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Administration

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1. The Food and Drug Administration uses a pre-manufacturing screening program for determining the marketability of a new child related product, whereas, the Puerto Rico Department of Consumers Affairs (DACO) relies on recall action for similar products. Can you think of any rationale other than historical accident for the difference in regulatory approaches between these two agencies, the federal and the local?
La administración de alimentos y drogas (FDA), es una agencia del gobierno de los EU, que es responsable de regular los alimentos, medicamentos, cosméticos, aparatos médicos, productos biológicos y derivados sanguíneos. También se encargan de inspeccionar a fabricantes o procesadores de productos regulados para verificar que se cumplan con los reglamentos pertinentes. Tales como: fabricantes de vacunas y medicamentos, bancos de sangres, instalación de producción de alimentos, granjas lecheras entre otros. Asimismo inspeccionan a instalaciones que realizan estudios con personas, sitios extranjeros de manufactura y procesamiento de productos y productos importados en la frontera. Además, realizan varios tipos de inspecciones para ayudar a proteger a los consumidores de productos peligrosos. No obstante, el Departamento de Asuntos al Consumidor en Puerto Rico (DACO), se encargan de controlar la inacción, defender los derechos del consumidor, educar sobre sus derechos, al igual que deberes al adquirir un bien o servicio, y establecen un control de precios sobre artículos de primera necesidad. Estos a su vez se encargan de recibir, atender y resolver las querellas radicadas por los consumidores, hacer valer el cumplimiento de las leyes, los derechos y garantías que protegen al consumidor, controlan el precio y margen de ganancias de los artículos de primera necesidad entre otros.
Si analizamos la FDA tiene todo el control de productos que se fabriquen y la autoridad de poder determinar si el mismo no es dañino para el consumidor. No obstante, como ocurrió con el arroz en Puerto Rico la FDA, tomo la iniciativa de realizar una investigación por el alto grado de arsénico que los mismos pudiesen contener, pero esto no fue razón para que el DACO regulara el uso del mismo al contrario ellos decidieron tranquilizar al consumidor para que no se alteraran con lo ocurrido que indicando que podían seguir consumiendo el arroz, hasta que la FDA tuviesen una conclusión y a partir de eso ellos tomarían la decisión de la acción a tomar. En otras palabras el DACO podía detener la distribución de estos productos pues la ley le da el derecho de tomar una determinación si tiene la evidencia contundente, pero no lo realizo por el simple hecho que no tenía la muestra necesaria para tomar alguna determinación. Es por esto que según el artículo 6, del reglamento de calidad y seguridad productos de uso y consumo del Departamento al Consumidor nos indica que cualquier producto peligroso a la salud, seguridad: se prohíbe la venta al consumidor, a quienes se le brinde una clara explicación de cada peligro que represente. Sin embargo, su venta queda terminantemente prohibida si ha sido prohibido por alguna Agencia de los Estados Unidos o el ELA de Puerto Rico, inclusive por el DACO. Toda orden o determinación del Secretario que prohíba o penalice la distribución de un producto particular emitida bajo este inciso, debe basarse en una determinación previa de peligrosidad hecha por el departamento. Esa determinación se debe fundamentar con pruebas realizadas por el Departamento o en determinaciones de otras agencias locales o federal. Esto nos deja entender que aunque la FDA realiza sus estudios para prevenir algún efecto dañino, el DACO puede tomar acción sobre ciertos aspectos que consideren que sea peligroso al consumidor. La importancia de todo esto es que fundamente sus argumentos con evidencias claras y concisas.
Además, en el Artículo 7 en el inciso 2, Pruebas de Calidad, el Secretario puede exigir a cualquier empresa que venda algún producto en PR que realice pruebas de calidad y seguridad. Estas pruebas serán costeadas por la propia empresa y se harán según lo que el Secretario disponga particularmente en cada caso. Lo explicado en ese inciso no limita al Secretario de realizar pruebas de seguridad. A su vez puede solicitar muestras de algún producto que se venda en PR, esta muestra se hará con los requisitos y de acuerdo a los procedimientos que indique el Departamento. Como sucedió con el caso de las grasas trans, donde en Puerto Rico el DACO restringía la venta de alimentos con este componente desde el 2007. El reglamento de Calidad y Seguridad establece que se podrá vender solo productos con .5 gramos de grasas trans, una cantidad menor que la FDA orienta que estos alimentos se pueden distribuir como que contienen 0 gramos. Aquí podemos ver que la regulación entre estas agencias pueden tener puntos de vistas distintos y cada quien pueden tomar la decisión que sea necesaria con respecto a la necesidades del consumidor.
Podemos concluir que aunque la FDA, es una agencia federal que tiene toda la autoridad para determinar si un producto es o no peligroso para el individuo. No significa que las regulaciones que esta implementen sean de acuerdo con las del Departamento al Consumidor en Puerto Rico. Debido a que el DACO tiene la autoridad de tomar determinaciones, o tomar alguna acción siempre y cuando considere que sea lo más seguro al consumidor. Todo esto debe ser fundamentado con evidencias. El problema está que aunque el DACO, tenga el potestad los recursos necesarios no son lo suficiente para aplicar la reglamentación, debido a que las empresas o individuos pueden buscar la manera de no implementarla. O la misma vez el DACO puede implementar pero que realice la investigación si se está cumpliendo ese es otro problema.

2) PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE, AND ANALIZE IT IN TERMS OF THE ETHICAL-LEGAL DICHOTOMY OF CORPORATE PERFORMANCE DISCUSSED IN UNIT 07.
Ética es una concepción de la buena y mala conducta donde nos dice si nuestro comportamiento es moral o inmoral, esto a su vez fundamenta el cómo nos relacionamos y nos comportamos con los demás y que deseamos que ellos piensen y se comporten con nosotros. Sin embargo, la ética empresarial es una forma de ética aplicada o ética profesional que examina los principios éticos y problemas morales o éticos que ocurren en un entorno empresarial. El gobierno utiliza las leyes y reglamentos para señalar comportamiento en las empresas en lo que perciben como direcciones beneficiosos.
La crisis ocurrida en el 2007 debido a la hipoteca sub-prime afecto negativamente a los mercados financieros como a la economía. Considerando que esto pudo haber ocurrido por la falta de ética y la moral en las personas que impulsan este tipo de hipotecas a los inversionistas y que venden las hipotecas en el primer lugar. Además, la falta de atención a las regulaciones del gobierno y una filosofía que el libre mercado tiene en cuestión de ética. Esto permitió que el individuo busquen ganar más, maximizando sus propios beneficios y reduciendo al mínimo cualquier interés por el bien del consumidor como los de sus proveedores. Esa falta de transparencia, que describe la conducta que pudo conducir a esa crisis. Los directivos y analistas, los cuales preferían tener un valor al honor, la gloria, la riqueza, la fama y todo lo demás que hubiese podido mediante la excelencia. Pero sobre todo mediante la mentira de tal manera que pueda refrenar sus deseos o reorientar sus valores.
A mi juicio, también el gobierno no tuvo una política pública extremista que tomara al toro por los cuernos. Esto debido a que aun recibiendo comunicados y datos de que indicaban que algo raro estaba ocurriendo no tomó las medidas necesarias. ¿Por qué? el delatarlos afectaría sus relaciones económicas o los beneficios que esos empresarios le podían otorgar.
Lo increíble que aun muchos de estos ejecutivos que provocaron una crisis en las finanzas debidos a sus actos antiéticos no han sido acusados o no le han dado algún tipo de penalidad. Lo sorprendente es que el gobierno luego de ver todo perdido ofrece ayudas a esas empresas para sacarlas del desastre que se encuentran. De tal manera las rescato nacionalizando a esta firma u obligando a otras empresas que la absorbiera. Entre ellos el mayor banco de los EU como Citigroup y la mayor compañía de seguro (AIG) que son ahora propiedad del gobierno y están controlados por el a través de la FED y el Departamento del Tesoro. Debemos preguntarnos o el gobierno lo hizo como medio de rescate, existe algún beneficio financiero envuelto o su motivo fue premiarlos. Pues muchas de ellas sabían lo que estaba ocurriendo y el consumidor se vio afectados por tales decisiones. A pesar de, el Presidente Barack Obama dijo y cito “nosotros perdonamos e incluso llegamos a abrazar una ética de codicia, fomentamos un ambiente en el que el ganador se lleva todo, y en el que todo vale y en lugar de establecer un marco regulador para el siglo 21 simplemente desmantelamos el antiguo”.
Sin embargo, luego de lo sucedido crean más leyes para regular como la Sarbane Oxley para tener un control en el sistema y poder auditarlos. Pero el tratar de tener estos controles asegura que en un futuro próximo no suceda otra debacle financiera debido a la falta de ética y actitud moral.

3) Although regulation is frequently viewed as being synonymous with federal regulation, not all regulation is at the federal level. The existence of state regulations of various kinds is not simply the result of an oversight on the part of federal regulators. There are often sound economic reasons why we want regulation to take place at the local level.
Un reglamento o regulación es una norma jurídica de carácter general dictada por la Administración Pública y con valor subordinado a la ley. En estas puede especificar las normas que regulen las actividades de los miembros de una comunidad. Esto permite tener una base para la convivencia y prevenir conflictos que se pueden generar entre los individuos. En la actualidad Puerto Rico tiene una economía de libre mercado, que estamos sujetos a las leyes y reglamentos locales y federales. Nuestro reglamento esta creado para proteger de libre competencia en el mercado como: la banca, seguros, farmacia y utilidades. No obstante, se debe cumplir con las leyes, regulaciones de cuestiones antimonopolio, relaciones laborales, protección del medio ambiente y la protección de los consumidores y los derechos civiles.
Considerando que aunque existen un sinnúmero de leyes y reglamentos en Puerto Rico esto para tomar acción por el gobierno de tal manera que pueda orientar las decisiones respecto a una necesidad o situación de interés público. Las principales fuentes de expresión de política pública son la constitución, el código político, las leyes, el programa de gobierno y los pronunciamientos oficiales del gobierno. No obstante, las condiciones locales de alguna manera pueden afectar los costos por los beneficios asociados con el reglamento. Por ejemplo, en las gasolineras habían comenzado a utilizar el método de que los costos fuesen diferentes si el pago era por efectivo o por tarjeta. Lo cual DACO y el Senado tomaron la decisión de legislar por esta situación, en el artículo 5 de la Ley 152 dispuso que “ ningún comerciante podrá imponer un cargo adicional al consumidor que elija utilizar un medio de pago valido en el ELA, incluyendo una tarjeta de crédito o debito emitida por una institución o empresa comercial debidamente autorizada a emitir la mismas conforme a las leyes federales y estatales vigentes, en lugar de efectivo, cheque o cualquier otro método de pago similar en ninguna transacción de venta o arrendamiento de bienes y servicios. Sin embargo, la Ley Dodd-Frank permite en los EU esas diferencias en precio. Esta misma ley impone a las instituciones bancarias un tope máximo al cobrar procesamiento con tarjetas de débitos y regula los cargos que los bancos e instituciones financieras pueden cobrar a los comerciantes por el procesamiento de las tarjetas de debito o crédito en sus establecimientos. Esto conllevo que de cierta manera ese costo que se bajaba al que pagaba en efectivo, fuese incluido en aquellos que paga con tarjeta. A su vez, a raíz de las regulaciones y los costos de algunos bienes y servicios el consumidor a tenido que adaptarse a cambios que en cierta manera tiene que abandonar lo cual su demanda puede ser reducido. Adicional en una regulación local puede reflejarse la heterogeneidad de los costos y beneficios en un escenario en particular, esto se puede ver cuando existe demanda o competitividad por un producto el cual en diferentes áreas puede existir una variedad del mismo

4. Taking into account the first of the advantages, analyze the case of the milk price that took place on the US Federal District Court, for the District of Puerto Rico.
A. Do you consider that the local regulatory policymaking was adversely affected by that action?
B. What were the effects?
C. What type of power the Federal jurisdiction has in order to go over the local policymaking? Explain
D. Give 2 examples where the Public Policy of the Federal jurisdiction had taken over local jurisdiction (locally or in the US)(e.g. Actual Arizona’s Federal questionings on immigration discriminatory policy)
Como es de nuestro entendimiento en Puerto Rico existe una gran cantidad de ganado vacuno, la producción de la leche es un renglón autosuficiente. Sin embargo, el gobierno federal tuvo que intervenir en esa industria. El cual se creó sus condiciones para desplazar la leche fresca y facilitar la entrada al mercado de Puerto Rico la leche UHT a precio más competitivo. En esta controversia se comenzó una disputa donde los ganaderos alegaban que estaban teniendo grandes pérdidas, mientras que los vendedores de la leche indicaban que lo que ganan de la venta no le da ni para cubrir los costos en que incurren para almacenar el producto. De tal manera el Tribunal Federal en PR opto por intervenir para favorecer a la empresa multinacional de procesamiento y distribución de leche, sin favorecer a los productores locales. El tribunal de los EU decreto el aumento de .19 por litro en el 2007, mientras que .08 en 2008, mientras que en el 2011 su aumento consistirá d .11 por litro de leche. Ese aumento lo que provocaría será un golpe a la industria local y para el consumidor. Además, el precio de la leche no podrá ser aumentado en 4 años a menos que el mercado así lo requiera. De seguir aumentando la diferencia en precio entre la leche fresca y la UHT, esto anticiparía un colapso en la venta de la leche fresca. Y por tal razón la gente dejarían de consumirla por su efecto económico,
Considero que la formulación política reguladora local si se vio perjudicada por esta acción. Debido que la leche fresca es un producto importante. Y al intervenir el gobierno federal quienes defendieron a los dueños del capital, causando un daño a la empresa nacional, al pequeño comerciante y al consumidor. Podemos ver que los efectos fueron devastadores ya que el aumento en la leche fue inevitable. Esto afecto el bolsillo de muchos consumidores, como a su vez a los ganaderos que muchas veces la leche al no ser consumida y no haber gran venta puede verse en la necesidad de desperdiciar litros del producto. No solo eso al consumidor no le da opción de tener que comprar el producto más económico y que rinda mucho mas como lo es la leche UHT.
Este caso nos da a entender que el poder que tiene la jurisdicción federal para irse por encima de la formulación de la política pública local es en su totalidad. Esto aunque en Puerto Rico tiene sus tribunales donde pueden tener sus litigios, pero existen ciertos casos donde el tribunal federal determinan las causas relacionadas con el gobierno de los EU o sus funcionarios, la constitución política de los EU o leyes federales o alguna controversia entre estados. Una causa puede interponerse ante el tribunal federal aun si no surgiese ninguna cuestión relacionada con las leyes federales o la situación surja entre ciudadanos de los EU y otros países. No obstante, con la clausula de supremacía de Constitución Política, la ley federal prevalece sobre cualquier ley estatal que sea contraria. Si mencionamos algún ejemplo sobre esta situación podemos decir el caso donde el tribunal federal, en el caso de las farmacia de comunidad y las grandes cadenas a las que el mismo tribunal federal las eximio de cumplir con la regulación de Certificado de Necesidad y Conveniencia del gobierno de Puerto Rico. Otro ejemplo en los mismos Estados Unidos a pesar que la eutanasia activa es ilegal en todos los estados, los pacientes tienen el derecho a rechazar tratamiento médico y recibir tratamiento del dolor aunque esto acorte su vida. Esta práctica de la eutanasia pasiva que es aceptada por la corte suprema. En Washington, Oregón y Montana se considera legal el suicidio asistido.

http://www.lexjuris.com/reglamentos/daco/lexr1990%20calidad%20y%20seguridad%20de%20productos.htm

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...Woodrow Wilson defines public administration as the detailed and systematic application of law. While another definition emphasizes policy execution, policy formation and administrative responsibility citing that the goal of administrative responsibility is to administer programs efficiently and ensure that both the process and its results are accountable to elected officials, and ultimately, to the people. My view, public administration is bureaucracy in action. It is the coordination and advancement of policies so that the government can function effectively. It is also concerned with government organization, the many officials, both elected and unelected, public servants and administrators to be formally responsible for their conduct and behavior while they sit in office, at all levels of government. Public Administration is the translation of politics into reality for the citizens to see. Nothing is more central in thinking about public administration than the nature and interrelation of politics and administration. There are a variety of modern empirical studies and research that public administration and politics will always be intertwined one way or another. Separating politics and administration is conceivable only to a certain extent, partly because governing politicians must, in some way, be able to develop an administrative mechanism to create the best possible conditions to ensure the effecting of policies. Appleby contended that it is impossible...

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Public Administration

...Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function." Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct"[6] Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, human resources (H.R.) administrators, city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government. In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into academia...

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Public Administration

...Name Professor Course Class Date Public Administration Question 1 Heclo’s concept of Issue networks states that government policies emerge from an interaction of a large number of participants who have varied degree of dependence and commitment on each other. The issue networks is the opposite of the Iron triangle theory. According to (Stillman 408), the Iron triangle is the interaction among the elected members of Congress, career bureaucrats and the interest groups. The iron triangle proposes that policies are made when the Congress passes favorable legislations; which are to be implemented by the bureaucrats and then supported by the special interest groups. In the Issue networks, the primary interest of the participants is either emotional or intellectual. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) was initially slated to feed malnourished school children whistle supporting the farmers. However, in the 1990s, the program was transformed to an initiative to promoting sound nutrition among the youth. This transformation process is what is referred to as “reinvention” (Stillman 410). To implement this program, there has to be interplay between political and technocratic interests. During the reinvention, several health and consumer advocates came out to support the change while some were against. The operation of this policy is a complex one involving several interest groups, consumer advocacy groups and professional associations. The system starts with the legislations...

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Fundamental of Public Administration

...Fundamentals of Public Administration: “Public Office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice and lead modest life. ( Sec 1, Article XI of 1987 Philippines Constitution).   How can we show our commitment to public interest? Base on the article of public servant in the Commission on election. Public Office is a public trust , therefore I am bound to commit myself as a public servant to obey due diligence of a good mother of the family in the exercise of my duty as election officer . My decision should be guided well on how to use the resources and powers which should be used for the betterment of the community and for the Firstly,   dedication to work is very important and this will help me decide on how to work efficiently by organizing the agenda and work plans for the   day so that there would be a smooth flow of output in the accomplishment to whatever reports needed. Secondly,   by using justly the knowledge and experiences in the assigned work in the office, sometimes it counts when there is a devotion and dedication in the assigned task . Thirdly, honesty is the best policy , especially   with the disposition of   office supplies and funds in the Office, my duty is to dispose it properly and all accounted for and recycle some office supplies . Lastly, by   exercising the cost-effective way to use the...

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