...CHAPTER 2 CONCRETE LEARNING OUTCOME: By the end of this session, the students SHOULD BE able to: Explain the basic science and engineering fundamentals pertaining to classification,properties, advantages and disadvantages of concrete. INTRODUCTION Concrete is most widely used as construction material. Obtained by mixing – cement, water + aggregates (sometimes admixtures in required proportions) These mixture then placed in forms and allowed to cure and becomes hard like stone. The hardening is caused by chemical reaction between water and cement and its continues for a long time, and consequently the concrete grows stronger with age. INTRODUCTION (cont.) • The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend: o Properties of its ingredients o Properties of the mix o Method of compaction o Other controls during placing, compaction and curing CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE It is usual to specify a particular concrete by the proportion (by weight) of the constituents and their characteristics. Example, 1:2:4 concrete refers to particular concrete mixed of cement, sand and coarse aggregate in a ratio 1:2:4 (with a specified type of cement, water cement ratio & max. size of coarse aggregate). Concrete can be classified either: o Prescribed mix concrete or o Designed mix concrete -Depending on the specifying requirements of the desirable properties of concrete (strength, workability, durability and permeability...
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...How do concrete and steel compare in the construction of large commercial buildings? Office buildings, Hotels, Sports Complexes, and other buildings have the purpose of bringing people inside. The goal is to keep occupants comfortable and safe, while keeping the cost associated withe the construction and maintenance of the building low. Both materials have advantages and disadvantages. However, when it comes right to it, the differences between the tow materials balance themselves out . There is no truly better building material. There are many advantages in using steel as a building material. Steel is a very structurally stable material. It is also eco-friendly and energy efficient. construction steel is recyclable with the rates of over 90 perce there’s no need to worry about the material rotting or damages caused by insects. It is very durable and can withstand most weather conditions. There’s also no need for deforestation that are harmful to the environment. Steel frame compared to wood is stronger and sturdier. It is also lighter and flame resistant. With the advancement of technology, steel can be form and bend to the user’s need. Constructing steel is faster than most materials, thus making it more cost-effective. Though steel contains many advantages, there will always be a few disadvantages along with it. Steel may be more resistant than wood, but it can also develop molding during the winter. Since steel also contain metal material, if not treated carefully...
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...Advantage and disadvantages of the different capital budgeting techniques Prepared by Pamela Peterson-Drake, Florida Atlantic University Payback Period Advantages 1. Simple to compute 2. Provides some information on the risk of the investment 3. Provides a crude measure of liquidity Disadvantages 1. No concrete decision criteria to indicate whether an investment increases the firm's value 2. Ignores cash flows beyond the payback period 3. Ignores the time value of money 4. Ignores the risk of future cash flows Discounted Payback Period Advantages Disadvantages 1. No concrete decision criteria that indicate whether the investment increases the firm's 1. Considers the time value of money value 2. Considers the riskiness of the project's 2. Requires an estimate of the cost of capital in order to calculate the payback cash flows (through the cost of capital) 3. Ignores cash flows beyond the discounted payback period Net Present Value Advantages 1. Tells whether the investment will increase he firm's value 2. Considers all the cash flows 3. Considers the time value of money 4. Considers the risk of future cash flows (through the cost of capital) Disadvantages 1. Requires an estimate of the cost of capital in order to calculate the net present value. 2. Expressed in terms of dollars, not as a percentage. Profitability Index Advantages Disadvantages 1. Tells whether an investment increases the firm's value 1. Requires an...
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...Concrete as a building material Name: Institution Concrete is a building material which has been in use since the Roman times. It is a complex mixture of water, coarse granular material usually sand or gravel. Cement fills the spaces among the granular material and acts as a binder that glues them together. The Panama Canal, the Hoover Dam, and the Roman Pantheon are some of renowned structures made of concrete. (PCA) Concrete usage dates back thousands of years ago. Concrete was used for building of many ancient structures. Heinrich Schliemann, a German archaeologist discovered concrete floors in a royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates approximately 1400-1200 BC. The Romans also used concrete on large scale from 300 BC to 476 AD. Roman concrete was made from an aggregate of pumice, pozzolana and quicklime. (Jacobs 4). Modern concrete is different from the Romans concrete in two ways. First, its mixer of a homogeneous fluid, this allows it to be poured into forms instead of hand-layering together with the arrangement of gravel, in Roman practice, this comprised of debris. Second, modern cement is integrated with steel that reinforces it to great strength in tension. Roman concrete depended only on the strength of the concrete bonds to withstand tension. The idea of reinforced concrete was invented by Joseph Monier in 1849. The first reinforced concrete bridge was built that year. (Constructor) Concrete has many benefits. It is economical when ingredients are readily...
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...Q.1 Past site investigation reports are often very useful and can often save time and money in site investigations. The Geotechnical Information Unit of the Geotechnical Engineering Office(GEO) contains numerous records of boreholes from throughout the Territory, as will as useful records of landslides, rainfall and piezometric data, and laboratory test results on soil and rock samples. Relevant data can be readily accessed by geographical location of the site. Past construction records for both the site and for adjacent properties are useful for site investigation. Several government departments posses valuable information for the planning and execution of the site investigation. They are the Civil Engineering Department, Building Ordinance Office, Highways Department, Water Supplies Department, Drainage Services Department, and Architectural Services Department. Non-government agencies such as Mass Trainsit Railway Corporation and other utility companies can also provide valuable information on past construction records. Services records are also an essential part of the desk study, necessary to locate hidden services such as electricity cables, sewers and telephone wires. This in formation is usually provided free of charge by the relevant service provider. A suggested list of sources is: Water Supplies Department, Drainage Services Department, Mass Trainsit Railway Corporation, The Hong Kong Electric Company, Hong Kong & China Gas Company, all telecom company etc… Aerial photographs...
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...Concrete + Fly ash Properties of the material Shapes Fly ash consists mainly of hollow spherical shapes which creates a ball bearing effect in the mix, improving workability without increasing water requirements. Fly ash also improves the pump-ability of concrete by making it more cohesive and less prone to segregation. The spherical shape improves the pump-ability by decreasing the friction between the concrete and the pump line. In addition, some fly ashes have been shown to significantly decrease heat generation as the concrete hardens and strengthens. Fly ash, as do all pozzolanic materials, generally provide increased concrete strength gain for much longer periods than mixes with Portland cement only. Durability The biggest reason to use...
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...boils the water and creates steam to turn a turbine. The turbine then spins and the generator turn causing the magnetic field to produce electricity. The advantage of nuclear energy is that there is little air pollution compared to coal. Coal emits more radiation than one nuclear power plant. Nuclear power plants are also more reliable than coal because they use less fuel and also are not affected by strikes or natural disasters. It is important to use less fuel because the world’s supply of fossil fuel is running out. Last, but not least nuclear energy is safer because barriers separates the radiation and the heat of the reactor core from the outside. The reactor core is enclosed in a 9-inch thick steel pressure container. The pressure container is then surrounded by a thick concrete wall and stays inside a sealed steel containment, which is inside a steel-reinforced concrete dome four feet thick. The dome is designed to withstand natural disasters or a potential threat. There are also many sensors that pick up on the increases in radiation or humidity. An increase in radiation or humidity could mean there is a leak, so there are systems that control or stop the chain reaction if necessary. There is also an Emergency Core Cooling System for an accident that has enough cooling water to cool the reactor. The disadvantage of nuclear energy is that if there ever is a loss of coolant water in a fission reactor the rods...
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...protection, fire-resistive or type I construction is considered the best as it is the most resistant to collapse and does not contribute fuel to the fire (Brannigan & Corbett, 2015). Fire-resistive construction uses concrete and fire-protected steel as the structural system. In some cases these structures will utilize both types of construction depending on the building owner and designer preference. Fire-resistive or type I construction present many advantages from a stand point of fire protection and fire department operations. The structural members used in the construction of the structure will not contribute to the fire load of the structure and should allow for longer than average interior fire ground operations....
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...A PAPER ON “SMART MATERIALS:A NEW TREND IN TECHNOLOGY” PRESENTED BY, SAHIL G. GOVINDWAR. . govindwar.sahil@gmail.com Contact No: 7709575108. BABASAHEB NAIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. PUSAD. . CONTENTS . Sr. No. | Title | Page No. | 1 | Abstract | 1 | 2 | Introduction | 1 | 3 | Classification | 2 | 4 | Advantages and Disadvantages | 4 | 5 | Applications | 5 | 6 | The future | 5 | 7 | Conclusion | 6 | ABSTRACT P.V.P Siddhartha instate of technology ramesh_612@yahoo.c ABSTRACT This paper will provide an overview of the smart materials. The various types of smart material are also presented in this paper. To get the clear idea about the smart materials, its definition and types are explained briefly. Some of the types of these include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys piezoelectric, Varieties of smart materials already exist, and research is being carried out extensively to derive new materials. Applications of various types...
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...Introduction The goal of this paper is to identify the optimal level of styrene in the gel coating production for Cook Composites and Polymers Co. as well as to determine its environmental impact. Also, we will discuss potential production and environmental implications of getting involved into By-Product Synergy Initiative. The main question of the paper is to decide whether or not it is reasonable for CCP to invest into concrete coating production. Industry and company overview Gel coats are chemical compounds used in manufacturing industry to increase products’ durability and resilience as well as to provide color. The coating industry is estimated to be worth $85 billion. Half of the market is controlled by 10 major companies and the other half is fragmented. Gel coat producers usually work directly with other manufacturers and tailor their gel coats to meet the particular standards. Therefore, precision and reliability are very important. Cook Composites and Polymers Co. (later CCP) was founded in 1918 and one of its plants is located in North Kansas City, Missouri. The company manufactures resins and emulsions and has gel coating as one of its major products. In fact, in 2007 CCP was the world’s leader in gel coat manufacturing. Quality, customers’ satisfaction and environmental impact are all among the priorities for CCP. However, the production of gel coating requires CCP’s vice president to solve a dilemma. High-quality gel coating manufacturing requires the use...
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... and focused direction. With its competitive advantage it has established with the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA). I recommend pursuing the blanket approval process with HKHA. These efficiencies could prove beneficial for both parties as this will greatly reduce lead time and costs. Façade and slabs are the growing trends in the industry and will allow Unicon to take advantage of the cost savings that come with it. * No longer a need for engineered documents, saving on time and engineering costs. * Job security * Operational efficiencies * Holding inventory * Reduced lead times * Product standardization The tradeoffs that are implied with this move is worth the risk of this approval process. There is potential for savings upwards to HK150,000 per block. An approximate saving of over 1 million based upon the 179 blocks per year projection from the HKHA. Once this approval is agreed upon and the contracts awarded. I recommend a detail review of Unicon current product lines and completely outsourcing the stair production line. After a 6th month time, I recommend we review our production efficiencies and look into expanding our production facility as our three remaining products are now made-to-stock. Issue Identification Concrete Construction Market: • Precast Concrete Products sold to General Contractors in Hong Kong • 2 Options for building, Traditional Method or assembling precast concrete facades & slabs • Not enough market capacity...
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...According to the Federal Highway Administration,Nearly 70 percent of the U.S. population lives in regions of annual snowfall.As a result, over 1,300 people are killed and more than 116,800 people are injured in vehicle crashes on icy roads covered in snow,sleet,or hail every year.7 To alleviate the risk factors, City officials use Sodium chloride,rock salt, to assist in the melting process of ice to reassure safe environmental driving conditions. Is Sodium Chloride(NaCl) the best? Recent studies have suggested that Sodium Chloride, while it is currently in use, is not the best solution in regards to environmental safety or effectiveness due to the damage associated with its usage ; Chloride-based deicers contaminate groundwater, are not...
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...William Wragg Mr. Thomas Fortenberry IST 113471 17 October 2014 Chapter 7 Exercises 1. What is the definition of a local area network? a. A communication network that interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area and broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates. 2. List the primary activities and application areas of local area network. b. File server, print server, connections to other networks. 3. List the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks. c. The advantages are sharing of files and devices, and intercommunication. d. The disadvantages are maintenance, complexity, and costs. 4. What are the basic layouts of local area networks? List two advantages that each layout has over the others. e. Buses advantages are the use of low-noise coaxial cable, and inexpensive taps. f. Star-wired buses are simple to interconnect, have easy to add components, and are most popular. g. Star-wired rings are simple to interconnect and have easy to add components. 5. What is meant by a passive device? h. A signal that enters is neither amplified nor regenerated. The signal is simply passed on. 6. What is meant by a bidirectional signal? i. A signal that propagates in either direction on a medium. 7. What are the primary differences between baseband technology and broadband technology? j. Baseband is a digital...
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...CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Fiber- reinforced concrete contains fibrous materials which intensifies its structural integrity. Since concrete is weak in tension, the use of conventional steel bars reinforcement and to some extent by the mixing of a sufficient volume of certain fibers. Its fibers include steel, glass, synthetics or natural fibers which provide varying properties to concrete. Also, its character changes with varying concretes, fiber materials, geometries, distribution, orientation, and densities. Fibers have been used as a reinforcement since ancient times. In the 1900s, asbestos fibers were used in concrete. In the 1950s, the concept of composite materials came into being and fiber-reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. But due to health risks linked to asbestos, its substance in concrete and other building materials were replaced. Also, in the 1960’s, steel glass and synthetic fibers were used in concrete. Since then, new fiber-reinforced concretes are being researched to improve the tensile properties of concrete. FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ADVANTAGES PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS The Environment of the Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known as thePacific Ring of Fire, and in the geologicall suitable region. The Philippines also suffers major human-caused environmental...
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...Structural and Environmental Engineering Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering Windfarms By Paul Carroll Name: Paul Carroll Class: CE1 Module: IT in Communications Date: Wednesday 18th February Lecturer: Louise Kirby Title: Wind farms 1.0 Wind Farms 1.1 Introduction This report will look at wind farms. It will examine wind farms in a broad sense and will also go into detail on wind farms in Ireland both on and off shore. Wind farms are a group of wind turbines that create energy by using the natural resource that is wind to rotate three blades that are used to run a generator stored at the top of the turbine. In this report the location of wind farms will be discussed and their advantages and disadvantages. Also the installation of both on and offshore turbines will be examined. In addition Ireland and the need for wind farms will be investigated in greater detail. Figure (1.1) Windmills In an open space unhindered by earth’s natural formations such as mountains. 1.2 History Wind was undoubtedly an indispensible resource from the beginning of civilisation. Wind was the natural resource that powered ships which made trading possible due to transportation of produce on water. Wind was also used to power grain mills which were used to grind wheat and corn. Irrigation was made possible on farms by using windmills to pump water to areas of land that had no natural access to water. Wind mills were also used to power big...
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