...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...then converted into energy. Diabetes is uncontrollable when there is a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream, and there is not enough glucose entering the cells. If left untreated, diabetes can cause damage to the brain, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, and complications to other parts of the body. Diabetes often appears in childhood or adolescence. Etiology The disease affects more than 20 million Americans and more than 40 million Americans have pre-diabetes that can lead to type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance. Three Major Types of Diabetes Type I Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | Gestational Diabetes | Diagnosed in childhood or adolescence; the disease can occur in adults. | Common than type 1 diabetes; makes up many of the disease. | Develops at any time during pregnancy. | The body cannot produce insulin. | Occurs frequently in young people, and adulthood. | Women are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. | Cause is unknown Genetics, autoimmune problems, and virus play a significant role | Pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to sustain normal levels of blood glucose. | Cardiovascular disease can develop later in life. | Body requires daily injections of insulin. | Causes consist of increasing obesity and lack of exercise. | | (Amoroso, 2011) Pathophysiology Ningthoujam...
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...people with this condition never have symptoms. When diagnosed, people may be surprised to learn that they have a heart condition. When signs and symptoms do occur, it's typically because of mitral regurgitation. Mitral valve prolapse symptoms can vary widely from one person to another. They tend to be mild, develop gradually and may include arrhythmia, dizziness or lightheadedness, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, often when lying flat or during physical activity, fatigue, coughing, and chest pain that’s not caused by a heart attack or coronary artery disease. Mitral valve prolapse often runs in families and can be linked to other conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, adult polycystic kidney disease, Ebstein’s anomaly, and scoliosis. Although most people with mitral valve prolapse never have problems, complications can occur. Complications tend to occur in middle-aged or older adults. They may...
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...factors and improve overall health. The following case study will be utilized to apply current guidelines for the treatment and management of hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypothyroidism including patient education, monitoring, and clinical end points. Case Study A 45 year old African American male returns for a six month follow-up for blood pressure (BP) control. The patient complains of on-going symptoms over the past few months of dry cough, sleep disturbances, fatigue, constipation, weight gain, and dry skin. The patient denies pain, shortness of breath, edema, or sputum production. Pulse is 80 and regular, BP is 148/110, and BMI is 28. He is six feet tall and weighs 205 pounds. Labs reveal TSH of 5.2, free T4 of 0.8, free T3 1.8, Creatinine 2.1, BUN 22. Family history includes stroke, heart attack, and high cholesterol. Current medications are daily multivitamin, Lisinopril 10 mg once daily, over-the-counter (OTC) Robitussin, and OTC laxative as needed (University of Phoenix, 2014, Week Seven Case Study). The patient can be diagnosed with uncontrolled HTN, subclinical hypothyroidism, and may have chronic kidney disease (CKD). Untreated HTN can lead to heart attack, stroke, renal failure, and death (James et al., 2013). Hypothyroidism is diagnosed in approximately five percent of adults, and many of them are considered subclinical (Ross, Cooper & Mulder, 2014). Hypothyroidism can increase cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia...
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...which is calculated using the height and weight of a person. According to Centre for disease control and prevention (Childhood obesity facts) obesity is a result of caloric imbalance that is consumption more calories than the calories body expends. The causes of childhood obesity are lifestyle habits and behaviors, genetic s or family history, environmental factors, metabolism and in some cases medical conditions. The most contributing factor in childhood obesity is lifestyle behaviors such as lack of physical exercise, unhealthy eating habits and or combination of those. In present day lifestyle habits are characterized by consumption of junk foods that have high calories from fats and sugars and low proteins, vitamins and minerals. Also children are now physically in active because of watching TVs, social media and playing computer games. The result of such life style is that more calories are consumed and fewer calories are used by the body leading to obesity. There is numerous health risks associated with childhood obesity. While some health risks are immediate others are long-term. The immediate health risks affect the child while still in childhood while the long term comorbidities will affect the child later in adulthood (lakshmsn, Elks, & Ong, 2012). Immediate childhood health risks include increased probability of cardiovascular disease, such hypertension, early heart diseases and high cholesterol (Childhood obesity facts). Also childhood obesity is associated...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete...
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...(CVA). I’m going to start by naming the physiological disorder with a definition for the both. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: This type of physiological disorder is the most common form of diabetes. If an individual was to have this type of disorder the body wouldn’t be using insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance, because at first the pancreas would have made extra insulin which would have made up for it. Type 2 diabetes was once known as adult onset or noninsulin dependent Diabetes, this is a very chronic condition for an individual to go through. So anyone having this physiological disorder will have conditions which will affect their body metabolizes sugar. Glucose is very significant source of energy which your body need. If you have type 2 diabetes your body will either resists the effects of insulin this is a hormone which’s help regulate the movements of the sugars which go into your cells, or it doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level in the body. This condition is more common in adult people, type 2 diabetes increasingly affects children as childhood obesity increases. There is no cure which can cure this type of condition but having type 2 diabetes can be manageable when eating well, exercising and keeping a healthily weight. If you find that being on a diet and...
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... 1 Managerial Epidemiology – HAS 535 – Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study: Diabetes Descriptive Epidemiology Case Study 2 Diabetes, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States is a disease in which the body has a shortage of insulin, a decreased ability to use insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose (sugar) to enter cells and be converted to energy. When diabetes is not controlled, glucose and fats remain in the blood, and, overtime, damage vital organs. In a healthy person, blood sugar levels, which fluctuates based on food intake, exercise and other factors are kept within an acceptable by insulin. Insulin, the hormone produced by the pancreas, helps the body absorb excess sugar from the bloodstream; therefore, in people with diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin thus increasing the blood sugar levels making it difficult to be controlled by insulin. Type 1 diabetes, diagnosed in children and young adults (although it can occur at any age) is an autoimmune disease that may be caused by genetic, environmental or other factors. It accounts for about 5 percent of diabetes cases. Although there are no known ways to prevent it, administration of insulin is an effective treatment. Type 2 diabetes which accounts for 90-95 percent of cases is usually associated with older age, obesity and physical...
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...(Brashers, 2010). It is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research, widespread patient education, and a concerted effort on the part of health care professionals have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. I. Prevalence of disease (in US) and risk factors Hypertension is a major U.S. health problem affecting some 50 million individuals. Approximately 65% of Americans older than age 60 have hypertension. Of those diagnosed with hypertension, over 30% do not have their hypertension adequately treated and controlled. Ninety to ninety-five percent of hypertension is idiopathic and called primary hypertension. Five to ten percent of hypertension is the result of an identifiable etiologic cause and is called secondary hypertension. According to Center of Disease Control (CDC) the prevalence of hypertension, 45.3% had been treated with antihypertensive medication. Percentages of those treated for HBP were higher among women than men (56.1% versus 45.2%) and increased with age. The age-adjusted proportion who reported treatment was 55.4% among non-Hispanic blacks, 48.6% among non-Hispanic whites, and 34.9% among Mexican Americans. Only 29% of U.S. adults with hypertension had controlled BP levels ( women before...
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...SSM2 Introduction Eukaryotic cells contain hair-like projecting organelles, known as cilia and flagella, which are involved in many sensory and motile functions of the human body, thus any abnormalities in their characteristic 9+2 axonemal structure or their functioning can lead to many different disease processes. In my review I will look at the structure and functions of eukaryotic cilia in the human body and the ways in which mutated or abnormal gene expression can result in their malfunction and cause disease, looking specifically at Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia and the DNAH5 gene. Structure of cilia Cilia and flagella have very similar structures. Cilia are about 0.25 micrometers in diameter and 2-20 micrometers long (4) and flagella tend to be longer, 10-100micrometers and fewer per cell than cilia. They are both synthesized by and project from structures known as basal bodies which are a type of centriole located at the cells periphery, which anchors cilia to the cells body and cytoskeleton. They are also microtubule organizing centers which control the direction of the movement of the cilia (1). Both cilia and Flagella are made up of nine outer fused pairs of microtubule doublets (see figure 1) (3)(8), one of which is complete (A- tubule) and one incomplete (B-tubule), which join together via nexin protein links creating a circular network of microtubule doublets(3) (see figure 1) which surrounds two central single microtubules...
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...themselves healthy from getting sick. Children are on the rise of being obese and they are the number one group that is being affected. If the child is over weight we need to teach the parents as well how to eat right and exercise wit h your kids so that they wont be obese and at the same time you can be a roel model because if they see there parents then they will do what there parents are doing as well. The parents play a big role because they rely on them to guide them and tell them what to do and if you don’t do that then that could be a reason they could be obese as well. Obesity Obesity is on the rise and it went up 1.1% and two point four million people have been added to ranking in just the past two years. About seventy two million adults are now obese in the U.S and climing. (Doheny, 2005-2010). The CDC uses a surevye known as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) it is used to update the specific obesisty rate in each state nationally as well. BRFSS is a surevey dine over the phone in each state to get the accurate information they need from people. (Doheny, 2005-2010). The survey indicated that not one state met the Healthy People 2010 target of reducing obesity to 15%, although some states did better than others. (Doheny, 2005-2010). Obesisty is defined by you body mass index or BMI and of being obese it has to thirty or higher. (Doheny, 2005-2010). Poepel hwo are obese can spend up to one thousand four hundered thrity nine more doallars than an avergae...
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...International Classification of Diseases Coding II Chapter 17 – 27 Chapter 17: 1. Which of the following anemias is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and may be congenital or acquired? A. Bone marrow deficiency anemia B. Sickle-cell anemia C. Aplastic anemia D. Thalassemia 2. Which of the following terms refers to either a reduction in the quantity of hemoglobin or a reduction in the volume of red blood cells? E. Anemia F. Coagulation defect G. Thrombocytopenia H. Leukocytosis 3. When a diagnostic statement of anemia is not qualified in any way, what should the coder do? I. Review the record for a surgical procedure; and if the patient had surgery, code as anemia due to acute blood loss. J. Review the medical record before assigning an unspecified type of anemia. K. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has been prescribed iron tablets, and code as iron-deficiency anemia. L. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has received chemotherapy, and assign the code for anemia due to antineoplastic chemotherapy. 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient with documented sickle-cell trait? M. The patient has sickle-cell disease. N. Both of the patient’s parents carried the sickle-cell gene. O. The code for sickle-cell disease should be assigned. P. The patient received...
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...Addison’s Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall...
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...Student number 213059356 HND 701 pathophysiology of Diabetes Assignment 1 Word count 2130 Student name Trevor Clemens Student number 213059356 Page 1 of 17 Student number 213059356 Many aspects must be taken into consideration in attaining knowledge and understanding of diabetes, it is not just a metabolic process. There are multiple risk factors that precipitate the metabolic process leading to a diagnosis. The following analyses relevant data in relation to pathophysiology, presenting signs, symptoms and underpinning principles of Type One Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), their prevalence and incidence, metabolic abnormalities and associated risk factors are also examined. Diagnostic criteria is also examined along with advantages and disadvantages of differing testing screen methods and results. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Health Survey 2012, reported that in 2011 – 12 the prevalence of all reported diabetes was at 4.0% (875,400 people) and had remained the same as the 2007/’08 period. Of these people 12.4% had T1DM, 85.3% had T2DM while the remaining 2.3% had diabetes of another kind. Tanamas S, et al. (2013) stated that the prevalence of type two diabetes in peoples over the age of 25 years in Australia is 7.4% and that a further 7.4% remain undiagnosed. The dominance of western lifestyles and diets has contributed to a dramatic rise in obesity within the population. It is contended...
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...Quezon City Science High School (Regional Science High School for NCR) Golden Acres Rd., Misamis st. Bago-Bantay, Quezon City SY 2013-2014 RESEARCH PROJECT Efficacy of Squash (Cucurbita maxima D) Seed Oil Extract in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels Bancolita, Joseph Albert A. De Leon, Krizia Nicolle E. Ilicito, Mari Norence G. Largoza, Marie Ysabel Beatriz M. Rahayel, Benjamin Nathanael D. Rivera, Rosa Maria L. Sidro, Keith L. ______________________ ______________________ Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona Mr. Jaymar L. Galag Research Adviser Research Adviser APPROVAL SHEET In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements in Research II-B this research paper entitled, “Efficacy of Squash (Cucurbita maxima D) Seed Extract in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels” has been prepared and submitted by Joseph Albert A. Bancolita, Krizia Nicole E. De Leon, Mari Norence G. Ilicito, Marie Ysabel Beatriz M. Largoza, Benjamin D. Rahayel, and Keith L. Sidro. ______________________ ______________________ Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona Mr. Jaymar L. Galag Research Adviser Research Adviser Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research II B ______________________ ______________________ Ms. Ma. Pilar P. Carmona Mr. Jaymar L. Galag Research Adviser Research Adviser ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project would not be feasible without the help of the following people. The researchers...
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