how basic attitudes, approaches, beliefs, ideas, and values concerning economics have changed over time. The articles being examined are (1) The Wealth of Nation by Adam Smith, (2) The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and (3) Japan’s Gross National Cool by Douglass McGray. The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776 and will represent the earliest of the works being examined here. Smith explains economic principles such as self-interest, supply and demand, and free marketplace. From this work we see the unraveling of capitalism and the paradigm of free trade. This work set the premise for many works to follow, including The Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto is an influential political manuscript that outlines the problems with capitalism and the struggles between classes. Communism is trumpeted here, as well as conditions necessary for a transition to communism. This work was written in 1848 and represents a stark contrast to The Wealth of Nations in principle and in theory. Much has resulted from this manuscript and its ideas as can still be seen in the world today. Lastly, Japan’s Gross National Cool represents modern economic thought. Written in 2002, its basic thesis is that Japan is becoming a superpower again, but it is not becoming a military superpower (being...
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...parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning Interdependence and the Gains from Trade • . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet! • Remember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Copyright © 2004 South-Western Interdependence and the Gains from Trade • How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy? • We can be economically self-sufficient. • We can specialize and trade p with others, leading to economic interdependence. Interdependence and the Gains from Trade • Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity. • But this gives rise to two questions: • Why is interdependence the norm? • What determines production and trade? Copyright © 2004 South-Western Copyright © 2004 South-Western 1 Interdependence and the Gains from Trade • Why is interdependence the norm? • Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others. A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY • Imagine . . . • only two goods: potatoes and meat • only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancher • What determines the pattern of production and p p trade? • Patterns of production and trade...
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...B.Say 2.4. Differences regarding the opposition of Classical Liberalism 2. Description of J.B.Say 3. New approach brought by J.B.Say 4. Opinion 5. Summary 1. Introduction 1.1. J.B.Say in the french Classical Liberalism school of thought Jean Baptiste Say was a French economist and businessman. He had classical liberal views and argued in favor of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business. He is best known due to Say's Law , which is named after him and at times credited to him, but while he discussed and popularized it, he did not originate it. 1.2. Mainstream of the Classical Liberalism school of economics Classical liberalism is a political philosophy and ideology belonging to liberalism in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government. The philosophy emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. It advocates civil liberties with a limited government under the rule of law, private property and belief in the laissez-faire economic policy. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, such as selected ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, the contradictory theories of natural law...
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...'mercantilists' and 'physiocrats', more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject. Both groups were associated with the rise of economic nationalism and modern capitalism in Europe. Mercantilism was an economic doctrine that flourished from the 16th to 18th century in a prolific pamphlet literature, whether of merchants or statesmen. It held that a nation's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver. Nations without access to mines could obtain gold and silver from trade only by selling goods abroad and restricting imports other than of gold and silver. The doctrine called for importing cheap raw materials to be used in manufacturing goods, which could be exported, and for state regulation to impose protective tariffs on foreign manufactured goods and prohibit manufacturing in the colonies. Physiocrats, a group of 18th century French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of the economy as a circular flow of income and output. Physiocrats believed that only agricultural production generated a clear surplus over cost, so that agriculture was the basis of all wealth....
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...Licensed to: CengageBrain User Licensed to: CengageBrain User This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Economics for Today © 2012 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited 4th Edition Allan Layton Copyright Notice Tim Robinson This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, Irvin B. Tucker stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written...
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...Economics is a chief importance in a household and country what a person chooses and how it may operate properly. Economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income and production, and of taxes and government costs. “Economists seek to measure well-being, to learn how well-being may increase over time, and to evaluate the well-being of the rich and the poor. The most famous book in economics is the Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith, and published in 1776 in Scotland. ("What is economics,”) With healthcare increasing in the country and insurance agencies providing consumers with the proper coverage for care these conditions are becoming a stress. But within this tension agencies are finding ways to merge and accommodate all aspects of consumers need financially and providing the care needed. According to the “Competitive Effects Analyses of Hospital Mergers” over the past decade, there have been more than 500 hospital transactions and realignment is expected to continue in 2014 and beyond. (Guerin- Calvert, 2014) Economically to control the flow, smaller independent hospitals are being advised to affiliate themselves with larger facilities to better contain their businesses as well as their patients. Innermost concern that patients have is the cost of coverage for the care that will be provided to them. And the trends in network to diminish a patient and their finances benefits are designed...
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...Development by ALLAN D. TOCA Master in Economics ATTY. DANILO S. AZANA Professor 1st Semester, 2011-2012 CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Political, Social And Economic Theories Of Development I. Political Theorists A. John Locke: The Labor Theory Of Value B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract C. Jeremy Bentham: The Greatest Good II. Economic Theorists A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Xenophon D. Thomas Aquinas E. Nicolo Machiavelli F. Jean Bodin G. Antonio Serra H. Thomas Mun I. Physiocrats J. Merchantilists K. Adam Smith L. W.W. Rostow M. Thomas Malthus N. David Ricardo O. Karl Marx P. Jean Sismondi Q. Friedrich List R. Henry Charles Carey S. Henry George T. John Maynard Keynes U. Joseph Schumpeter V. Friedrich Hayek W. John Kenneth Galbraith Chapter 3 Summary, Conclusion and Sources Although the idea of a natural or just price or wage is very noble, prices in reality are subjective. As a human I agree. I mean in the ideal world it would be nice if a fair days work for a fair days pay. Further a fair price based on, I do not know what, something fair and just. But the reality is different. Prices and wages in the real world not the Platonic world are determined subjectively, by supply and demand. That is something in the market is worth exactly what someone will pay for it. Aristotle influenced economic thought because he formulated a coherent...
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...Is free trade good or bad for developing countries? Executive summary Free trade is an economic policy that not distinguishing against imports and exports from the jurisdictions. Both seller and buyer that from open economy trades freely without controlling by the local government with applying tariffs and quotas on the goods and services. This paper is to analyse the factors that influence free trade to the developing countries. Within the framework, the research paper shows that tariffs can improve the country’s welfare. Besides, this paper shows that the improvement in country’s terms of trade can improve the country’s welfare. This paper is using one method which is a general equilibrium model whereas two traded outputs and one public consumption output are producing by using two factors of production. Key words: Free trade, developing...
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...individualist anarchists and in particular anarcho-capitalists have some sympathy with the principles of free market liberalism this would not apply to social anarchists in general and particularly not to anarcho-communists such as Peter Kropotkin. Free market liberal principles have been espoused by both classical liberals and by New Right theorists who have combined support for free market liberalism with support for the strong state. Free market liberals argue that individuals are rational and therefore the best judges of their own interests and that overall economic efficiency can best be achieved by unregulated laissez faire. Liberal support for laissez faire was under-pinned by the economic theories outlined by Adam Smith in his study “The Wealth of Nations”[1776] in which he argued that the competitive capitalist economy based upon private profit and individual self-interest could via the so-called “invisible hand” of the market mechanism secure the best possible living standards for all members of society. [Essentially the theory suggested that if large numbers of firms were in competition with each other they would try to keep their prices as low as was consistent with a reasonable level of profit for fear that if they increased prices they would lose sales to their competitors. Furthermore in the competition between firms, efficient firms which could produce most...
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...[pic] Porter’s Diamond Analysis of Spain (Topic 8) Manuel Gall 6 Elboden Street 7004 South Hobart mrgatt@postoffice.utas.edu.au Strategic Management University of Tasmania Dr. Dallas Hanson Submitted on October 23, 2012 Introduction: Porter (1990) raised the question: “Why does a nation become home base for successful international competitors in an industry?” According to porter’s diamond, the answer lies in four elements, namely the factor conditions, the demand conditions, the related & supporting industries and in the context for firm strategy and rivalry (Fisher, Hughes, Griffin & Pustay 2009). These four factors interact in a self-reinforcing system that essentially determine a nation’s international competitiveness. This theory can be classified as a hybrid between the classical country-based trade theories[1] that emphasise the country’s factor endowments and the more modern firm-based theories[2] that focus on the action of individual companies (Fisher et al 2006). Spain is ranked as 36th out of 144 countries in the actual WEF[3] Global Competitive Report (2012). Thus, it is classified as innovation-driven economy that has reached highest development stage. However, the recent financial crisis has hit Spain, that suffers since years under a structural deficit, on the wrong foot (OECD[4], 2010). As a consequence, Spain recently has had trouble to finance its debt over private capital markets and is dependent...
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...trade theories • explain the FDI approaches to international business. Structure 2.1 Foundations of International Business 2.2 International Trade Theories Theory of Mercantilism Theory of Absolute Cost Advantage Theory of Comparative Cost Advantage Heckscher-Ohlin Model Leonief Paradox 2.3 FDI Theories Market Imperfections Approach Product Life Cycle Approach Transaction Cost Approach The Eclectic Paradigm 2.4 Summary 2.5 Key Words 2.6 Self-assessment Questions 2.7 Further Readings 2.1 FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS The analytical framework of international business is build around-the activities of MNEs enunciated by the process of internationalisation. The FDI on the part of an MNE attempts to overcome the obstructions to trade in foreign countries. The strategies relating to the functional areas, such as production, marketing, finance and price policies, are adopted by the MNEs in such a manner that an amicable relationship between home and host nations is created. Foreign direct investment can be distinguished from the other forms of international business, such as exporting, licencing, joint ventures and management contracts. Basically, it reacts to the restrictions in foreign trade, licensing, etc., and its growth at the global level has taken place Mainly due to the imperfections in the world markets and protective trade policies pursued by different countries for the sake of protecting their...
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