...Global pandemics have helped shape history and the modern world. Without the diseases that cause pandemics nations and empires would not have been able to expand as far and wide as they did and they would not have grown in complexity and culture. The bubonic plague took the world to the Dark Ages, but also resulted in one of the greatest ages of enlightenment, the Renaissance. Beautiful works of art, literature, and philosophy were born from this. Somewhat sadly not all pandemics have resulted in ages of enlightenment. Often they come fast, kill even faster, and then are gone. One pandemic that still plagues the world today, with no end in sight, is AIDS. An incurable virus that became the center of attention in the 1980's. Bubonic plague and AIDS are very different in nature, but have resulted in many similar political, economic, and cultural impacts within human societies. The differences and similarities of these pandemics can help us understand pandemics better and also can help us to prepare for future pandemics. First we must look at the bubonic plague, how it spread and how it impacted the world socially, economically, and culturally. It was first recorded in Europe by a Sicilian chronicler by the name of Michele da Piazza in October of 1347, who recorded the port of Messina having twelve galleys full of sailors carrying the disease down to the marrow of their bones.1 Black Death began to really take its toll in 1348, spreading through Italy, France, Spain, Switzerland...
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...chapter looks at the main factors that led to the concern off international health. It explores the main backgrounds of modern international health from the time of the Eurasian plague for three hundred years. It examines events like the rise of the slave trade and imperialism and the health consequences that came with these events. It then turns and examines the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and the upsurge of the sanitary reform movement. These events led to the presence and development of new international health institutions. Plague outbreaks led to the beginnings of the earliest health regulations. The increase of rival leaders fighting for power and increase of travel and trade led to the outbreaks of widespread diseases. The Middle Ages were characterized by two great plague outbreaks. The Plague of Justinian affected populations moving from Asia to Ireland. The second great plague was the great Black Death in the 14th century. The plague is said to be the most critical epidemic in mankind’s history. The plague shook the whole political, economic, social and ecclesiastical structure of Europe and it led to a death of 25 million people throughout India, China and Mediterranean. The plague was suspected to have been caused by the numerous human contacts. This led to the earliest efforts of international disease control. In the faith that the plague was introduced by the movement of trade ships, Venice adopted a detention of 40 days. This detention abolished vessels...
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...The Black Plague The Black Plague was a pandemic, which reached England in June 1348-December 1349. It was later called “The Black Death” due to it killing around 50 million people. The Black Death has affected not only Europe, but other parts of the world killing many. Almost everyone feared the plague because it could possibly affect many of their lives, losing loved ones. New symbols and art were brought to the surface due to The Black Plague, such as plague doctors and even the famous song “Ring Around the Rosie”. Although there is a cure now it is still around today coming in many forms and types affecting people's daily lives. There are 3 major plagues the Justinian Plague, which was named after the 6th century Justinian emperor,...
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...high risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. It’s unfortunate that amongst New York City unlimited diverse population, the African-American woman have steadily and continue to become affected with the HIV virus. Even though nowadays medication has shown improvement to treating HIV, more needed towards the prevention of becoming HIV-positive. Numerous factors must be addressed, and educational programs becoming readily available to the urban modern lifestyle’s that African American as well Women of all ethnicity partake. Change begins with acknowledgement and understandings. History of HIV/AIDS Over 33 million people around the world are infected with AIDS or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Of which over a million people are infected with AIDS in the United States. At first, AIDS in the United States was considered a white gay man’s disease. In fact, AIDS was once referred to as “The Gay Plague” (Shilts, 1987). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2005 that women now make up 26 percent of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. African American women are infected at even higher rates than Women of other racial and ethnic groups. In 2005, close to 127,000 women were living with HIV/AIDS. Black women made up 64 percent of those women living with HIV/AIDS. In 2004, HIV was the leading cause of death for black women aged 25-34 These statistics of AIDS among African American women are alarming. Yet awareness about HIV/AIDS among black women in the United States...
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...during the time when gangs were on the rise. The later is what inspired both Thriller and another one of Jackson’s hits Beat It. Unlike Beat It instead of using real gang members Jackson uses Zombies to represent gangs and gang members. Vincent Price’s verse at the end of the song makes this much more obvious with the line “To terrorize y'awl's neighborhood…”(Jackson). Many American’s feared gangs would terrorize their neighborhoods during this time period. This was also around the time that people began to fear HIV and AIDS, so what better way to illustrate this than with a Zombie virus. An iconic example of this would be the Resident Evil series which consists of both games and movies. The first game and first part of this series came out in 1996 and revolves around a Zombie outbreak that started because of the...
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...(human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease will cause has been seen. There are no known cures or affordable vaccines to prevent AIDS; the only option is for a program to prevent further spread of the epidemic...
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...HISTORY 1500 WINTER 2014 RESEARCH ESSAY TOPICS 1. Select a crusade and discuss the extent to which it accomplished its objectives. Why did it succeed or fail? Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution...
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...Modern society human populations at risk of disease pandemics Sandra Mankarios 42460441 Word count: 2033 The qualities in which humans in modern day society live have increased the potential risks of the transmission of pathogens and their vectors. These risks have become limitless compared to the past; the damage created now will greatly effect future generations where the damage may even be irreversible (Washer 2006). Many factors in everyday modern life contribute to the rapid spread of pathogens and their vectors, which include the advances in modern transport via the air, land and sea, the increase in population size and density, global change and climate change. These features of today assist in the introduction of new diseases and also the re-emergence of old diseases including influenza, HIV/AIDS, dengue fever, malaria, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Cholera and many others (Tatem et al. 2006). MODERN ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION In the past, populated establishments were isolated due to lack of efficient transport. Now in today’s modern society, the constant advances in resources and the requirement for travel has seen the travelling of individuals dramatically increased over the years. Transport systems via land, air and sea continue to develop allowing swifter mobility of passengers and goods across vast distances within shorter periods of time. Although this is exemplary of an advancing society full of promising travel and freight options, this...
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...use of antibiotics, improved sanitation, and childhood immunization programs (USCB 1). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, “the average life expectancy at the beginning of the 20th century was 47.3 years. A century later, that number had increased to 77.85 years, due largely to the development of vaccinations and other treatments for deadly diseases” (USCB 1). One of the reasons some historic diseases still exist is because people in poorer, third world countries cannot afford the vaccinations and treatments. This also explains why most of the diseases are in the poorer, developing countries. Despite the fact that many deadly diseases that are prominent today, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, it’s only a matter of time until there are cures. From the way people were treated during the Black Death to the way health care is today, the advances in medicine are clearly seen. Most of the major diseases and illness that existed in in the past have been eradicated and although it took a lot of time and research, there are now more cures and treatments then...
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...Topics The Black Death The Effects of the Black Death The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy The Hundred Years’ War The Decline of the Church The Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death The most devastating natural catastrophe of the early modern era was the bubonic plague, which...
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...Century 1. Marsamxett Harbour in 1800. 2. Cargo Ships in Grand Harbour (1870s) 3. The Suez Canal, 1869 1. Malta’s economy during the Continental System (1806-1812) During the Continental System the first commercial banks were set up in Malta. These were the AngloMaltese Bank, and the Banco di Malta. The number of British ships entering the harbours annually between 1801 and 1812 went up from 291 to 3,000. The Maltese found work in foreign trade more than ever before especially since the British made corsairing illegal. 2. The Plague of 1813 and its effects on the economy The collapse of the Continental System in 1812 and the Plague of 1813-14 brought trade with foreign countries to a sudden and tragic end. British merchants re-established their previous commercial contacts in Italy. Thus Malta’s harbour lost most of its activities. Strict quarantine regulations were imposed against Maltese ships by foreign governments because of the plague. Custom duties collected by the Government discouraged foreign merchants to use Malta’s harbours as a centre for transit trade. 3. The effects of the Crimean War on Malta’s economy The Crimean War had considerable socio-economic effects on Malta. After the war the British spend more heavily in their military and naval establishments. There was a larger demand for local and foreign goods for the use of the British troops kept in Malta. The Government bought supplies for the army from private firms in great quantities. All these factors...
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...Moreover, the conviction for drug offenses accounted for ⅔ of the rise in the prison population and was the greatest perpetrator of racial oppression. Police had free reign as to what counted as justified cause and the courts even allowed an implicit drug exception that went against the Bill of rights. Black bodies accumulated within the prison system and even with the removal of mandatory minimums many were set in a perpetual cycle of recidivism. While within the prison the 13th Amendment allowed these same bodies to endure a condition analogous to that of their ancestors. Alexander sheds light on this issue with her inclusion of the example, “ Today, many inmates work in prison, typically earning far less than the minimum wage—often less than $3 per hour, sometimes as little as 25 cents. Their accounts are then “charged” for various expenses related to their incarceration, making it impossible for them to save the money that otherwise would allow them to pay off their debts or help them make a successful transition when released from prison...
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...Unit 1 Applying Your Knowledge Control Human Population 1.) Ever since the early 1900’s the concern for controlling the worlds population has been into effect. This problem arose due to the shear principle of not being able to provide for every U.S.citizen. It’s was stated that because of this; limiting the populations birth rate was in effect, and man made diseases were made (swine flu, aids, small pox etc.). It was made to reduce the population in order to control the goods/activity everyone endures on a daily basis. Not only would this limit everyones intake, but it also would help to understand what guidelines their population control will have to withstand. In order to do that there has to a biological connection to document every beings routine. This is where the RFID chip was made to express certain data, from certain individuals to the beholder. Personally I feel with certain experiments and enhanced research there has to be a beneficial solution other than derogatory. Produce Enough Fresh Food For The Population As the population is at an all time rapid high the concern for genuine product is becoming more of a demand. Its because of events like this that products such as Genetically Modified Organisms were made. These are organisms who's genetic material has been altered using “genetic techniques.” This leaves the theory of almost every food that we consume is altered in some sense. Which leaves me to believe that not every food is healthy, and what exactly...
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...conclusions and recommendations Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography Chapter I HIV/AIDS INTRODUCTION The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 20th Century, brought with it fear, superstition and prejudice. This disease is not the first one where society has imposed social stigmas, political agendas and outright pandemonium. Misunderstandings of other diseases like the bubonic plague, small pox and the Spanish flu also have caused hysteria among populations around the world, but the main difference between these epidemics and that of AIDS/HIV is that AIDS is a modern epidemic staged in a new world of influential media outlets, politics and new social stigmas. In order to combat the societal misunderstandings of AIDS/HIV, one must understand the disease itself. When referring to AIDS/HIV, one is actually talking about two different parts of the same disease. AIDS (Auto Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is the main disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS attacks the immune system of people causing their immune systems to revolt against their bodies killing off their "good" cells. With this self-annihilation comes the opportunity for other infectious...
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...fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example, microorganisms are required for the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, alcohol, wine, beer, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol), vaccines, vitamins, enzymes and many more important products as shown in the Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. Many products of microbes contribute to public health as aids to nutrition, other products are used to interrupt the spread of...
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