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After a Guilty Verdict

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Section | Sub-section | Topic | Study | Aim of Research/Findings | Method Used | Evaluation Points | After a Guilty Verdict | Imprisonment | Planner Behaviour once freed from jail | Gillis and Nafekh (2005) | Aim: To investigate the effect of planning employment on recidivism.Results: Those on employment programmes were more likely to remain on conditional release and less likely to reoffend. | Content Analysis | * No cause and effect. * Reoffending figures will not include “hidden crime”. * Strength of matched pairs design. | | | Depression/ Suicide Risk | Dooley (1990) | Aim: To examine the characteristics and motivations for suicides.Results: Characteristics – more suicides in those serving longer sentences and those convicted of violent/sexual offences. Motivations – Intolerable prison situation, guilt for the offence and mental disorders were found to be significant motivations. | Content Analysis | * Reliability of the sources used in analysis (e.g. other inmates) * No cause and effect. * Subjective interpretation of notes * Individual/situational explanations | | | Prison situation and roles | Haney and Zimbardo (1998) | Aim: To describe the past and present of the US prison system.Results: Original experiment found that the prison situation changes behaviour – ‘normal’ people became aggressive. The journal article states that prison situations are damaging, so alternatives should be considered. | Journal article (linked to their previous 1973 experiment) | * Individual/situational explanations Does the prison situation only encourage criminal behaviour? * Ethnocentrism * Ethics (of experiment) | | Alternatives to Imprisonment | Probation | Mair and May (1997) | Aim: To investigate the experience of offenders on probation.Results: 88% felt probation was helpful, but only 37% felt it would prevent them from reoffending. | Survey of 3299 offenders, by independent researchers | * Demand characteristics (offender may want to get an early release.) * Sample size/Subject attrition * Independent researchers means lack of researcher bias | | | Restorative Justice | Sherman and Strang (2007) | Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of restorative justice with regard to reoffending rates.Results: Restorative justice does not work in all cases. More effective for cases with personal victim and when violence is part of crime. Works well with first time offenders. | Content analysis of research into RJ found via the internet | * Validity of internet research * Effectiveness of RJ * No cause and effect. * Determinism * Reductionism | | | Looking ‘Death-worthy’ | Eberhardt (2006) | Aim: To investigate whether ’stereotypically black’ offenders were more likely to receive death sentences than white offenders.Results: Offenders perceived as more stereotypically black were more likely to receive a death sentence than those whose appearance was perceived as less stereotypically black. | Lab Experiment | * Ethics – perhaps better to use a content analysis in this area? * Ethnocentrism. * Replicability * Lack of ecological validity | | Treatment Programmes | Cognitive skills programmes | Cann (2006) | Aim: To assess the effectiveness of cognitive skills programmes on reducing reoffending rates.Results: Cognitive skills programmes didn’t significantly reduce reoffending rates, | Quasi Experiment | * Strength of matched pairs design * Sample * Reductionism * Cause and effect | | | Anger management | Ireland (2000) | Aim: To see whether anger management programmes work.Results: Prisoners who had completed CALM rated themselves as being less angry than the control group. Prison officers also rated the experimental group as displaying less angry behaviour. | Quasi Experiment | * Use of self reports with prisoners * Reductionism * Individual/situational explanations | | | Ear acupuncture for drug rehabilitation | Wheatley (2005) | Aim: To assess the effectiveness of ear acupuncture at reducing substance misuse.Results: Qualitative data – prisoners reported improved health, better sleep and reduced cravings. Quantitative data – there was a significant improvement in the results of drug tests compared to the control group. | Lab experiment | * Qualitative and quantitative data * Volunteer sample * Reductionism * Cause and effect |
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