...untreated, STDs can cause a number of complications including reproductive health problems, fetal and perinatal problems, and cancer. Complications are seen more frequently in women than in men (insert healthy ppl ref). Economic, behavioral, and social factors play a role in the spread of STDs. Infection rates among African Americans and Hispanics are higher in comparison to Caucasians. Economic status is correlated to these increased rates. Those of low economic status are less likely to have access to healthcare and/or other preventable measures. Generally speaking Americans have a discomfort about discussing sex and this is one of the most pressing social factors that contribute to the spread of STDs (insert healthy ppl ref). Chlamydia is one of the most prevalent STDs. It is a bacterial infection transmitted through oral, anal and vaginal sexual interactions. It is most prevalent amongst younger adult’s ages 15-29, but the highest segment at risk is ages 15-19( hp2020 ref). Healthy People 2020 is an initiative managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It sets a 10 year agenda each decade aimed at improving overall health in Americans. In 2008, 7.4% of females ages 15-19 who were seen at family planning clinics in the past 12 months, tested positive for Chlamydia. Healthy People 2020 used this as a baseline to set their 10 year goal to reduce the rate of Chlamydia infection to 6.7% in this population (hp 2020). According to the Ohio Department of...
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...(Little 2015). Which also ties in with the harm that people go through when having “survival sex” these two forms of survival can be useful in people's lives. Harm reduction is a public health strategy that was developed initially for adults with substance abuse problems for whom abstinence was not feasible. Harm reduction approaches have been effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in these adult population. In recent years, harm reduction has been successfully applied to sexual health education in an attempt to reduce both teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, including...
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...HIV in the African American Population HIV in the African American Population The year was 1981, and the first discovered cases of PCP, Pneumocystis Cabrini pneumonia was discovered in five young males who did not fit the norm for being diagnosed with this disease. In 1983, the isolation of a T lymph tropic retrovirus was found. In January 1983, the CDC reported a new disease which could be sexually transmitted both homosexually and heterosexual, passed from mother to infant, through blood and blood products. A note was made that the disease could also be passed from a negative host, who carried the disease asymptomatically. On February 7th, the world takes notice of the African American blacks and their relationship with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2006, blacks composed approximately 12% of the United States population over the age of 13. Out of that reported number it was estimated that 46% of them are living with HIV/AIDS. 63% of those cases were from between male to male cases, with 83% new cases being from high risk heterosexual black females. The numbers from the CDC report it is an estimated 12.3 per 10,000 blacks that are currently affected yearly. Of all the ethnic and racial groups of the United States of America, the African Americans are the ones who have been to a larger extent faced with the HIV/AIDS burden. Statistics show that more than two hundred and thirty thousand African Americans have already passed on as a result of AIDS- a figure which represents...
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...The Misrepresentation of African American Students in Special Education Programs SOCI 2301 Research Proposal Introduction In the American education system, there is a steady increase in the number of Black students that are placed in special education programs. Black children are primarily labeled with either being Educable Mentally Retarded (EMR), or having a Behavioral Disorder (BD) (Kunjufu, 1995). This is a concern because statistics show that even though African American children only constitute 17 percent of all students, they compromise 41 percent of all special education placements, and out of the 41 percent of black children that are placed in special education programs, 85 percent are boys (National Research Council, 1999). These statistics are not only alarming, but it has also been recognized that African American students, particularly black males, are either misdiagnosed or misplaced into special education programs. This is a noted and ongoing problem within the public school system, and it is a problem that is raising many questions. For instance, why are black children disproportionately labeled? Why are black boys labeled EMR and BD more than girls? Do these labels adversely affect their self-esteem? Is there a difference between these statistics and the lack of black male teachers in the school system? Are there differences between black and white female teachers as they relate to black male children...
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...Decrease the HIV/STI Risk Behaviors of African American Youth: Can We Control Future Trends? Beatrice Simiyu Capstone Project Dr. Bruce Johnson Abstract As a result of the need to recognize successful human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) interventions tailored for African American youth, a literature review of six HIV/STI randomized controlled trials interventions targeting African American youth conducted in the United States were evaluated. A comparative analysis was used; the settings, procedures and outcomes of the different interventions targeting African American youth were compared, contrasted and combined to ultimately identify trends that are likely to initiate and possibly sustain change in HIV/STI risk behaviors among African American youth who are a vulnerable group. Variables were evaluated by the various intervention impacts on reducing sexual risk behaviors by an indication of a delay in first sexual intercourse, a decline in the number of sex partners and frequency of sex, and increase in condom use and a reduction in positive STI outcomes. Outcomes were used to facilitate identification of public health strategies that might be most beneficial in targeting African American youth and pinpoint what manner current public health strategies neglects to focus on their needs. The research and practice implications of the findings imply that enhancing future HIV/STI targeting African American youth necessitates the prioritization...
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...the public, and this act happens in the daily lives of Americans. In the modern day, after the law has been enforced on a person, the case is brought to the American Court System. In this system, there are prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, and a jury of the peers that work to serve a correct verdict. However, a fair trial does not often happen, especially in the police shooting trials. Therefore, the race of the police officer and the race of the victim creates different punishments during trials. To start off, it might seem that African Americans feel that they are treated inferior to Whites, so they might say that they are often singled out in criminal circumstances and trails even. Some might claim that America has not yet...
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...When having a child even at a young age its important to get them on a sleeping schedule. A case studied tested of 1,138 children sleep duration pattern measured at age’s 2.5 years and every year after that until 6 years old. The sleeping pattern can be a risk factor to obesity in children with environmental factors controlled. According to Touchette et al.’s (2008) “the relationship between sleep duration patterns and BMI was tested using multivariate logistic regression models to control for potentially confounding factors”. The results of this studied showed 4 sleep duration patterns shown through out the children. These four sleeping duration patterns according to Touchette et al.’s (2008), “short persistent (5.2%), short increasing (4.7%),...
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...INTRODUCTION A number of African American women are succeeding on the long road to career advancement and leadership positions. Nevertheless, racism and sexism still hinder their efforts for career advancement and leadership positions. Black women are facing an intense combination of discrimination in American institutions. Because we live in a white male-dominated society, it is easy to underestimate African American women’s leadership potential and abilities. African American women are looked at as inferior beings, rather than as equals capable of accomplishing any and everything a man can. The purpose of this research will be to investigate how education influences career advancement and leadership positions of African American...
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...history of substance abuse, and 16% have been diagnosed with some form of mental illness” (Corrections Rehabilitative Programs Effective, But Serve Only a Portion of the Eligible Population at a glance). These rehabilitating programs are meant to prepare the inmates before they are released back into the society. These programs are being set up and operating at different prison across the nation. One must unquestionably ask how much money is being spent on these programs. According to OPPAGA’s report, “In Fiscal Year 2006-07, the Legislature appropriated over $2.1 billion to the Department of Corrections; of this, $36.4 million or 1.7% of the agency budget, was allocated to correctional education and substance abuse programs. The department was unable to identify the level of funds allocated to sex offender treatment within the department’s health services budget”(Corrections Rehabilitative Programs Effective, But Serve Only a Portion of the Eligible Population at a glance). Money being spent may seem a lot but the reports also say that there isn’t enough funding for these kinds of programs across America. There are various different programs but the four major programs on the article...
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...AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs Volume 21, Number 5, 2007 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/apc.2006.0105 A Quantitative Study on the Condom-Use Behaviors of Eighteen- to Twenty-Four–Year-Old Urban African American Males STEPHEN B. KENNEDY, M.D., M.P.H.,1 SHERRY NOLEN, A.A.,2 JEFFREY APPLEWHITE,2 ZHENFENG PAN, Ph.D.,1 STEPHEN SHAMBLEN, Ph.D.,1 and KENNETH J. VANDERHOFF, M.A.1 ABSTRACT This research study sought to develop, pilot test, and assess a brief male-centered condom promotion program for urban young adult African American males. For study implementation, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used, and the project was guided by tenets of two common but integrated theoretical frameworks in HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention research: the social cognitive theory and the stages of change model. The purpose of the qualitative component was to identify and explore condom-use barriers and facilitators while that of the quantitative component was to identify the prevalence of condom-related behaviors and the feasibility of program administration. After recruitment of study participants from hang-out spots and street intercepts, study participants were self-administered a baseline survey regarding their perceived condom-use behaviors prior to random assignment to program conditions (a condom promotion program and an attentionmatched comparison condition). In this paper, we report the findings from the analyses of the quantitative...
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...Federal contractors and subcontractors are legally required to adopt. These measures are intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment, on the basis of "color, religion, sex, or national origin".[1][2] Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.[2] The impetus towards affirmative action is to redress the disadvantages[3][4][5][6][7] associated with overt historical discrimination.[8] Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.[9] Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger.[10] Affirmative action in the United States began as a tool to address the persisting inequalities for African Americans in the 1960s. This specific term was first used to describe US government policy in 1961. Directed to all government contracting agencies, President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 mandated "affirmative...
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...is complex and associated with the dynamic of personal relationships, which are further complicated by the issues of gender inequality in these relationships. Furthermore, in the Haitian culture, women often fail to have open discussions about sexuality and sexual health and especially the issue of forced sex. This is complicated by the issue of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDs, sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) and/ or related health problems with their daughters. Parental involvement is thought to be an effective prevention strategy in behavior change. However, there is limited data regarding the level of parental contribution to sexual education and development of the young females in Haiti Objective: The study sought to determine: Haitian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS and STIs; the impact of parental influence for learning about sex, relationships and sexual health of Haitian women; as well as parental involvement in the sexual behavior of Haitian women. Methods: A qualitative method was employed in this study, which consisted of focus groups with 7 Haitian women and interviews of 17 Haitian women 18 to 24 years old. Results: The issue of sex and...
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...not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant (MedlinePlus 2008). Adolescent mothers are more numerous in western societies and especially in the United States. Today, young people are sexually active at an earlier age compare to the previous generation, and there are several associated consequences. Sexual activity among adolescents is often associated with unprotected sex or use of ineffective methods of contraception. A large proportion of adolescents are suffering from sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) and girls become pregnant and young mothers. Given the increase in teenage pregnancies and the consequences on the quality of life of the young people, an intervention, is needed starting in the middle schools. According to a study done in late 2009 by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a pro-choice organization, nationwide, teenage pregnancy rate was 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 women ages 13 to 19 (Huffington Post 2010). Before intervention, however, it is essential to understand the factors underlying the premature and unprotected sex leading to unwanted pregnancies and STDs among adolescents. These risk factors include individual characteristics of adolescents as well as environmental factors. This paper will examine the reasons of pregnancy among teenagers and the consequences that are associated. Review of literature The teenage pregnancies occur more frequently, in the poorest neighborhoods, lower socio-economic backgrounds where...
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...Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Nurturance Scale, and the Vignettes of child maltreatment. They also completed a demographic questionnaire about their age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, living arrangements, occupational status, and highest level of education. The Machismo scale (Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs) that was used, measured gender role attitudes and it was concluded that the scale had good construct validity and the scale demonstrated good internal reliability. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), an instrument that assess the severity of physical and emotional neglect, and physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. This scale has shown high levels of internal consistency and has also demonstrated good convergent validity. The Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) was used to measure the degree of punitiveness behaviors that were demonstrated by parents and indicates the parent’s level of risk to abuse his or her child. Internal consistency reliabilities of the three subscales parallel their lengths, with reasoning showing the lowest reliability (r = .42–.76), then verbal aggression (r = .62–.88) and physical aggression showing the highest reliability (r =...
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...Andre Ferguson English 120 September 30, 2014 Argumentative essay Promoting Sexual Education between Doctors, Parents, Schools, and Children as Early as Elementary School The debate over whether or not comprehensive sexual education ought to be schooled in faculties is not any less heated than it absolutely was once it 1st became a recent disputation within the 1960’s. Some argue that it shouldn't be schooled in the slightest degree, in or out of the house. What several area unit unaware of is that sexual education has been a significant ethical perplexity since the year 1892, once the National Education Association passed a resolution citing the necessity for “moral education within the schools” (Cornblatt). This hot-button issue has created notably slow progress over the course of history, mostly as a result of spiritual principles implementing political theory. Today, sexual education is obligatory publicly faculties in twenty two of fifty states within the U.S. as a result of very little advancement created within the administration of sexual education schemes, voters of the U.S. have unnoted a deeper underlying issue – which is, at what stage in adolescence is it necessary and most helpful for this difficult, life-long learning method to begin? Additionally due partially to the slow progress these programs have revamped time, some oldsters have even neglected to the touch upon the difficulty entirely. What’s a lot of, these continued failures to be proactive have...
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