...This watermark does not appear in the registered version - http://www.clicktoconvert.com 1 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO FINAL ACCOUNT CONTENTS 1.0. Aims and Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1. Definition 1.2. Sundry Debtors 1.3. Sundry Creditors 1.4. Final Accounts 1.5. Trading Account 1.5.1. Balancing of Trading Account 1.6. Profit and Loss Account 1.7. Balance Sheet 1.7.1. Definition 1.7.2. Objectives of Balance Sheet 1.7.3. Assets 1.7.4. Liabilities 1.8. Difference between a Trial Balance and a Balance Sheet 1.9. Let Us Sum Up 1.10 Lesson end Activities 1.11. Points for Discussion 1.12. Model answer to “Check your Progress” 1.13. Suggested Reading / References/ Sources 1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson you be able to: Ø Understand basics of Final Accounts Ø Understand the difference between Profit and Loss Account with Trial Balance Ø Understand how to prepare Balance Sheet 1.1 INTRODUCTION All business transactions are first recorded in Journal or Subsidiary Books. They are transferred to Ledger and balanced it. The main object of keeping the books of accounts is to ascertain the profit or loss of business and to assess the financial position of the business at the end of the year. The object is better served if the businessman first satisfies himself that the accounts written up during the year are correct or al least arithmetically accurate. When the transactions are recorded under double entry system, there is a credit for every debit, when on a/c is debited;...
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...INTERIM REPORT TAX SAVING SCHEMES (ANALYSIS AND COMPARISION) ICFAI BUSINESS SCHOOL HYDERABAD MUTUAL FUNDS AT A GLANCE Mutual Fund is an instrument of investing money. Nowadays, bank rates have fallen down and are generally below the inflation rate. Therefore, keeping large amounts of money in bank is not a wise option, as in real terms the value of money decreases over a period of time. One of the options is to invest the money in stock market. But a common investor is not informed and competent enough to understand the intricacies of stock market. This is where mutual funds come to the rescue. A mutual fund is a group of investors operating through a fund manager to purchase a diverse portfolio of stocks or bonds. Mutual funds are highly cost efficient and very easy to invest in. By pooling money together in a mutual fund, investors can purchase stocks or bonds with much lower trading costs than if they tried to do it on their own. Also, one doesn't have to figure out which stocks or bonds to buy. But the biggest advantage of mutual funds is diversification. Diversification means spreading out money across many different types of investments. When one investment is down another might be up. Diversification of investment holdings reduces the risk tremendously. On the basis of their structure and objective, mutual funds can be classified into following major types: • Closed-end funds • Open-end...
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...Chapter-1 Introduction of the report 1.1 Origin of the report Reporting means the written presentation of the evidence and findings of a research. After completion of the internship program report submission is essential. The report is based on a topic that can satisfy both organization and my academic institution. Internship is the last part of my BBA course. Being a BBA student internship and report submission is essential for me. Without completion of internship and submission of report I cannot be able to complete my BBA course. This report is submitted to my internship supervisor, Shishir K. Rouph, Visiting Faculty, University Of Development Alternative, after completion of the three months internship program in the BASIC Bank Limited ( Bangshal Branch). I have assigned a topic “Credit Operating Procedure of BASIC Bank Ltd.” and the BASIC Bank authority gave me the opportunity to work at the Bangshal Branch for three months on the topic. 1.2 Rationale of the Study In the later 19th century, finance was a part of the Economics. But due to the globalization and more expansion of international trade, Finance plays the major role for the economic development. The development of a modern economy would not have been possible without the use of money. Bank is an important and essential financial institution for the necessity of the use of money and the protection of money. Due to the globalization and technological innovation, banking business has become...
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...User Administration |User Administration | | | |Module |Functionality |Integration | | | |Requirement | |General | | | | |System should have one super system administrator | | | |Super system admin shall be able to create roles for all system administrators and override | | | |the privileges created by system administrators. | | | |User credentials shall be communicated to user on the instance of creation and by system | | | |generated email. | | | |System administrators shall be able change their passwords and history shall be saved in | | | |system. ...
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...competitive activities, it is obvious that no product or service appeals to all consumers and even those who purchase the same product may do so for diverse reasons. The Coca Cola Company, for example, varies levels of sweetness, effervescence and package size according to local tastes and conditions. Effective marketing and business strategy therefore requires a segmentation of the market into homogeneous segments, an understanding of the needs and wants of these segments, the design of products and services that meet those needs and development of marketing strategies, to effectively reach the target segments. Thus focusing on segments is at the core of organizations’ efforts to become customer driven; it is also the key to effective resource allocation and deployment. The level of segment aggregation is an increasingly important issue. In today’s global economy, the ability to customize products and services often calls for the most micro of segments: the segment of one. Following and implementing a market segmentation strategy allows the firm to increase its profitability, as suggested by the classic price discrimination model which provides the theoretical rationale for segmentation. Since the early 1960s, segmentation has been viewed as a key...
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...INDEX Sr. no. | Topic | Page no. | 1 | Objective and Scope | 3 | 2 | Introduction | 4 | 3 | BEST History | | 4 | Area of Operation/ Source of Electricity/ Market information | | 5 | Govt policies/ regulatory body | | 6 | Costing | | 7 | Price discrimination (Cross Subsidy) | | | Recommendations | | 1. Objective and Scope: 2. Introduction: Definitions: In order to assist understanding of this project scope and the resulting analysis, it is useful to define some terms: Tariff refers to a pricing option or pricing plan that includes a valid combination or set of pricing components. Price is cost/value per unit or item. Prices are usually fixed per time period (eg Rs/year, Rs/kW/year2 or Rs/day) or variable per quantity of electricity used (eg Rs/kWh, Rs/kW/year or Rs/kVA/year). Chargeable quantity is the number of units or items. Charge is the price multiplied by the chargeable quantity. Aggregate Revenue Requirement is the Revenue requirement of the Licensee for recovery of allowable expenses and return on capital, through tariffs, pertaining to his Licensed Business. 3. Costing The goal of the MERC regulations is to to regulate tariffs of power generation, transmission and distribution and to protect the interests of the consumers and other stakeholders. While MERC has designed regulations to handle tariffs for any kind of utility service, the focus here is on electricity distribution utilities...
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...9 1. Two Different Leadership Strategies: An Evaluation………………………………………………………………………………..9 2. Situational Variables and Changes in Leadership Strategies………………………………………………………………………………11 3. Leadership Strategies and Organizational Structures………………………………………………………………………………..12 Being a Strategic Leader 1. Impact of Organization’s Culture and Values on Strategic Leadership Strategic management has emerged as one of the most critical and valuable filed necessary for the survival of an organization. Recent studies and anecdotal evidences provide that almost every successful company around the globe is implementing the methods and process of strategic management and leadership. These methods enable the strategic leaders to pool and pull the assets of the organizations into particular directions and achieve the set objectives. In this way, such assets and resources are used and managed effectively and efficiently. Therefore, it can be stated that the tools of the strategic management and leadership today are making key to the benefit and success of a company. Strategic leaders are different from strategic managers in a variety of aspects. Following discussion highlights and provides an insight into differing traits of being a...
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...FARM MANAGEMENT Farm management is defined as a decision-making process whereby a decision maker who may be a farmer or a manager allocates his/her limited resources among a number of competing production alternatives to meet the farmer’s goals or objectives. The second part of this definition is similar to a definition of economics, which is often defined as ‘’the allocation of scarce resources’’. Characteristics of management Problem –solving Farm management problems fall into one of three types of production problems, each of which can be put into a form of a question: 1. What to produce? This problem involves selecting the combination of crops and livestock to be produced. Should the business produce only crops, only livestock or some combination? Which crops or crop rotation? Which livestock? The manager must then select from among the many alternatives that combination which will maximize profit or best meet some other goal. 2. How much to produce? Production is determined primarily by the number of inputs used and input level. A manager is faced with the problems of how much fertilizer and irrigation water to use, seeding rates, feeding levels, labour and machinery use, and determining the rates and levels for other inputs. Therefore the level of production and profit will be determined by the input levels selected. 3. How to produce? Many agricultural products can be produced in a number of ways. For example, beef can be produced with a high-grain ration...
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...MANAGING INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS WORKBOOK A DYNAMIC PROCESS Third Edition John L. Maginn, CFA Donald L. Tuttle, CFA Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA Jerald E. Pinto, CFA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MANAGING INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS WORKBOOK A DYNAMIC PROCESS The CFA Institute is the premier association for investment professionals around the world, with over 85,000 members in 129 countries. Since 1963 the organization has developed and administered the renowned Chartered Financial Analyst Program. With a rich history of leading the investment profession, CFA Institute has set the highest standards in ethics, education, and professional excellence within the global investment community, and is the foremost authority on investment profession conduct and practice. Each book in the CFA Institute Investment Series is geared toward industry practitioners along with graduate-level finance students and covers the most important topics in the industry. The authors of these cutting-edge books are themselves industry professionals and academics and bring their wealth of knowledge and expertise to this series. MANAGING INVESTMENT PORTFOLIOS WORKBOOK A DYNAMIC PROCESS Third Edition John L. Maginn, CFA Donald L. Tuttle, CFA Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA Jerald E. Pinto, CFA John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright c 2007 by CFA Institute. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced...
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...publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright holder. Maharshi Dayanand University ROHTAK – 124 001 Developed & Produced by EXCEL BOOKS PVT. LTD., A-45 Naraina, Phase 1, New Delhi-110028 Qklhokn 3 Contents Chapter 1 Accounting-An Intoduction Chapter 2 The History and Evolution of Accounting Thoughts 23 Chapter 3 Approaches to Accounting Theory 56 Chapter 4 Accounting Postulates, Concepts and Principles 88 Chapter 5 Income Concepts 107 Chapter 6 Revenues, Expenses, Gains and Losses 139 Chapter 7 Valuation of Assets 158 Chapter 8 Liabilities and Equity 177 Chapter 9 Depreciation Accounting and Policy 192 Chapter 10 Inventories and their Valuation 238 Chapter 11 Financial Reporting 277 Chapter 12 Specific Issues in Corporate Reporting 302 Chapter 13 Harmonization of Financial Reporting 323 Chapter 14 Accounting for Price Level Changes 339 Chapter 15 Human Resource Accounting 397 Chapter 16 Financial Engineering: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Risk-Return Management 421 Chapter 17 Accounting Standards 429 Chapter 18 Elementary Knowledge of Indian Accounting Standards 474 Chapter 19 Lease Accounting 512 Chapter 20 Social Accounting 542 ...
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...banking sector. Consequently, many changes relating to ownership, market concentration, regulatory measures and policies have taken place primarily to enhancing bank performance. In this regard, this study is undertaken to investigate the performance of commercial banks after the implementation of significant financial reform. Data Envelopment Analysis based frontier measures income and cost efficiency and traditional non-frontier measures non-performing loans and return on assets have been used for assessing bank performance. The findings indicate that income and cost efficiency of sample banks have increased by 37.84 percent and 15.28 percent respectively in 2008 compared to 2001. Similarly, non-performing loans and return on assets also report improvement in bank performance. The results generated by regression models indicate that foreign ownership has a statistically significant positive impact on bank performance. On the other hand, private ownership has favorable impact on income efficiency, return on assets, and non-performing loans, whereas negative impact on cost...
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...Concepts in Federal Taxation 2011 Murphy Higgins 18th Edition Solutions Manual Click here to download immediately!!! http://www.testbankpdf.com/taxation/concepts-in-federal-taxation-2011murphy-higgins-18th-edition-solutions-manual/ ----------------------------------------------------------------------Concepts Concepts Concepts Concepts in in in in Federal Federal Federal Federal Taxation Taxation Taxation Taxation 2011 2011 2011 2011 Murphy Murphy Murphy Murphy Higgins Higgins Higgins Higgins 18th 18th 18th 18th Edition Edition Edition Edition Solutions Solutions Solutions Solutions Manual Manual Manual Manual -------------------------------------------------------------------------***THIS IS NOT THE ACTUAL BOOK. YOU ARE BUYING the Solution Manual in e-version of the following book*** Name: Concepts in Federal Taxation 2011 Author: Murphy Higgins Edition: 18th ISBN-10: 0538467924 Type: Solutions Manual - The file contains solutions and questions to all chapters and all questions. All the files are carefully checked and accuracy is ensured. - The file is either in .doc, .pdf, excel, or zipped in the package and can easily be read on PCs and Macs. - Delivery is INSTANT. You can download the files IMMEDIATELY once payment is done. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us. Our response is the fastest. All questions will always be answered in 6 hours. This is the quality of service we are providing and we hope to be your helper. Delivery is in the next moment...
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...FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs) ON ISLAMIC BANKING Prepared by Mr. Imran Ahmad Mr. Ghulam Shabbir Islamic Banking Department State Bank of Pakistan Karachi. PART 1: RIBA AND INTEREST......................................................................................... 4 Question No. 1). What is Islamic Banking? ................................................................................................ 4 Question No. 2). What is the philosophy of Islamic banking?.................................................................... 4 Question No.3) What is Meant By Riba? .................................................................................................... 5 Question No.4) What is interest? Is there any difference between interest and Riba? ............................ 5 Question No. 5) What are the different kinds of Riba?.............................................................................. 6 Question No. 6). What are the revelations/verses in Holy Quran regarding prohibition of Riba/interest? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Question No. 7) What are the sayings/Ahadith about Riba/Interest? .................................................... 10 Question No.8) Are there any injunctions against Riba/usury in religious texts other than Holy Quran? .......................................
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...Historical Score Card Meaning and Definition of HRA Importance Objectives of Human Resource Accounting Limitations of Human Resource Accounting HRA for managers & HR Professionals Investment in Human Resources Quality of Work Force and Organizations’ Performance Efficient use of Human Resource Enumerating the Assets Calculating the Market Value of Assets Human Capital. 1 MBA –H4020 Human Resource Accounting INTRODUCTION To ensure growth and development of any orgnisation, the efficiency of people must be augmented in the right perspective. Without human resources, the other resources cannot be operationally effective. The original health of the organization is indicated by the human behaviour variables, like group loyalty, skill, motivation and capacity for effective interaction, communication and decision making. Men, materials, machines, money and methods are the resources required for an organization. These resources are broadly classified into two categories, viz., animate and inanimate (human and physical) resources. Men, otherwise known as the human resources, are considered to be animate resources. Others, namely, materials, machines, money and methods are considered to be inanimate or physical resources. The success or otherwise of an organization depends on how best the scarce physical resources are utilized by the human resource. What is important here is that the physical resources...
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...Score Card Meaning and Definition of HRA Importance Objectives of Human Resource Accounting Limitations of Human Resource Accounting HRA for managers & HR Professionals Investment in Human Resources Quality of Work Force and Organizations‟ Performance Efficient use of Human Resource Enumerating the Assets Calculating the Market Value of Assets Human Capital. INTRODUCTION To ensure growth and development of any orgnisation, the efficiency of people must be augmented in the right perspective. Without human resources, 1 the other resources cannot be operationally effective. The original health of the organization is indicated by the human behaviour variables, like group loyalty, skill, motivation and capacity for effective interaction, communication and decision making. Men, materials, machines, money and methods are the resources required for an organization. These resources are broadly classified into two categories, viz., animate and inanimate (human and physical) resources. Men, otherwise known as the human resources, are considered to be animate resources. Others, namely, materials, machines, money and methods are considered to be inanimate or physical resources. The success or otherwise of an organization depends on how best the scarce physical resources are utilized by the human resource. What is important here is that the physical resources are being activated by...
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