...participated in theater for centuries now, American Theater is one of the newer traditions agmonst us. Theaders have evolved from countries all over the world. “From the African roots of Greek tragedy to contemporary Shakespearean plays, the diverse enviorment is what created the power behind stage production. During the start up of American Theater, it reflected the lives of namely white, property-owning, Christian men”(Kertin p5). As time pasted, the popular dramas came from Europe. In the 1820's Black artists were creating, staging and performing for both black and white audiences, performing both existing and original work. “The first theater company to attempt the performing arts production from an African American perspective was, The African Grove Theater in New York”(Abel p1). In 1820, an African American man named, William Brown and a West Indian man named, James Hewlett created the African Grove Theater. “Both of these men traveled by ship throughout the Caribbean, where story telling, performance, dance and music were essential to the culture and survival of the slaves working on sugar cane and tobacco plantations, salt flats and mines. The company performed tragedies and comedies from Shakespeare to American playwrights”(Welsher p2).The African Grove Theater was the first African American theater in the United States. Full playrights were presented on this stage which included, Shakespeare and eventually the first plays by African American. Although the intension was to...
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...Mississippi, first appeared in 1921. The poem evokes African heritage, and is widely anthologized. Hughes's first collection of poems, The Weary Blues, appeared in 1926. The essay "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain," which Hughes published in 1926, was considered something of a manifesto for black writers and artists in America. In 1930 Hughes published his first novel, Not Without Laughter, and throughout the 1930s he wrote a number of plays and short stories. Langston Hughes traveled extensively, was active in radical politics, and wielded considerable literary influence until his death, in Harlem, in 1967. It is seldom argued that America’s youth does not at least somewhat benefit from having an annual Black History Month, however, several critics argue that the adult population now perceives the month of February from a different angle.[2] One question that has been raised is in regard to why the month chosen to celebrate Black history is February, which is the shortest month of the year.[3] It is argued that Black History Month has become a “ready made excuse to ignore African American history for the other 11 months of the year”, thus promoting racism. Journalists argue that by dedicating a single month of the year to black history, it provokes a tendency for people to assume that black history is separate from American history.[4] Joseph Wayne states that “One month out of every year, Americans are given permission to commemorate the achievements...
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...African American History Michele Matthews HIS 204 American History Since 1865 Instructor: Mark Hoffman November 13, 2013 African American History To earn their place in America’s Society, African Americans fought many battles that brought them a very long way from 1865. African Americans went through a whole lot of hardship to get where they are today. Yes it is not perfect now but every actions made a big different through history. There are many achievements African American has made since the ending of slavery. Many sat, spoke, marched, cried, fought, died, and dreamed to make footprint in history. In this paper I will discuss some very important event in African American history like our 44th President Obama back to when slavery was ended. It all started in 1865 when the Civil war ended. The African American felt their freedom was a great turning point. Once slavery ended African American made plan to expand their culture. In our textbook, it states “They had a clear vision of what freedom meant. It was not just freedom from white control, but also the opportunity to expand the institutions and autonomous culture that they made while they endured slavery” (Bowles, 2011). As they develop a new society and beliefs, the laws started to change as while. The Plessy v. Ferguson case was the birth of the Jim Crow law. In David Bishop journal, he stated “Bernstein concluded that the “Supreme Court was compelled to distort cases before it could pollute the stream...
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...To a larger degree, historians have examined the white American businesspeople about the economies and market cultures. This paper going to talk about the African American business and consumer cultures, such as blacks’ culture and entrepreneurship, African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States. Also the African Americans’ buying behavior like the selling strategy makes it success to African American, and what is the reason. At the end going to talk about cross-cultural business, how to do business in the African American community. Known African American’s culture and background history is always helps to be success to avoid the mistakes which you shouldn’t do. Directly relating African American History and African American Business leaders, Pharrell Williams would be the perfect example of how the Black history influences the ways of business in the African American community. A lot of people might argue that he is not business man but he is the biggest entertainment business leader. “Every one of us is an amalgamation not only of all our ancestors, but of their decisions, and in 1831, Ambrose Hawkins was contemplating moving his family from America to Africa. Had he done so, his son Joseph would have been raised in Liberia instead of North Carolina and never would have become Pharrell Williams’s third great-grandfather. As it happens, Ambrose did go to Liberia, but opted for a solo round trip, rather than a family migration. If not for this last minute...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE - FHEL1012 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC STUDY ACADEMIC YEAR: 2015/2015 SEMESTER: JAN 2015 TUTORIAL 2 1.0 Identifying the General Purpose of a Paragraph 1. In naval aviation, the AWACS (Airborne Early Warning Command and Control System) plane, or Hawkeye, serves as an air traffic controller, monitoring the airspace around a carrier fleet. It is responsible for surveillance of enemy aircraft and ships as well as directing helicopters to survivors and guarding against air collisions. In addition to servicing the Navy, Hawkeye planes have been used in rescue operations of civilians during hurricane evacuations. The purpose of this passage is to: A. Inform B. Persuade C. Describe 2. The pilots of the Hawkeye aircraft are the unsung heroes of naval operations. The first in and the last out, these men receive none of the glory bestowed on the Top Guns of F-18 fame. Thanks to Hollywood, fighter pilots have been glorified, but the pilots of the AWACS planes work quietly and diligently, and they deserve praise for their contributions. The purpose of this passage is to: A. Inform B. Persuade C. Describe 3. Tobacco companies have been in litigation, facing charges that their marketing practices in the past have targeted teenagers. Also, evidence indicates that companies...
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...How effective was opposition to civil rights during the period 1955-1968? The civil rights movement had gained a lot of opposition during the campaign, however some opposition was more effective than others. There were various sources of opposition such as; the rise in black power movement, Federal opposition, State and local government opposition and the public opinion. Firstly, Federal opposition was effective at hindering the civil rights campaign because Eisenhower and JFK had hindered the campaign significantly. Eisenhower was afraid to give african americans power as he believed they would do more harm than good because they would cause resentment among americas white population. JFK also hindered the campaign by persuading campaigns to stop using violence and use peaceful protest, Kennedy knew that this would hinder the african americans campaign as Kennedy knows they will have less power and conviction in their civil rights campaign. However federal opposition wasn't that effective because the congress was in full support of the civil rights act of 1964 and the voting rights act of 196, this enabled the campaigners and the government to force desegregation laws and support voter registration. Therefore the federal opposition was effective at hindering the civil rights movement because the presidents were able to hinder the civil rights movement, while the congress managed to support it, overall the federal opposition had hindered the civil rights movement more than...
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...Owen Edwards’s publication: “The Tuskegee Airman Planes Last Flight” is the topic of this reader’s response. The story is about air force captain Matt Quy and his PT-13D airplane. In the story Cpt. Quy and his wife bought the plane, and with the help of friends fully restored it. While researching the plane they found out it was used in Tuskegee training, which led to the Quy family donating the plane to the National Museum of African American History. Edwards’s publication was suitable for the Smithsonian Magazine because it’s a story that should be significant in African American history. It’s a historical event that should be in the biggest museum and research complex magazine. Almost everybody that’s a fan of history or as a hobby reads The Smithsonian. Owen Edwards’s purpose for narrating this event was to honor the Tuskegee airmen, and to also highlight the generosity of the Quy family. Edwards recalled events that took place like the airshows plus the mechanical work for the plane. The Quy family dedicated a lot of time and money to the restoration of the old airplane. Edwards’s attitude made him seem proud to witness the last flight of the plane. To see the plane go from wrecked to fully operational had to be astonishing. He even said something on the likes of that the final landing was very quiet while people in the attendance were aww struck. Even in a hangar full of faster and bigger planes the PT-13D stood out the most. Once finding out the plane was used at...
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...I am writing my paper on African Americans writing a letter to a friend that is not African American. Dear Anthony, I am writing this letter because I would like to share with you what it is like to be African American and the what we have experienced throughout history. Sometimes people think that because times have passed and things are better that we should be happy but that is not the case. So I just want to give you some insight on African American’s history in the Unites States. Black history has tremendously shaped the African American experience in the United States. For most of U.S history the African American experience developed outside the American culture. Black history’s impact on the African American experience resulted from influences of slavery and racial discrimination in the U.S. For most of U.S history, legal and social discrimination has denied African Americans access to education, literacy, and work. The Harlem Renaissance was one of the first and most important movements in black history. It was the first recognition of African American for their music, literature, arts, and poetry. The Harlem Renaissance was an important period of increased political involvement in black history. Another important movement for African Americans was the Black Arts movement. The Black Arts movement saw the rise of music and literature that embraced a pronounced political and racial consciousness. The Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts movements are only two of...
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...the use of smooth, rounded texture of the wood emphasizing a difficult climb. Lastly the artwork uses the value from actual light to make the ladder recede into a bright light. The main principles of design I see are the use of movement and balance. First he uses curving lines and repetition to show movement. The way Puryear repeats the curves of the steps make your eyes move up. Secondly he uses asymmetrical balance making one side of the ladder different than the other, which is different from a normal symmetrical ladder. Booker T. Washington was an African-American teacher, author, advisor to presidents, and leader in the African-American community between 1890 and 1915. Washington had long term goals of building the African-American communities economic strength, focusing on self-help and schooling. However, Washington was set in developing domestic and vocational skills which was opposed by other African-American leaders in the community. To me the ladder represents his climb towards education...
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...effort to establish gender and racial equality for all African Americans worldwide. The aim of this movement was to remove racial discrimination, restore economic and to gain back freedom as being an African American. This movement produces many great leaders, and social changes that resulted as organized within the civil rights takin place. Helped the African American people also urge them to pursue their American dreams. The Civil Rights Act was a congressional act that prohibited discrimination in employment or the use of public places on the basis of race, sex religion, or national origin (Schaller G-4). This was the most massive issue in which the Black Americans struggle to end the segregation to be able to get all the rights deserved as citizens. Over the years passed by many was practicing in nonviolent protestation between all the Americans was being discriminated against. This may have included local government businesses, and at times even the whole communities got involved mobilized for a massive expansion of the movement in the coming decades (Schaller, 993). After the Cold War the African Americans needed to have alliances with the whites, legal resources, and leadership. This than put into Action the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Civil Rights organization founded in 1910 that was innovative in establishing legal action as a powerful basis in the fight for African American right is also defined as NAACP (Schaller G-14). President...
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...of a young African American living in the 1920s who has joined one of the organizations and explain your reasons for joining in a brief paragraph. Before you get started, look over the NAACP's mission statement, the Explanation of the Objects of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and what you have previously learned about the two groups. Use this information to compare the goals and tactics of the NAACP and the UNIA. 1. Complete the chart below to compare and contrast the NAACP's and the UNIA's goals and strategies. (6 points) NAACP UNIA Objective Views on segregation Views on American society 2. The NAACP and the UNIA focused on African American communities in different places, even other countries. How did the focus of the NAACP's efforts differ from the focus of the UNIA's? (2 points) 3. Imagine that you are a young African American living in a northern city in the 1920s. From that perspective, answer the following questions. (6 points) a. In your opinion, which organization speaks to your needs most, the UNIA or the NAACP? Why? b. In your opinion, which organization has the greatest potential for bringing about positive change? Why? c. Which organization's views on American society most closely match your own? Why? 4. Now, you are ready to write. Imagine that you are a young African American living in...
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...What’s your name? Step 1: Read each clue below. Each clue tells about a famous black American with a link at the bottom of the page. Use the link (or find another one if you like) to connect to a short biography of each person. On the line next to each clue, write the name of the person to whom the clue refers. 1. This person was a famous botanist, inventor, and teacher. 2. This person started a newspaper called "The North Star." 3. This person refused to give up a seat on the bus. That led to a 382-day bus boycott by black people in Montgomery, Alabama. 4. When this person was just a few weeks old, he and his mother were kidnapped. His mother was sold into slavery. 5. Because this person led so many slaves to freedom, he or she was sometimes called by the nickname Moses. 6. This person studied in Cuba and Kenya and worked at a Cambodian refugee camp in Thailand before going on to become famous. 7. One of 13 children, this person's birthname was Isabella Baumfree. 8. The president named this person to be the first black to hold a seat on the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land. 9. In 1962, this person became the first black player inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame. 10. This person's performance at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games made him famous. George Washington Carver Frederick Douglass Mae Jemison Thurgood Marshall Jesse Owens Rosa Parks...
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...(1931-1989) by Thomas F. DeFrantz Alvin Ailey, the founder of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater (1958-), galvanized and stabilized an African American presence in theatrical dance. An outstanding performer, choreographer, company director, and mentor to scores of dance artists, Ailey oversaw the growth of his small, pick-up group of seven dancers into a large, carefully managed, internationally-renowned enterprise including several ensembles of dancers and a thriving school in New York City housed in the largest building devoted to dance in the United States. Along the way, Ailey changed the landscape of modern dance by developing new audiences for its performance through a consistent combination of exceptional artistry and wellcoordinated community outreach programs. In all, Ailey invigorated the art of dance with his distinctive creative imagination, his “blood memories” of cultural formations he witnessed as a child-- including the jook joint and the black church --and the strong survivalist ethic he learned as an African American man born in the depression-era South. Emergence into Dance Born in Rogers, Texas, the only child of workingclass parents who separated when he was two, Ailey moved with his mother to Los Angeles in 1942. Shy from his itinerant Texas life, Ailey reluctantly turned to dance when a high-school classmate introduced him to Lester Horton's Hollywood studio in 1949. In dance, he found the terms of self-expression that high school athletics failed to provide...
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...connecting dance to what she was studying because dance was her passion. She traveled to third world countries such as Haiti, Martinique, Africa, Cuba, and she toured many other places as well with her dance company. Her purpose was to look further into the meaning behind dances, the purpose, the technique, and the cultural significance. What she did was she created something new rather than trying to perfect something long-standing, turning away from traditional...
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...began to write his first autobiography about Ibo religion. Equiano elaborates on how Christianity connected with the African descent and its culture, also he described the similarities between the Jews and the African from circumcision to offerings, from purifications to washings, and from believing in one Creator to live after death. The African American family was cherished within the African American community due to their history of slavery, the family had bonded in a strong culture. These origins have these families tested family bonds throughout African American history, changing the family makeup by causing these families to become more Americanized and less Africanized following slavery abolishment. Family reunions and events are highly cherished to help maintain the African American culture. Elderly of African American families are celebrated, as they are passing on the African American legacy in this country. The elders provided great perception and common sense into the family and cultural history, also giving good guidance to the younger member into their families. The popularity of family reunions has grown over the past several years. After the civil rights movement, several aspects of the society started to become approachable to African American and...
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