...sovereign’s achievements. The works produced for that purpose are innumerable and, according to the historical period, vary in details and representation. In the Early Empire, Augustus was only 32 years old when he defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, ending a Roman Republic governed by elders for over 500 years. The primary task for the new emperor, who advertised himself as a son of a god (his father Caesar was designated the honor of god after his death), was to produce a youthful appearance. Throughout his entire reign, his image was molded to present a god-like general who luckily never aged. His portraits also carried a powerful, political message. In the portrait of Augustus as a general from Primaporta, he “wears a cuirass advertis[ing] an important diplomatic victory” (198). Additionally, the presence of a cupid at his feet is a reminder of his “divine descent” thanks to the Julians’ family relation with Venus. During his empire, Augustus brought peace to the Roman Empire after a long period of civil wars. His biggest achievement was accordingly celebrated by the creation of one of the most...
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...I 8/29t20r3 A Vffisins, ffi@ Sqles Promotion,qnd Public Relations Chapterr Defin ition .Advertising eAny paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods,or services an identified by sponsor. = 8t29t20t3 our important-ddeiSi6nS in program developing advertising o Setting advertisingobjectives o Setting the advertisingbudget o Developingthe advertisingstrategy . Evaluatingadvertising campaigns -='-:: % . =*_*-:.? -Setti ng Adverti i g O si bk'ctiv s e ->ti'.;-"-t --- . Advertising objectives can be classifiedby primary Purpose: . Inform . Introducing new products. Earlyads of HDTV or DVD playerintroduction. . Persuade . Bccomes more important as competitionincreases Sony offers best quality . Comparativeadvertising:Anti Dandruff Shampoo . Remind ' Most important for mature products Coca-Cola . Reminding customerswhere to buy it 8t29t20r3 :--*:-:=:-: budget Settingthe advertising . Several when setting the ad factorsshould be considered budget: . Stagein the PLC:New products, largead budget to aware and persuade;mature brands - low . Market share:building the market or taking market sharerequireslargead budget. . Levelof competition: many competitors - large . Ad clutter: high - large . Degreeof brand differentiation:undifferentiatedbrand heavyad budget Message execution:Turn big idea into actual ad executionthat will capturetarget market'sattention and interest.Creativepeople must find the best...
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...Friends, Fans, and Followers: Do ads Work on Social Networks? How Gender and age Shape Receptivity DaVID G. TaYLoR sacred Heart university taylord44@sacredheart. edu JEFFREY E. LEWIN social-networking sites (sNs) such as Facebook and Twitter are growing in both popularity and number of users. For advertisers and the sites themselves, it is crucial that users accept advertising as a component of the sNs. Anecdotal evidence indicates that social-networking advertising (sNA) can be effective when users accept university of North Texas it, but the perception of excessive commercialization may lead to user abandonment. jeffrey.lewin@unt.edu Empirical support for these propositions, however, is lacking. Based on media uses DaVID STRUTToN and gratification theory, the authors propose and empirically test a model of content- university of North Texas related, structural, and socialization factors that affect users’ attitudes toward sNA. david.strutton@unt.edu INTRoDUCTIoN content but actively promoted it. Yet, according to To generate brand awareness for its Old Spice fra- one industry-sponsored study, only 22 percent of grance line, Procter & Gamble invited Facebook consumers had a positive attitude toward social users to “Turn Up Your Man Smell” by becoming media advertising—and 8 percent of consumers “fans” of its products. Within a week, the brand’s studied had abandoned an SNS because of what fan page had more...
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...Let’s build a smarter planet Kraft Australia explores a new frontier of customer understanding through advanced analytics. Overview ■ The Need With Australian demographics changing, Kraft Australia saw the need to change its longtime branding campaign for its much loved Vegemite product. To get it right, Kraft needed a deeper and more insightful view of how consumers viewed—and used— Vegemite that it could rely on to tailor its branding message. ■ The Solution Kraft engaged IBM to provide Kraft Foods Australia is a subsidiary of Kraft Foods, the second largest branded food and beverage company in the world. Established in 1926, Kraft Australia is headquartered in Melbourne and has sales revenue of over A$650 million. The company’s flagship brand—Vegemite—has long been considered an Australian national icon. its leading edge tool for corporate brand and reputation analysis (COBRA) to conduct a pioneer study of its customer base. The solution reaches out to millions of sources of usergenerated content to paint a fresh picture of what its customers are thinking and saying. ■ Key Benefits — Ability to identify market opportunities at a very early stage — Ability to detect—and respond to—threats to Kraft’s brands and corporate reputation — Ability to increase sales and customer loyalty through more targeted brand advertising campaigns For all the diversity in the worldwide consumer products market, the most successful companies...
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...Marketing in FMCG Sector 2014 Submitted by: Mohit Shrivastava - 47 Abstract This study deals gives an overview of the FMCG sector. What products constitute as fast moving, market size and government initiatives undertaken to promote this sector. It will also cover the aspects of a product that draws a customer towards a particular product. In addition, it will cover the road ahead (growth opportunities) in this sector. Introduction India has been a consumption-driven economy for the last many decades. Consumer spending in the country is expected to increase about 2.5 times by 2025. Broadly categorized into urban and rural markets, the Indian consumer segment is gaining high attention and pampering from marketers across the globe. Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) or Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) is a product that is sold quickly and at relatively low cost. Examples include non-durable goods such as soft drinks, toiletries, Over-the-counter drugs, toys, processed foods and many other consumables. Malviya, S. (2014), The Economic Times Marketing of FMCGs (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of a country irrespective of the size, population and the concepts which are so interlinked that, in the absence of one, the other virtually cannot survive. It is a fact that the development of FMCG marketing has always kept pace with the economic growth of the country. Both have experienced evolutionary changes rather...
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...Confirming Pages CONTENTS PREFACE xv PART 1 CHAPTER 1 GLOBAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENTS 1 Understanding Global Markets and Marketing 2 markets are becoming global 2 globalization: the world is becoming smaller 3 globalization and global marketing 4 Globalization: Opportunity or Threat? The Global Marketing Approach 6 6 global marketing and global markets 7 the cage distance framework 7 domestic and global marketing compared 8 Geographic or Spatial Distance 10 Psychic/Cultural Distance 12 The EPRG Framework 13 Developing Global Marketing Strategy 14 The Standardization versus Localization–Adaptation School 14 Levitt and the Globalization of Marketing 16 Standardization versus Mass Customization 17 Managing the Firm’s Value Chain 18 Global Value Chain Configuration 19 Integrating the Firm’s Competitive Strategy 20 Global Competition 20 a global marketing management framework Global Marketing Performance 22 Global Vision—The World Is My Oyster CASE 1-1 CASE 1-2 CHAPTER 2 21 23 A Tortuous Road Ahead for Proton of Malaysia 26 Dabur—Developing Values in an Emerging Economy Through Value Chain and Product Line 31 Assessing the Global Marketing Environment—The Global Economy and Technology 36 the global economy 37 Economic Growth and World Trade 37 Who Are the United States’ Major Customers? 38 High Tech Products Lead World Trade 40 Characteristics of High Technology Markets 42 Technology and Global...
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...1 THE DONALD MCGANNON COMMUNICATION RESEARCH CENTER WORKING PAPER MEDIA ECONOMICS AND THE BAD & MEDIA POLICY: THE GOOD Philip M. Napoli Director Donald McGannon Communication Research Center Associate Professor, Schools of Business Fordham University Donald McGannon Communication Research Center Faculty Memorial Hall, 4th fl. Bronx, NY 10458 718.817.4195 www.fordham.edu/mcgannon mcgctr@fordham.edu Presented at the Latin American Meeting of the Econometric Society, Santiago, Chile, July, 2004 2 Media Economics and Media Policy: The Good and the Bad Abstract This paper explores the role and function of economics in media policymaking and policy analysis. This paper begins with an overview of the distinctive economics of media industries in an effort to demonstrate the importance of focused and specialized economic analysis of these industries. The paper then chronicles the growing role of economics in U.S. media policymaking and examines both the positive and the negative implications of this transition for media policy. 3 Media Economics and Media Policy: The Good and the Bad Economists traditionally have devoted relatively little attention to media industries, though the level of attention has increased in recent years. This increase in attention is likely due in large part to the wide range of economic questions raised by both the changing media technology environment (see Mitra, 2000/2001), the adoption of new regulatory philosophies in many...
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...Ann Taylor (based on an earlier version of the case) 1. Consider the performance of A nn Taylor. How well is the present strategy working? Ann Taylor compared to the industry: I n fiscal year 2005, Ann Taylor was number six in the Women’s Wear Daily’s top twenty of the publicly traded retailers specializing in women 's wear. ANN maintained this position from the previou s fiscal year 2004. Ann Taylor compared to key rivals: Several retailers that target the same or similar demographic of the 35-year old woman include Talbots, Chico's, and Coldwater Creek. Talbots maintained its number seven position with $1.81 billion in sales, and a seven percent increase in volume over the previou s year. Coldwater Creek also maintained its number 18 position with $780 million in sales and a staggering 32 percent increase in volume. Chico's moved up three positions from number nine to 12, also with a 32 percent increase in volume, and $1.4 billion in sales. ANN saw a 12 percent increase in volume over the previou s year and had sales of $2.07 billion. ANN is maintaining its position in the standings, but with a 32 percent growth rate, Chico's may be an even greater threat to ANN in the years to come. Ann Taylor's past performance: Ann Taylor has seen some up years and some down years, but overall seems to be growing each year. In fiscal year 2002, the company as a whole (Ann Taylor and LOFT) experienced a negative sales percentage of 3.9%, but in 2003, they achieved...
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...C H A P T E R 7 Gender and Advertising How Gender Shapes Meaning The emotional, sexual, and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says, “It’s a girl.” —Shirley Chisholm Men are dogs and women are cats. Women are from Venus and men are from Mars. Writers, filmmakers, psychologists, and advertisers all have used the idea that men and women are different to develop stories, create conflict, and provide persuasive imagery. Not only do advertisers view men and women differently, but men and women also bring different perspectives to advertising. Thus, we can assume that men and women create dif-ferent meanings from the advertisements they see. Gender roles in our society have changed dramatically since the 1950s, and portrayals of men and women in advertising have been researched since nearly the same time. Researchers have consistently sought to evaluate these roles to examine whether advertising has kept up with societal changes. In this chapter, we examine the different ways men and women view advertising and mes-sages, as well as some of the ways that advertising portrays gender roles today. The last several decades have seen changes in the role of women in society, both as those who earn money and those who spend money. In 1940, women comprised about 20% of the workforce in the United States, while today that percentage reaches 50% (U.S. Department of Labor, 2000). In addition, the family structure in the United States has changed: smaller...
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...ASSESSING ADVERTISING EFFICIENCY Does the Internet Play a Role? Albena Pergelova, Diego Prior, and Josep Rialp ABSTRACT: This research focuses on a major concern for marketers addressing the claims of inefficiency of spending on advertising. We examine whether the Internet can help increase overall advertising efficiency. Using a sample from the Spanish automobile industry, we combine a nonparametric method—Data Envelopment Analysis—with recent important insights from statistics and econometrics studies, and find that online advertising improves the efficiency levels and that this effect is more pronounced in the long-term temporal framework. During the past few decades, expenditures in manufacturing and general management have been declining while marketing costs have risen (Sheth and Sisodia 1995). From a “budgetary” context perspective, the biggest part of marketing expenditures usually goes to advertising and promotion (Ambler 2000). Some empirical evidence suggests that in the long term, advertising has a positive effect on differentiation and brand equity, while this is not the case for promotion (Boulding, Lee, and Staelin 1994; Jedidi, Mela, and Gupta 1999). Although recent studies have found that promotion has a role in building brand knowledge (e.g., Palazón-Vidal and Delgado-Ballester 2005), the “traditional wisdom” of advertising enhancing brand equity has given rise to very high amounts of advertising budgets. However, researchers claim that advertising is “rife...
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...479 479 International Journal of Advertising, 30(3), pp. 479–507 © 2011 Advertising Association Published by Warc, www.warc.com DOI: 10.2501/IJA-30-3-479-507 Young adults’ responses to product placement in movies and television shows A comparative study of the United States and South Korea Taejun (David) lee Bradley University Yongjun Sung and Sejung Marina Choi University of Texas at Austin This research examines young adults’ attitudes towards product placement in films and television shows from two countries that represent contrasting cultural distinctions: the US and Korea. The results suggest that young adults in both countries perceive film product placement in a similar way but, with respect to television, Korean respondents tend to perceive it as less effective in enhancing content realism and more unethical and misleading. In addition, the findings suggest that, for both film and TV, material- ism, attitude towards advertising, and realism enhancement appeared to be significant predictors of consumer cognitive response to product placement. However, cross-cultural differences were observed for TV product placement. In the US, materialism and real- ism enhancement were found to be most powerful predictors of cognitive response to product placement. In contrast, attitude towards advertising and materialism were found to be the strongest predictors in Korea. Implications for both advertising researchers and practitioners are provided. Introduction Movies have almost...
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...Part 1: Defining Marketing and the Marketing Process (Chapters 1–2) Part 2: Understanding the Marketplace and Consumers (Chapters 3–6) Part 3: Designing a Customer-Driven Strategy and Mix (Chapters 7–17) Part 4: Extending Marketing (Chapters 18–20) 5 Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior marketChapter Preview You’ve studied how and use ers obtain, analyze, information to develop customer insights and assess marketing programs. In this chapter, we take a closer look at the most important element of the marketplace—customers. The aim of marketing is to affect how customers think and act. To affect the whats, whens, and hows of buyer behavior, marketers must first understand the whys. In this chapter, we look at final consumer buying influences and processes. In the next chapter, we’ll study the buyer behavior of business customers. You’ll see that understanding buyer behavior is an essential but very difficult task. To get a better sense of the importance of understanding consumer behavior, we begin by looking at GoPro. You may never have heard of GoPro, the small but fast-growing company that makes tiny, wearable HD video cameras. Yet few brands can match the avid enthusiasm and intense loyalty that GoPro has created in the hearts and minds of its customers. GoPro knows that, deep down, it offers customers much more than just durable little video cameras. More than that, it gives them a way to share action-charged moments and emotions with friends...
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...Web Advertising Web advertising, not to mention the Internet itself, finds itself in a stage of relative infancy and therefore provides marketers with novel challenges and situations which need to be dealt with caution . The realm of Web advertising is unchartered terri tory! In terms of South Africa, the country finds itsef somewhat behind technologically. However, this may not prove to be a disadvantage as the uncertain nature of Web advertising may make a policy of 'watching and learning' most viable. What implications will this new technology have for marketing? What is the nature of Web advertising? How can a business use the medium effectively ? Where is all this going ? These questions appear to be most pertinent in the process of understanding interact ive marketing on the Internet. The qualified opinion of John Matthee, a Web site designer employed by Adept Internet (an Internet service provider), was sought in accumulation of a large sum of the following data. This seems appropriate as the novelty of Web advertising at this stage h as led to generral lack of academic data in the practicalities of advertising via this medium. 2) THE INTERNET: AN INTRODUCTION 2.1) Original development of the Internet What was originally created by the US military to provide a secure means of communication in case of nuclear war, which has now become known as the Internet, has metamorphosed into the strategic global communications tool of our era. The end of...
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...What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids? CASE STUDY What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids? CASE STUDY T T he existing electricity infrastructure in the United States is outdated and inefficient. Energy companies provide power to consumers, but the grid provides no information about how the consumers are using that energy, making it difficult to develop more efficient approaches to distribution. Also, the current electric- ity grid offers few ways to handle power provided by alternative energy sources, which are critical compo- nents of most efforts to go “green.” Enter the smart grid. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce costs, and increase reliability and trans- parency. The smart grid enables information to flow back and forth between electric power providers and individual households to allow both consumers and energy companies to make more intelligent decisions regarding energy consumption and production. Information from smart grids would show utilities when to raise prices when demand is high and lower them when demand lessens. Smart grids would also help consumers program high-use electrical appliances like heating and air condition- ing systems to reduce consumption during times of peak usage. If implemented nationwide, proponents believe, smart grids would lead to a 5 to 15 percent decrease in energy consumption. Electricity grids are sized to meet the maximum electricity need, so a drop in peak demand...
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...CHAPTER II HISTORY OF ADVERTISING - - AN OVERVIEW This chapter is devoted to give an overview of the history of advertising in general, in lndia and in Kerala. Section I of this chapter makes a brief review of the history of advertising in general. Section II gives a resume' of the history of advertising in lndia while Section Ill gives a brief account of the history of advertising in Kerala. SECTION - I ORIGIN OF ADVERTISING The origins of advertising lie thousands of years in the past. One of the first known methods of advertising was an outdoor display, usually an eyecatching sign painted on the wall of a building. Archaeologists have uncovered many such signs, notably in the ruins of ancient Rome and Pompeii. An outdoor advertisement excavated in Rome offers property for rent, and one found painted on a wall in Pompeii calls the attention of travellers to a tavern situated in another town. As much as some three thousand years ago Papyrus sheets were used in Thebes in Egypt for announcing the reward for return of runaway slaves .The first advertisement was somewhat in the form of stenciled inscriptions. which were found on earthen bricks prepared by the Babylonians 1 Prepared by BeeHive Digital Concepts Cochin for Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam about three thousand years before Christ. The bricks carry the name of the temple in which they were used and the name of the king who built it, just as a modern public building which contains a corner stone...
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