Free Essay

Adsl

In:

Submitted By Bonoto
Words 3545
Pages 15
The Asian Games, officially known as Asiad,[clarification needed] is a multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The Games were regulated by the Asian Games Federation (AGF) from the first Games in New Delhi, India, until the 1978 Games. Since the 1982 Games they have been organized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), after the breakup of the Asian Games Federation.[1] The Games are recognized by the International Olympic Committee(IOC) and are described as the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympic Games.[2][3]
In its history, nine nations have hosted the Asian Games. 46 nations have participated in the Games, including Israel, which was excluded from the Games after their last participation in 1974.
The last Asian Games was held in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China from 12 November to 27 November 2010. The next Games will be held in Incheon, South Korea. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 1.1 Prior formation * 1.2 Formation * 1.3 Crisis, reorganization, expansion * 1.4 Future changes * 2 Participation * 3 Sports * 4 Medal count * 5 Samsung MVP award * 6 List of Asian Games * 7 See also * 8 References * 9 External links |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]History
[edit]Prior formation
Before the Asian Games were held, there was a gathering known as the Far Eastern Games which was first mooted in 1912 between Empire of Japan, thePhilippine Islands and China. The first Games were then held in Manila in 1913 and ten further gatherings were held until 1934. However, against the backdrop of the second Sino-Japanese War in 1934, in the face of Japan's insistence on including Manchu Empire as competitor nation in the Games, China announced its withdrawal from participation. The Games scheduled for 1938 were cancelled and the organization was discontinued thereafter.
[edit]Formation
After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. Many of the newly independent Asian countries wanted to see a new type of competition where Asian dominance would not be shown by violence but would be strengthened by mutual understanding. During the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, a conversation between sportsmen from China and the Philippines raised the idea of restoring the Far Eastern Games. However, the Indian International Olympic Committee representative Guru Dutt Sondhi thought that the restoration of the Games would not be sufficient to show the spirit of unity and level of achievement in Asian sports, so proposed to sports leaders the idea of having discussions about holding a wholly new competition — the Asian Games. This gave rise to the agreement to form the Asian Athletic Federation. A preparatory committee was set up to draft the charter for this new body. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Athletic Federation was formally inaugurated in New Delhi, alongside the name Asian Games Federation, with New Delhi announced as the first host city of the Asian Games which were scheduled to be held in 1950.[4][5]
[edit]Crisis, reorganization, expansion

First Asian Games Opening Ceremony
Starting in 1962, the Games were hit by several crises. First, the host country Indonesia, refused to permit the participation of Israel and the Republic of China due to political and religious issues. As a result, the IOC removed its sponsorship of the Games and terminated Indonesia as one of the IOC members.[6] The Asian Football Confederation (AFC),[7] International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), also removed their recognition of the Games.[8][9]
In 1970, South Korea dropped its plan to host the Games declined due to national security crisis, however the main reason was due to financial crisis, forcing the previous host Thailand to administer the Games again in Bangkok using funds transferred from South Korea.[10] Prior to the Games, Japan was asked to host the Games, but declined due to Expo '70 in Osaka.[11] This edition also marked the first time the Games have a television broadcasting throughout the world.[12] In 1974, the Games formally recognized the participation of China, North Korea and Mongolia. Israel was allowed to participate despite the opposition from Arab world, while Taiwan was permitted to take part despite its status was abolished in general meeting on November 16, 1973 by Games Federation.[13]
The last is 1978, Pakistan dropped its plan to host the Games in 1975 due to financial crisis and political issues.[14] Thailand offered to help and the Games were once again held in Bangkok. However, once again, like in 1962, Taiwan and Israel were refused the participation by Games Federation, amid political issues and security fears.[15] Several governing bodies protested against the ban, like IAAF, threatened to bar the participating players from 1980 Summer Olympics,[16] this caused several teams to withdraw prior to the Games.[17]
Following this series of crises, the National Olympic Committee in Asia decided to revise the constitution of the Asian Games Federation. A new association, named the Olympic Council of Asia, was created in November 1981 with the exclusion of Israel.[18] India was already scheduled to host the 1982 Games and the OCA decided not to drop the old AGF timetable. The OCA formally supervised the Games starting with the 1986 Asian Games in South Korea.[19] In the succeeding Games, Taiwan (Republic of China) was re-admitted, but was forced by the People's Republic of China to compete under the nameChinese Taipei.[20]
In 1994, the Games included the former republics of the Soviet Union of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan for the first time. It was also the first time that the Games had been held outside the capital city of the host country.[21] However, Iraq was suspended from the Games due to the Persian Gulf War in 1990, while North Korea boycotted the Games due to relation problems. It was also marred by the death of Nepalese delegation Nareshkumar Adhikari during the Games' opening ceremony.[22] The 1998 Games marked the fourth time the Games had been held in Bangkok, Thailand. Differ to December 6 as opening ceremony date to previous three occasions on December 9, the Games were closing on same day all time, December 20, while all opened by Bhumibol Adulyadej.
[edit]Future changes
The number of competition events is scheduled to shrink down to just 35 sports at the 2014 Games to be held in Incheon, South Korea. 2014 will also see the last Games hosted in an even-numbered year, as the Olympic Council of Asia pushed the subsequent Games to just one year ahead of the Olympic Games. This means the 18th Asian Games which were originally planned for 2018 will be pushed to 2019.
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Participation
See also: Olympic Council of Asia

2006 Asian Games
All 45 members affiliated to the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) are eligible to take part in the Games. In history, 46 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have sent competitors to the Games. Israel has been excluded from the Games since 1976, the reason cited as being due to security reasons.[23] Israel requested to participate in the 1982 Games, but the request was rejected by the organizers due to incident in 1972 Summer Olympics.[24] Israel is now a member of theEuropean Olympic Committees (EOC).
Due to its continuing ambiguous political status, Taiwan has participated in the Games under the flag of Chinese Taipei since 1990. Macau is allowed to compete as one of the NOCs in Asian Games, despite not being recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for participation in the Olympic Games.
In 2007, the President of OCA, Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah, rejected the proposal to allow Australia to participate in the Games. He stated that while Australia would add good value to the Asian Games, it would be unfair to the other NOCs in Oceania.[25]
Only seven countries, namely India, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Thailand have competed in all editions of the games.
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Sports
Main article: Asian Games sports
44 sports were presented in Asian Games history, including 2010 Games in Guangzhou. Sport | Years | Aquatics | since 1951 | Archery | since 1978 | Athletics | since 1951 | Badminton | since 1962 | Baseball | since 1994 | Basketball | since 1951 | Board games | since 2006 | Bodybuilding | 2002–2006 | Bowling | 1978, 1986, since 1994 | Boxing | since 1954 | Canoeing | since 1986 | Cricket | 2010 | Cue sports | since 1998 | Cycling | 1951, since 1958 | Dancesport | 2010 | Dragon boat | 2010 | Equestrian | 1982–1986, since 1994 | Fencing | 1974–1978, since 1986 | Football | since 1951 | Golf | since 1982 | Gymnastics | since 1974 | Handball | since 1982 | | Sport | Years | Hockey | since 1958 | Judo | since 1986 | Kabaddi | since 1990 | Karate | since 1994 | Modern pentathlon | 1994, 2002, 2010 | Roller sports | 2010 | Rowing | since 1982 | Rugby union | since 1998 | Sailing | 1970, since 1978 | Sepaktakraw | since 1990 | Shooting | since 1954 | Softball | since 1990 | Soft tennis | since 1990 | Squash | since 1998 | Table tennis | 1958–1966, since 1974 | Taekwondo | 1986, since 1994 | Tennis | 1958–1966, since 1974 | Triathlon | since 2006 | Volleyball | since 1958 | Weightlifting | 1951–1958, since 1966 | Wrestling | since 1954 | Wushu | since 1990 | |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Medal count
Main article: All-time Asian Games medal table
Of the 46 National Olympic Committees participating throughout the history of the Games, 43 nations have won at least a single medal in the competition, leaving three nations: Bhutan, Maldives and Timor-Leste yet to win a single medal. 34 nations have won at least a single gold medal, while Japan and China became the only two nations in history to emerge as overall champions.
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Samsung MVP award
Samsung introduced the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in Asian Games since 1998 Games in Bangkok, Thailand. Below is the list of winners: Year | Athlete | Sport | Ref | 1998 | Koji Ito | Athletics | [26] | 2002 | Kosuke Kitajima | Swimming | [26] | 2006 | Park Tae-Hwan | Swimming | [27] | 2010 | Lin Dan | Badminton | [28] |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]List of Asian Games

Host countries of the games through 2014. Red spot denotes the city of the Games. Year | Games | Host | Dates | Nations | Athletes | Sports | Events | Ref | 1951 | I | New Delhi, India | March 4–11 | 11 | 489 | 6 | 57 | [29] | 1954 | II | Manila, Philippines | May 1–9 | 19 | 970 | 8 | 76 | [30] | 1958 | III | Tokyo, Japan | May 28 – June 1 | 16 | 1,820 | 13 | 97 | [31] | 1962 | IV | Jakarta, Indonesia | August 24 – September 4 | 12 | 1,460 | 13 | 88 | [32] | 1966 | V | Bangkok, Thailand | December 9–20 | 16 | 1,945 | 14 | 143 | [33] | 1970 | VI | Bangkok, Thailand | December 9–20 | 16 | 2,400 | 13 | 135 | [34] | 1974 | VII | Tehran, Iran | September 1–16 | 19 | 3,010 | 16 | 202 | [35] | 1978 | VIII | Bangkok, Thailand | December 9–20 | 19 | 3,842 | 19 | 201 | [36] | 1982 | IX | New Delhi, India | November 19 – December 4 | 23 | 3,411 | 21 | 147 | [37] | 1986 | X | Seoul, South Korea | September 20 – October 5 | 27 | 4,839 | 25 | 270 | [38] | 1990 | XI | Beijing, China | September 22 – October 7 | 36 | 6,122 | 29 | 310 | [39] | 1994 | XII | Hiroshima, Japan | October 2–16 | 42 | 6,828 | 34 | 337 | [40] | 1998 | XIII | Bangkok, Thailand | December 6–20 | 41 | 6,554 | 36 | 376 | [41] | 2002 | XIV | Busan, South Korea | September 29 – October 14 | 44 | 7,711 | 38 | 419 | [42] | 2006 | XV | Doha, Qatar | December 1–15 | 45 | 9,520 | 39 | 424 | [43] | 2010 | XVI | Guangzhou, China | November 12–27 | 45 | 9,704 | 42 | 476 | [44] | 2014 | XVII | Incheon, South Korea | September 19 – October 4 | Future event | 2019 | XVIII | Surabaya, Indonesia or Dubai, UAE or Taipei, Chinese Taipei or Hanoi, Vietnam
(TBD 8 November 2012) | | Future event | 2023 | XIX | To be determined | | Future event |

The 2011 Asian Winter Games was a multi sporting event that was being held in Astana and Almaty, Kazakhstan and that began on January 30, 2011 and ended on February 6, 2011. It was the first time that Kazakhstan hosted such a large event since independence from the Soviet Union.[4] The documents for the hosting city were signed in Kuwait on March 4, 2006.[5] Contents [hide] * 1 Venues and financing * 2 Medal table * 3 Venues * 4 Torch relay * 5 Sports Events * 6 Participating NOCs[17] * 6.1 Non-Competing nations * 7 Calendar * 8 References * 9 External links |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Venues and financing
Astana Mayor Imangali Tasmagambetov announced venues being built include a multipurpose Sports Palace which will seat up to 15,000 spectators, a ski jump complex, a biathlon stadium, and an athlete village.
Upgrades to existing venues included modernizing the Central Stadium, the B. Sholak Sports Palace, Medeo Skating Rink, and Shimbulak Ski Resort. The ski area was increased fivefold from the current 5 km to 65 km. In 2008 a gondola lift from Medeo Skating Rink to Shymbulak Ski Resort was planned to be completed, however, only in the summer of 2010 construction really started and was under serious time preassure. Medeo Skating rink, built in 1972, is an outdoor rink about a half-hour from Almaty. It is surrounded by the Tian Shan Mountains.[6]
Kazakh Minister of Sports Temirkhan Dosmukhambetov notes the USD 726 million for construction and renovation comes from the 2008 state budget. The Olympic village, on the other hand, will be financed by private investors. Overall, Kazakhstan is spending over $1.4 billion to develop the area it in advance of the games.[6]
Upgrades to the Almaty airport were finished by December 2008; transport issues are also being reviewed. Millions of KZT are being earmarked for reconstruction and construction of main transport routes, overpasses, a ring road as well as investment in a light railway transport line between Talgar, Almaty, and Kaskelen. The plan also included purchases of city passenger buses, taxis, and possibly the construction of an underground electric transport system.
Almaty also upgraded its power supply network of substations and transmission lines. Expansion and reconstruction of heating systems was also recommended. A portion also got into environmental stabilisation.[7]
In 2008, both Medeo and Shymbulak Ski Resort were rebuilt in preparation for the Games. By 2015, Vladimir Smirnov, deputy head of the national ski federation, sayd the Shymbulak complex will play a key role in any prospective Olympic bid, and "by 2015 Shymbulak should become one of the world's ten largest ski resorts". People love to ski in Shymbulak, and many teenagers spend their weekends over there.[8]
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Medal table
Kazakhstan won the same amount of gold medals as it did in 2007 on the first day of the competition on the way to topping the medal table for the first time. Iran and Kyrgyzstan won their first ever Asian Winter Games medals, Iran in ski orienteering and alpine skiing and Kyrgyzstan in bandy. 8 countries won medals the most ever at an Asian Winter Games.
Key
The host country is highlighted in lavender blue Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | 1 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 32 | 21 | 17 | 70 | 2 | Japan (JPN) | 13 | 24 | 17 | 54 | 3 | South Korea (KOR) | 13 | 12 | 13 | 38 | 4 | China (CHN) | 11 | 10 | 14 | 35 | 5 | Mongolia (MGL) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Iran (IRI) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | North Korea (PRK) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Total | 69 | 69 | 69 | 207 |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Venues

Shymbulak was the site of alpine skiing events

Medeo during the final of the bandy tournament

Ski Jump centre in Almaty, built for the Games. Location | Venue[9] | Sports | Capacity | Astana | Astana Arena | Opening ceremony | 30,000 | | Indoor Speed Skating Stadium | Speed skating | 8,773 | | Kazakhstan Sports Palace (arena 1) | Ice hockey | 5,050 | | Kazakhstan Sports Palace (arena 2) | Ice hockey | 1,200 | | Republican Cycling Track | Short track speed skating, figure skating | 8,000 | Almaty | Baluan Sholak Palace of Culture and Sports | Ice hockey, closing ceremony | 5,000 | | Medeo | Bandy | 8,500 | | International Ski Jump Complex | Ski jumping | 9,500 | | Shymbulak Alpine Sport Resort | Alpine skiing | 3,000 | | Biathlon and Cross Country Skiing Stadium | Biathlon, cross-country skiing, ski orienteering | 6,200 | | Tabagan Sport and Recreation Complex | Freestyle skiing | 2,250 |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Torch relay | This section may need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (February 2011) |
The flame of the Games was officially lit at Kuwait Towers, Kuwait City on January 11, 2011.[10][11] The relay was officially start in Almaty on January 12, 2011 and span around the cities in Kazakhstan for 16 days before arrive at the opening ceremony on January 30, 2011.[12] Date | City[13] | Length | Number of torchbearers | January 12 | Almaty | 11.7km | 80[12] | January 13 | Taraz | 12km [14] | 60[15] | January 14 | Shymkent | | | January 15 | Kyzylorda | | | January 16 | Aktau | | | January 17 | Atyrau | | | January 18 | Oral | | | January 19 | Aktobe | | | January 20 | Kostanay | | | January 21 | Petropavl | | | January 22–23 | Kokshetau | | | January 24 | Pavlodar | | | January 25–26 | Oskemen | | | January 27 | Taldykorgan | | | January 28–29 | Karagandy | | | January 30 | Astana | | |
-------------------------------------------------
[edit]Sports Events

What Are the Asian Games?
The Asian Games are Asia’s version of the Olympic Games and are the second largest multi-sport event after the Olympics. The Asian Games, also called Asiad, were formed after World War II when newly independent Asian countries wanted to host an event that would unite Asian countries through sports. The Games are overseen by the Olympic Council of Asia with oversight from the International Olympic Committee.
The first Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India in 1951. Like the Olympics, the Asian Games are held every four years. The 17th Asian Games will be held in 2014 in Incheon, South Korea, but the 18th Asian Games will be held in 2019, in order for there to be one year between the Asian Games and the Olympic Games. Since 1958, the motto of the Games has been “Ever Onward.”
Who Competes in the Asian Games?
Some 45 members of the Olympic Council of Asia, the governing body of sports in Asia, compete in the Asian Games; however, which countries participate has varied during the Asian Games’ history.
During the 1962 games, Taiwan and Israel were not allowed to participate. In 1970, South Korea was scheduled to host the games but backed out citing security issues. In 1974, China, North Korea and Mongolia were formally allowed to participate. In 1990, Iraq was not allowed to compete because of the Gulf War.
Just as in the Olympics, today Taiwan participates as Chinese Taipei while Macau competes separately from China even though it is not separately recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Israel remains banned from the Asian Games and a member of the European Olympic Committee.
What Sports Are Played in the Asian Games?
Thousands of athletes compete in over 40 sporting events, including gymnastics, swimming, diving, basketball, baseball, table tennis and soccer. Non-traditional sports, including board games like Chinese chess and 圍棋 (Wéiqí, Go) are also part of the competition. Bodybuilding is no longer included in the Games.Starting with the next Asian Games in 2014, only 35 sports will be played. Athletes are awarded gold, silver, and bronze medals for first, second, and third place, respectively.
How Are the Guangzhou Asian Games 2010 Different from Previous Asian Games?
Several new sporting events have made their debut at the Guangzhou Asian Games 2010. The new events include: cricket, dancesport, dragonboat, roller sports, and board game, wéiqí (Go). In some sports, new rules have been introduced. For example, in taekwondo, head strikes are now allowed.
The Asian Games, also referred to as Asiad, are an international multi-sport event of the modern era, currently held every four years at the mid-point of the Olympic quadrennium. Participants include athletes from the Asian continent and the event is usually held in late summer to early fall.
Based on a model of the Olympic Games, the Asian Games are overseen by the Olympic Council of Asia under the supervision of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) is one of the five continental associations that are recognized by the IOC. In a bit of an interesting twist, the OCA is based in Kuwait despite the fact that the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait was suspended in January of 2010 because of political interference by the government. (International Olympic Committee)
The Asian Games is one of several major international events in which diving is included. As with similar events such as the Pan American Gamesand the Commonwealth Games, the Asian Games can many times be counted as a stepping stone to the Olympics for diving competitors.
The precursor of the Asian Games were the Far East Games that began in 1913, but due to political and military conflicts were discontinued in 1937. Renewed again in 1951 and held in New Delhi, India, the event was renamed the Asian Games.
The current version of the Asian Games includes over 40 sports and close to 5,000 athletes, making it the second largest multi-sport competition in the world, second only to the Olympics.Asian Games by Year and Site * 1951 – New Delhi, India * 1954 – Manila, Philippines * 1958 – Tokyo, Japan * 1962 – Jakarta, Indonesia * 1966 – Bangkok, Thailand * 1970 – Bangkok, Thailand * 1974 – Tehran, Iran * 1978 – Bangkok, Thailand * 1982 – New Delhi, India * 1986 – Seoul, South Korea * 1990 – Beijing, China * 1994 – Hiroshima, Japan * 1998 – Bangkok, Thailand * 2002 – Busan, South Korea * 2006 – Doha, Qatar * 2010 – Guangzhou, China * 2014 – Incheon, South Korea

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Dsl and Adsl

...ADSL (ing.. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line — asimmetrik rəqəmsal abunəçi xətti) — adi analoq telefon xətlərini yüksək sürətli qoşulma xətlərinə çevirən modem texnologiyasıdır. İnkişaf tarixi ADSL texnologiyasının inkişaf tarixi iyirminci əsrin səksəninci illərindən başlayır. O zaman Interaktiv televiziyanı təmin edən texnologiyaların axtarışı aparılırdı. 1987 –ci ildə Bellcore şirkəti xDSL texnologiyasının ilk spesifikasiyasını təqdim etdi və həmin texnologiyanı ABŞ-nın telefon şəbəkələrində işə saldı.. Lakin sonradan şirkət parçalandı, texnologiya isə müvəqqəti istifadədən çıxdı. Doxsanıncı illərin ortalarında xDSL abunəçinin rəqəmsal xətləri asimmetrik modifikasiyası ilə - ADSL-lə təkmilləşdirildi. Sonrakı illərdə ADSL vasitəsi ilə məlumatın ötürülməsini həyata keçirmək üçün yeni və təkmilləşdirilmiş mikrosxem yığımı yaradıldı. Hal-hazırda ADSL daha sürətli Fast Ethernet texnologiyası tərəfindən sıxışdırılıb çıxarılır. Bunun səbəbi – ADSL şəbəkəsində ötürmə qabiliyyətinin məhdud olmasıdır, 24 Mbit/s (ADSL2+) abunəçi istiqamətində və abunəçidən 1.4 Mbit/s, belə ki, FastEthernet dolanmış naqil cütü üzərindən 100 Mbit/s, hətta 1Gbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet) sürəti ilə məlumatın ötürülməsini təmin edir. Təşkili ADSL texnologiyası üzrə məlumatın ötürülməsi adi analoq telefon xətti ilə, abunəçi qurğusu – ADSL modemi və ATS də bilavasitə abunəçinin xəttində quraşdırılmış multiplekserin (ing. DSL Access Multiplexer, DSLAM ) vasitəsi ilə həyata keçirilir....

Words: 3573 - Pages: 15

Free Essay

Broadband Technologies

...PROJECT REPORT ON TRAINING IN BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED Submitted by: Varsha Khanna IT-06 110808 Acknowledgement Success of every project depends largely on the SELF & encouragement and guidance of many others. We take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this study project. First of all we would like to thank the Management at BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (BSNL) for giving us the opportunity to do our one-month project in their esteemed institution. We also thank our Internal Guide Ms.Kiran for providing me with valuable advice and endless supply of new ideas and support for this project. INTRODUCTION Broadband is often called high-speed internet, because it usually has a high rate of data in general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or more is considered broadband internet. The international Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector (ITU-t) recommendation 1.113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity that is faster than primary rate ISDN, at 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s. The FCC definition of broadband is 200 kbit/s (0.2 Mbit/s) in one direction, and advanced broadband is at least 200 kbit/s in both directions. The OECD has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at least one direction and this bit rate is the most...

Words: 9604 - Pages: 39

Premium Essay

Broadband Network

...Unclassified DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 07-Apr-2006 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL Unclassified Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies MULTIPLE PLAY: PRICING AND POLICY TRENDS English - Or. English JT03207142 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL FOREWORD This report was presented to the Working Party on Telecommunication and Information Services Policies in December 2005 and was declassified by the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy in March 2006. The report was prepared by Mr. Yoshikazu Okamoto and Mr. Taylor Reynolds of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. It is published under the responsibility of the SecretaryGeneral of the OECD. © OECD/OCDE 2006 2 DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2005)12/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN POINTS.............................................................................................................................................. 6 Regulatory issues.....................

Words: 33525 - Pages: 135

Premium Essay

Lyt Task 2

...ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Satellite internet service Satellite Internet, Hughes Net Gen4 High-Speed Satellite Internet Provider (no date). Available at: .hughesnet.com/index.cfm?page=dspRuralHighSpeedInternet (Accessed: 4 April 2015). This article gave an overview for considerations for obtaining Hughes Net. The article also stated that Hughes Net is one of the companies that provides broadband Internet service to rural communities. It describes Hughes Net as a satellite internet provider that uses a satellite dish to provide broadband to the rural community. The article describes that the only thing that Hughes Net require is that you have a clear view to the south. It shows all the internet speed offer by Hughes Net. (Satellite Internet, Hughes Net Gen4 High-Speed Satellite Internet Provider, 2015). Sego, N. (no date) ‘About Exede'. Exede Satellite Internet. Available at http://www.exede.com/what-is-exede (Accessed: 5 April 2015). This article stated that Exede is a satellite Internet quantum leap that offer download speeds up to 12 Mbps. It describes Exede as a satellite internet provider that transmits the internet signal to a small dish mounted on your house or work. The article also describe the equipment Exede require it customers to buy before subscribe to it service. (Sego, 2015). I believe the satellite internet service will be good for NHS because it has a clear view to the south. And the satellite internet will be reliable and constant speed for NHS to send and ...

Words: 2056 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Modulation Techniques

...utilized. Three common ways that signals are transmitted include a 56K modem, an asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL), and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi). Each of these methods are effective means of transmitting a digital signal, however, the 56K modem is all but phased out in favor of Wi-Fi which has evolved by way of ADSL. The 56K modem offers signal modulation at 56 Kbps over a telephone network. The maximum available speed with a 56K modem is actually 64 Kbps and requires a nearly flawless digital connection at the transmitting and receiving end which is seldom available. The signal originates from the user’s Internet Service Provider’s office (usually as a digital signal) and is then converted to an analog signal by the telephone company. It is then the job of the user’s modem to convert the analog signal from the telephone company into a digital signal. The modem accomplishes this task by reading the amplitudes of the signal as an 8-bit symbol and uses an 8 kHz clock to time the signal as it is received in order to decode the data (Lawyer, 2007). As telephone companies increased their supply of internet access the demand for faster signal transmission opened the door for ADSL. Voice transmission over an ADSL only uses about 3 kHz of the over 1 MHz of available bandwidth. The unused bandwidth is where extremely fast data transmission is possible. ADSL uses carrierless-amplitude phase (CAP)to modulate signals over the line. It separates the line into three channels;...

Words: 528 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Lyt Task 2

...ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Satellite internet service Satellite Internet, Hughes Net Gen4 High-Speed Satellite Internet Provider (no date). Available at: .hughesnet.com/index.cfm?page=dspRuralHighSpeedInternet (Accessed: 4 April 2015). This article gave an overview for considerations for obtaining Hughes Net. The article also stated that Hughes Net is one of the companies that provides broadband Internet service to rural communities. It describes Hughes Net as a satellite internet provider that uses a satellite dish to provide broadband to the rural community. The article describes that the only thing that Hughes Net require is that you have a clear view to the south. It shows all the internet speed offer by Hughes Net. (Satellite Internet, Hughes Net Gen4 High-Speed Satellite Internet Provider, 2015). Sego, N. (no date) ‘About Exede'. Exede Satellite Internet. Available at http://www.exede.com/what-is-exede (Accessed: 5 April 2015). This article stated that Exede is a satellite Internet quantum leap that offer download speeds up to 12 Mbps. It describes Exede as a satellite internet provider that transmits the internet signal to a small dish mounted on your house or work. The article also describe the equipment Exede require it customers to buy before subscribe to it service. (Sego, 2015). I believe the satellite internet service will be good for NHS because it has a clear view to the south. And the satellite internet will be reliable and constant speed for NHS to send and ...

Words: 2056 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Infrastructure Assignment - 4

...1. Compare and contrast at least five technologies that are readily available for in-home internet access. You should consider practical as well as technical differences in your comparison. Do not include Frame Relay or ATM as these are primarily larger scale business solutions. 802.11N Higher-speed standards up to 300+ Mbps 802.11n uses (MIMO) technology and a wider radio frequency channel. It provides a mechanism called frame aggregation to decrease time between transmissions Channels operating at 40 MHz are another feature incorporated into 802.11n The transmitter and receiver use pre-coding & post-coding techniques to achieve the capacity of a MIMO link Video Conferencing A video conference is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously ITU H.320 is known as the standard for video conferencing over integrated services digital networks H.264 SVC is compression standard that enables video conferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient The components within a Conferencing System layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signal Plane and Media Plane The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size and many others Browser A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the information on the World Wide Web. Web browser is a client program...

Words: 2038 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Analog Versus Digital

...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...

Words: 2433 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Comparison of Analog and Digital Technology

...Comparison of Analog and Digital Technology NTC362 The process of Analog to Digital Conversion starts with the transmission of the original information, followed by the modulation and then reception at the receiver and making sure that there is no factor of signal degradation and noise. “The binary signal is made up of two symbols namely binary digits or bits 1 and 0. If there is no influence of noise and distortion during transmission, the binary information will be the same. The change in the signal is being measure at the receiver. Encoding is needless if the information to be transferred has already been converted in binary form just like in data communications. In contrary, voice communication through telephone is not in binary form. These are analog signals that vary in range of values and therefore must be converted to digital form before it is being used in digital communications system.” (T. T. (2011). Digital signal to analog signal conversions involve the use of DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converters). DAC accepts the discrete binary values and converts them into continuously-varying values of analog signal. This conversion may affect the fidelity of the signal if the process was not properly monitored. Analog telephone lines, most commonly called POTS lines, uses separate lines (e.g. standard phone and fax lines, alarm lines, etc.) from the digital equipment lines (e.g. PBX). The use of modem for computer’s...

Words: 2102 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Team Week 2

...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...

Words: 2307 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Team Week 2

...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...

Words: 2307 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Is589

...Time Remaining: 1. (TCO C) A peer-to-peer LAN: (Points: 5)        has more capability than a dedicated server        supports a higher number of computers than a dedicated server        is generally cheaper in hardware and software than a dedicated server        is not appropriate for sharing resources in a small LAN        is often much faster than dedicated server networks 2. (TCO C) When a computer transmit at the same time because it cannot sense that another computer on the WLAN is currently transmitting is referred to as the: (Points: 5)        out of range problem        collision problem        hidden node problem        controlled access problem        media access problem 3. (TCO E) With ANI security control, the network manager: (Points: 5)        uses the Authorization Notation Investigation protocol to trace only authorized user passwords        allows the Asynchronous NetWare Interface to act as a firewall        can define several remote telephone numbers authorized to access each account        assigns selected Access Network Invitations to users cleared for various levels of network access        can only define one remote telephone number authorized to access each account 4. (TCO E) A symmetric encryption system has two parts: the key and the ____________. (Points: 5)        algorithm        spamming method        IP spoofer        clearance code        smart card bits 5. (TCO F) Gaining an understanding...

Words: 421 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Analog and Digital Comparison Paper

...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Amanda Dyer, Derick Campos, Jesse Ford, Mehran Gerami, Nicolas Monteiro, Wendell Taylor NTC/362 October 15, 2015 Richard Swafford, Jr. Analog and Digital Technology: A Comparison Analog and digital are two different types of signals used to transmit audio or visual information from one place to another. Analog signals are continuous, meaning that there are no breaks or interruptions and digital signals are not continuous, they use specific values to represent information (Strickland, 2008). Analog transmissions are sent via electronic pulses of varying amplitude, while digital transmissions are converted into binary format to represent two individual amplitudes. Analog is cheap and has been used quite some time now, but the biggest issue with analog signals is the limitation of data that can be transmitted. Nowadays almost all equipment being produced is digital based. Analog to digital conversions or A/D conversions is the process of changing a continuous variable signal to a multi-level signal without altering the vital contents or the information or data. A prime example of a telecommunication that uses this form of conversion is a telephone modem. Voice communications vary in range and are not in binary form, so these analog signals must be translated into digital signals. Digital to analog conversions or DAC is the conversion of binary code to analog signal. In order words, signals having few defined levels or states are...

Words: 1984 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Networks 2b

...QUESTION1 Power Problems Alternating current (AC), which is “food” to PCs and other network devices, is normally 110 volts and changes polarity 60 times a second (or 60 Hertz). These values are referred to as line voltage. Any deviation from these values can create problems for a PC or other network device. Power problems fall into three categories: * Overage * Underage * Quality Power Overage Problems During a power overage, too much power is coming into the computer. Power overage can take two forms: * A power spike occurs when the power level rises above normal levels and then drops back to normal in less than one second. * A power surge occurs when the power level rises above normal levels and stays there for more than one or two seconds. Typically, power surges last longer than a second or two, and they may last for several minutes. Two types of devices are used to protect computers and other network devices from power overage problems: * Surge protectors * Line conditioners A surge protector contains a special electronic circuit that monitors the incoming voltage level and trips a circuit breaker when the overvoltage reaches a certain level (called the over- voltage threshold). The problem with surge protectors is that the threshold is set too high to be safe.Nor does a surge protector protect against power surges and spikes that are lower than the threshold. For the most part, a surge protector is better than nothing, but not by much...

Words: 2608 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Wired Lines

...Wired Media   ​Wired transmission lines are physical systems that are used to transmit certain physical quantities. They consist of a collection of a set of conductors made up of good conductors of electricity, like copper and aluminum, and a wire.  Some transmission lines used are t-1, t-3, OC lines, DSL, dial-up, and cable lines. ​A T-1 line is a copper or fiber optic telephone line that can carry more data than traditional dial-up lines. These lines were originally made with twisted copper. T-1 lines are still being made, but the standard is slowly being upgraded to fiber optic lines. T-1 lines can transmit 1.544 Mbps. They connect geographically separate offices through a private voice and/or data connection. It is very useful for small businesses and commercial buildings with more than 8 lines. Getting a T-1 line is costly (around $1,500 a month), however it could save money for companies who have many phone lines. ​T-3 lines are a collection of about 28 T-1 lines that can transmit data at 44.736 Mbps. Obviously they are faster than T-1 lines, because they have a collection of 28 T-1 lines. They are used for longer distances than T-1 as well. Similar to T-1 lines, they are used to connect geographically separate offices through a private voice and/or data connection. They cost upwards of $3,000 a month to operate so not all small businesses can afford to have a T-3 line. ​Optical Carrier lines (OC lines), are a part of the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET). OC-1 is...

Words: 1044 - Pages: 5