Free Essay

Afri

In:

Submitted By wijray
Words 347
Pages 2
This paper will discuss two opposing views regarding citizenship and ethnicity within the DR Congo. On the one hand the denial of citizenship of the Banyarwanda who had been forced to the Congo could be seen as infringing on human rights. On the other side it could be viewed as unsettling to accept such numbers as Congolese citizens after thousands of refugees had flooded into North Kivu upsetting the regional politics and economy. This paper will also examine the role that the denial of citizenship has played in contributing to the ongoing war in Eastern DRC, in order to analyze the potential for forgiveness by the Congolese people to Rwandans.

Annotated Bibliography

Reyntjens, Filip. (2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Politics, 1996-2006. New York: Cambridge University Press.

This publication tells an in depth account of Congolese history throughout the North and South. It will be useful in the forthcoming paper as Reyntjens talks about how governors in the North wanted to strike against immigrants to scare them out of the country and discusses how in exiling the Rwandan refugees, the Zairean government began contributing to the country’s instability in 1995.

Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. (2004). “Citizenship, Politial Violence, and Democratization in Africa,” Global Governance, 4 (October): 403-409.

In this article Nzongola-Ntalaja discusses the history of the denial of citizenship beginning with late president Mobutu who had originally granted citizenship to all Rwandan refugees who had been living in DRC since 1950. It also discusses how he manipulated anti- Rwandan feelings in eastern DRC as an excuse for ethnic cleansing. This article will be used to examine citizenship reform and the current state of Rwandan and Congolese relations.

Jackson, Stephen. "Of “Doubtful Nationality”: political manipulation of citizenship in the DR Congo." Citizenship studies, 5 (October): 481-500.

This journal article discusses in depth the legal aspect to citizenship in the DRC. It provides a timeline of when in 2004 the new laws on citizenship went into affect. It also provides understanding of another ethnic group which faces citizenship barriers them being the Banyamulenge.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Chinese Investments in Africa

...being at the lead. Extremely competitive  and strongly backed by the state, Chinese  multinational corporations are on an acqui‐ sition spree that is bagging key resources  and market share across the developing  world. In many respects it is Africa, a conti‐ nent rich in natural resources and under‐ex‐ ploited markets that has only limited histor‐ ical ties to China, which is serving as an at‐ testing ground for the new Chinese multina‐ tional corporation.   China’s investments in Africa have become  ever more diversified in recent years. While  oil and mining remain an important focus,  Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) has  flooded into everything from shoe manufac‐ turing to food processing. Chinese firms  have also made major investments in Afri‐ can infrastructure, targeting key sectors  such as telecommunications, transport,  construction, power plants, waste disposal  and port refurbishment. Given the scale of  Africa’s infrastructure deficit, these invest‐ ments represent a vital contribution to the  continent’s development. There are many  examples of China’s flourishing interest in  African infrastructure.  For instance in Zam‐ bia, Chinese investors landed a deal...

Words: 2222 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Global Wine Industry

...4/26/12 FedEx Express - International Courier & Shipping Company India Home | Customer Service | Site Index Search Go! International Services Ship Track Domestic Services Manage My Account Customs Tools About FedEx FedEx provides access to a growing global marketplace through a network of supply chain, transportation, business and related information services. NEWS: C l i ck h e re fo r m o re co m p a n y n e w s a n d i n fo rm a ti o n Journalists and Media Relations Newsroom Eu ro p e , Mi d d l e -Ea s t, In d i a n s u b -co n ti n e n t & Afri ca Awards and Recognition Benefits of Using FedEx FedEx Facts FedEx Story Fraudulent Use of FedEx Name ISO standards 9001:2008 & 14001:2004 Senior Management list FedEx Sports ATP World Tour Roland Garros European Rugby Cup (ERC) So ci a l R e s p o n s i b i l i ty a n d Pe o p l e Worldwide Network FedEx Overview Careers at FedEx Corporate Governance Diversity at FedEx FedEx Community The Environment Europe, Middle-East, Indian sub-continent and Africa Asia Pacific Canada Latin America-Caribbean United States Advertising Annual Reports Corporate History Corporate Structure Executive Bios Investor Relations Thought Leadership Global Home | Service Info | About FedEx | Careers at FedEx | Write to FedEx | fedex.com Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | This site is protected by copyright and trademark law s under US and International law . All rights reserved.© 1995-2012 FedEx www.fedex.com/in/about/ ...

Words: 272 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Law and Ethics

...Constitution, particularly the interpretation of the right to life and its intimate connection with the right to dignity. Our Constitu-tion should shape a moral community that binds us together as citizens, despite the different personal, ethical and religious beliefs we might have in our local communities. A constitutional democracy means, among others, that we resolve our differences about the social arrange-ment of society by appealing to the Constitution, thus granting others the right to live by their convictions even if we disagree with them. Ultimately, at issue here is the suffering of people in the end-stage of life. Silence is also a choice for which we are responsible. This Position Paper was funded by the Ethics Institute of South Afri-ca (EthicsSA). The Addendum shows the results of a scoping survey of South African medical practitioners about end-of-life decision-making. I wish to thank my colleagues at EthicsSA for their support and en-couragement. My thanks also go to colleagues in the medical and legal professions who commented on parts of earlier drafts and...

Words: 382 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Leadership Building

...also include voluntary counseling and testing; so that people will be encourage knowing their HIV status. Cycling & Match Pass: People with bicycles will be enlisted to take part in this Aid campaign. They will be riding their bicycles from West Filed to the two Corners. Match pass Embassy Staff: The Embassy staff will be needed to give a brief talk on the World Aids Day at the Two American Corners Movie Nights: Movie nights on both Corners to give a documentary of people suffering from Aids, and this will be followed by a discussion. Aids Football Game: A football game will be organized between the two corners fighting Aids. Use radio programs: During this week, the campaign in the different radio shows, City Limits, Afri Radio GRTS FM, Unique FM and West Coast Radio on their different platforms. Quiz questions on HIV and aids We need HIV quiz questions to better engage students and that would create more awareness to the students that would be invited. Partnership: Partner with Lend A hand Society, Think young women UTGSU, Youth Action Movement: Since different organization use the space in the corners, it will be very imperative to include them in this event. Condoms distributions: On the day of the event will need condom distributions and tags. Youth organizations & schools: They will be participating in all events, through invitation. Drama on HIV & Aids: The summer camp kids will be performing a drama on HIV and Aids, which...

Words: 387 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

African International Politics

...Adeola Adegbite March 21st 2013 African International Politics Professor Throup Failure of Organizations Throughout modern history, Western powers such as the United States and Europe have always assisted weaker nations in order for those countries to maintain internal stability and external relations with other nations. Most often, Western powers to aid states with failing democratic systems or nations that are strategic allies in certain regions of the world. For Western powers, it is important to promote the ideals of Democracy, and assist other nations deemed as crucial to Democracy’s development. Democracies and its expansion are vital for several reasons Democratic nations foster peace and stability. Following World War II, the United States believed it was imperative to sustain and support Western Europe. At the time Western Europe was facing the encroachment of the Soviet Union and its communist ideologies. The United States saw its support for Western Europe as essential in order to preserve their alliance, and most importantly to continue strengthening and expanding democratic ideals. However, as of the past twenty years, when it comes sub-Saharan Africa, Western nations are not nearly as concerned about a states internal or external stability. For example, countries such as Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and many other sub-Saharan countries are in utter turmoil, but the West has turned a blind eye. The burden now falls on organizations like the United Nations, Organization...

Words: 2340 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Players Guide

...B Bruins Industry 1 PLANT OPERATIONS REPORT Year 15 (Projected) PlantCapacityatthe End ofYear 14 New Construction (initiated in Year 14) Capacity Purchased(atoogmng crY15) Capacity Sold..()ff(at begrring crY15) Capacity Available for Y15 Production New Construction lniatiated in Year 15 Total Capacity Available for Year 16 2,000 0 2, 000 pairs 0 0 0 4,000 1,100 7,100 0 pairs 0 1,100 pairs 0 7,100 pairs Plant Upgrade -Online (Initiated pnorto Y15) Options Pending (initiated 1n Y15) C, A none Gross lnvestmentatthe End ofYear 14 + Upgrade Options (ititicted in Yea 14) + New Construction (ititicted in 'rea" 14) + Capacity Purchased (ct begnting crY15) - Capacity Sold..()ff (ct begnting crY15) +Energy Efficiency lnitiatives(inY15) Gross Investment in Year 15 Capacity . -Accumulated Depreciation (through Y14) - Current Depreciation (inctned in Y15) Net Investment in Year 15 Capacity Upgrade and Construction Work in Progress 94,000 45,100 4,700 44,200 0 0 0 0 204,000 70,600 10,200 123,200 0 56,000 2,663 2,800 50,537 354,000 118,363 17,700 217,937 7,700 Worker Productivity (pairs 1worker 1yea-) Number of Workers Employed Compensation -Annual Base Wage ($000s perworhr) Incentive Pay Total Compensation Incentive Pay($ per non-rejected pair) Cumulative Best-$ Per Worker • Practices $ Per Branded Pair · 16.4 6. 3 ---zFf 1.35 23.5 135 ' ---o.o ---o.o -r.s 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 4...

Words: 3793 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Isis

...В те редкие случаи, когда лидер ИГИЛ Абу Бакр аль-Багдади показывался на публике, его антураж напоминал что-то среднее между президентом и воровским авторитетом. «Когда он зашёл, мобильная связь исчезла» — рассказывает 29-летний житель Сирии — он попросил упоминать его в интервью только как Абу Али — мужчина вспоминает тот единственный случай, когда аль-Багдади зашёл в мечеть. «Вооружённая охрана оцепила территорию. Женщин отправили наверх, в женский молебен. Всех предупредили, что фотографировать или снимать на видео ничего нельзя. Ужасно нервная атмосфера». «Что сделало её (атмосферу более нервной), это когда Багдади наконец появился, одетый в чёрное с ног до головы…Охрана закричала: “Аллах акбар! Аллах акбар!” Всем стало ещё страшнее» — рассказывает Али. «Потом охрана заставила нас присягнуть ему на верность. Даже когда Багдади ушёл, никому из нас не было разрешено покидать мечеть в следующие полчаса». В своём родном городе Самарра, который находится в Суннитском треугольнике на севере от Багдада, аль-Багдади (настоящее имя — Ибрахим Аввад Ибрахим Али аль-Бадри) вспоминают по-разному. В родном городе его считали «очень тихим человеком», рассказывает бывший сосед, Тарик Хамид. «Он был миролюбив. Ему не нравилось подолгу разговаривать». Знакомые лидера ИГИЛ, под халифатом которого сейчас контролируется часть Ирака и Сирии, говорят, что аль-Багдади рос старательным, благочестивым и спокойным. Он был интровертом, без большого количества друзей. Хамид вспоминает его как мальчика...

Words: 2081 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Abe's Informative Essay: The Great Journey

...a profit. He gathered just enough food to make it down and back, loaded his trusty mule Roberto and headed down. Seeing people seemed so different for Abraham, after six months of isolation all he ever saw was trees, a stubborn ole mule, his scruffy hunting dog Cujo, and more trees. The small trading town never really changed much except for a few houses that popped up on the outskirts. The restraout was still in the same place with the same rusty sign the read “Open”. Abe didn’t like change, or people for that matter. As he was walking down the muddy street a rather young boy approached him. “Excuse me mister, are you Abraham Smith? ” “Why yes, yes I am, who are you?” “Name’s Bobby, I got a letter here for ya, from some place called A….Afri...ca, africa.” “What the h….., give it here boy and run along!” Dear Abraham Smith , You have been summoned by our great leader Muhammadu to serve our country. Of course there will be very very good pay. We have been experiencing some troubles around our biggest ranch, you could say that it is almost human like. I have sent a ship to pick you up November 1st. That date should give you enough time to get your belongings situated. Muhammadu Abraham stared at the piece of paper for a while wondering if the whole thing was real. Although Abe didn’t like change he did like money and being as big as he was he could handle almost any problem so why not. It was time to get out of this cold crap anyways. He went to a local gun shop and bought...

Words: 1203 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Red Bull

...RED BULL HISTORY In 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz became aware of products called "tonic drinks", which enjoyed widespread popularity throughout the Far East. His idea to market these functional drinks outside Asia evolved whilst he sat at a bar at the Mandarin Hotel in Hong Kong. In 1984, Mateschitz founded Red Bull. He fine-tuned the product, developed a unique marketing concept and started selling Red Bull Energy Drink on the Austrian market in 1987. This was not only the launch of a completely new product, in fact it was the birth of a totally new product category. Meanwhile Red Bull is present in 164 countries. Since 1987, around 30 billion cans of Red Bull have been consumed, more than 4.6 billion in 2011. The responsibility for the success of the world's No. 1 energy drink is shared by the company's 8,294 employees around the world (compared to 7.758 in 2010). The Red Bull headquarters are based in Fuschl am See, not far from Salzburg, Austria. [http://www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/How-it-all-started/001242939605518?pcs_c=PCS_Article&pcs_cid=1242937556879] The Target Market Red Bull, who is originally from Austria where it is still produced, distributed their energy drink in over twenty countries. Countries like USA , New Zealand , South Africa , Eastern and Western Europe . So it would be not very useful to restrict the target market to the geographic areas as well as the psychographic segmentation for the targeted consumer that’s because...

Words: 2404 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Candidate for Dba Programme

...THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES OF CHINESE ENTREPRENEURS IN THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY Page 1 AB S TRACT Aft er t h e en d o f t h e C ul tu ral R evo l u t io n i n 1 97 0 ’s, Ch in a t ran s fo rms it s elf fro m a cen t rall y p l ann ed econ o my t o an eco no my wi t h “C hi n es e ch aract eri s ti cs ” o r wh at is k n o wn as t h e s o ci al is t mark et eco n o my i n t h e 1 9 80 ’s . As a res ul t, s mal l an d med i u m -s i zed en t erp ris es fl ou ri sh ed an d ent rep ren eu rs hi p fro m p ri vat e s ect o r co nt ri bu tes s ub st an ti all y t o t h e econ o my e ver s i n ce. Th is p ap er is to ex ami n e th e ch aract eri s ti cs and t h e d is ti n ct i ve at t rib ut es o f p ri vat e en t rep ren eu rs i n t h e P eo pl e’s R ep ub li c o f C hi n a i n th e s ett in g o f a t ran si ti o n al eco no my u n d er t h e co mmu n i s t -co nt rol l ed p ol it i cal en vi ro n me n t . KE Y WOR DS : en t rep ren eu r, C hi n a, man age men t , Co n fu ci an is m, ch aract eri s ti cs , at t rib ut es , gu anx i , fen g s hu i 1 . INTRO DUCTIO N C hi n a exp eri en ced t remen d o u s eco n o mi c gro wt h si n ce th e ti me wh en t h e co u n t ry ad o p t ed a mark et -o ri ent ed p ol i cy t o ward s t h e d evel o p men t o f a mo re “o p en ed ” an d “cap i t ali st ” econ o my i n t h e 1 9 80 ’s . B efo re t h e 1 98 0 ’s, p ri vat e s ect o r p arti ci p at i on i n t h e eco no my was l i mi t ed du ri n g t h e C ul t...

Words: 18676 - Pages: 75

Free Essay

A Critical Survey of Contemporary South African Poetry

...A CRITICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY A CRITICAL SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY: THE LANGUAGE OF CONFLICT AND COMMITMENT By Laura Holland, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University September 1987 MASTER OF Arts (1987) (English) McMASTER UNIVERSITY Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: A Critical Survey of Contemporary South African Poetry: The Language of Conflict and Commitment AUTHOR: Laura Linda Holland, B.A. (University of Alberta) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Alan Bishop NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 134 ii ABSTRACT The thes is concentrates on South African poetry from 1960 to the present. It closely examines a selection of poems by Breyten Breytenbach, Dennis Brutus, Pascal Gwala, Wopko Jensma, Oswald Mtshali, Arthur Nortje, Cosmo Pieterse, Sipho Sepamla, and Wally Serote, among others. The body of the thesis discusses these poets' contributions to poetry about prison, exile, and township life. The thesis focuses on the struggle between various polical, racial, and cultural groups for hegemony over South Africa's poetic development. Such issues as language, ideology, and censorship are explored insofar as they in! .luence t:ne content and structure of the poetry. This body of poems, sadly, is little studied in North America. The thesis presents an introduction to and a survey of the major tendencies in South African poetry and, in part...

Words: 33218 - Pages: 133

Premium Essay

Teachers Quality

...ISSN 2277-0860; Volume 1, Issue 6, pp 108-114; October 2012. Online Journal of Education Research ©2012 Online Research Journals Full Length Research Article Available Online at http://www.onlineresearchjournals.org/IJER Teachers’ Quality as Correlates of Students Academic Performance in Biology in Senior Secondary Schools of Ondo State, Nigeria Akinfe E2, *Olofinniyi O.E1, and Fashiku C.O1 1 Department of Educational Administration and Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. 2 Golden Apple College, Ode-Irele, Ondo State, Nigeria. Downloaded 30 August, 2012 Accepted 2 October, 2012 The study investigated teachers’ quality as correlates of students’ academic performance in Biology in senior secondary schools in Ondo State. To guide the study, four research questions were raised. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from two hundred teachers (200) as respondents. A validated questionnaire titled: Teacher Quality as Correlates of Student Academic Performance with the used of simple frequency counts and percentage for analysis. From the data analysis it was revealed that: the role of professionally qualified/trained teachers is an important teacher quality which enhances students’ academic achievement in biology, teaching methods adopted by the teachers significantly influence achievement of the behavior objectives. Several schools in the population of the study lacked modern instructional materials without which effective teaching...

Words: 4335 - Pages: 18

Premium Essay

Influence of Religion on African Culture.

...Table of contents Introduction…………………………………………………..3 African Traditional Religion……………………………….5 Christianity, Islam…………………………………………..6 Influences of Religion on African Culture……………….6 Conclusion……………………………………………………13 References…………………………………………………...14 Introduction Africa is a continent of diversity. In this diversity there are hundreds of tribes and communities each practicing its own culture and religion. It would be very difficult to define Africa’s traditional religion as it would be difficult to define its culture. More so, it is extremely difficult to establish the dividing line between African Culture and African Religion. However, as much as there were many African Traditional Religions, their similarities were more dominant than their differences. We take up these similarities and encompass them as one African Traditional Religion. In this report, we explore the important aspects of Africa’s Traditional Religions and cultures that cut across the entire continent. This essay is based on various researches done by prominent scholars, historical background of Africa, news and books relevant to African studies. This report attempts to define religion, culture, and explores the major religions, African Traditional Religion (ATR), Christianity and Islam and their influence and impact on African culture. Africa is one of the World’s six continents. It is the second largest and second most populous...

Words: 3933 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Marketingwom

...Word-of-Mouth: Influences on the Choice of Recommendation Sources by K Schoefer 1998 A dissertation presented in part consideration for the degree of M.A. in Corporate Strategy and Governance. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review 3 1. Consumer Decision-Making 3 1. The Decision-Making Process 4 1. Problem Recognition 5 2. Information Search 6 3. Evaluation of Alternatives 8 4. Purchase 9 5. Post-Purchase Evaluation 10 2. Individual Influences 12 3. Environmental Influences 15 1. Culture 15 2. Social Class 16 3. Reference Groups 16 2. Word-of-Mouth Communication 20 1. Definition 20 2. Scope and Significance 20 3. Characteristics of WOM 22 4. The Nature of WOM 24 1. Types 24 2. Process 24 3. Conditions 28 4. Motives 29 5. WOM and the Consumer Behaviour...

Words: 18699 - Pages: 75

Free Essay

Tata

...511-060 Nike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa Nike Football revenue had grown from $40 million in 1994 to more than $1 billion in 2008. In just under 15 years, it had reached a sales level that took some of its competitors over 50 years to achieve. Although not the end goal, the 2010 World Cup was another unique moment in time for Nike to create separation between the company and its competitors. Edwards knew he had to seize this opportunity and pull his team together to deliver a campaign focused on delivering innovative products and compelling consumer experiences. Creating deep consumer connections during the World Cup would be vital for fueling continued growth for Nike football in the years ahead. Football and the FIFA World Cup Some people believe football is a matter of life and death . . . I assure you, it is much more serious than that. — Bill Shankly, Scottish footballer and legendary Liverpool Manager1 Football was a game played between two teams of 11 players each, 10 field players and a goalkeeper per team. The game lasted 90 minutes, consisting of two 45-minute halves of running time. It was played with a round ball, on a rectangular grass field (often referred to as the “pitch”) with a goal on either end. Excluding the goalkeeper, the ball was controlled only with the feet, legs, torso and head (the use of hands or arms was prohibited) and the team scoring the most goals by the end of the game was the winner. Football was the most popular...

Words: 12785 - Pages: 52