...What is air conditioner Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C or AC) is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air temperature. Thecooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants.[1] In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-)humidification, cleaning, ventilation, or air movement). However, in construction, such a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC -as opposed to AC).[2] B. Heater 1. Principles of Air Conditioning BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING You don’t have to be an air-conditioning expert to use Spot Coolers, but understanding the basics of air conditioning will help you understand how Spot Coolerswork. This section highlights some of the basic principles of air conditioning for those who would benefit from additional knowledge in this area. PRINCIPLES OF COOLING Heat Transfer Heat is a form of energy. Every object on earth has some heat energy....
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...rO u N D S O u rc e Heat P uMP SyS teM S chris arkins This note TEC 6, originally published in February 1999, was reviewed by Chris Arkins in January 2004. This summary page includes recent updates to the topic since publication. SUMMARY OF actIONS tOwarDS SuStaINable OutcOMeS Introduction Alternative low energy air conditioning solutions are now commonly sought in preference to typical air conditioning systems for both residential and commercial applications. The industry has seen a growing emergence of ground source heat pump (GSHP) installations throughout Australia over the last five years. A broad spectrum of facilities ranging from domestic housing, hospitals, education facilities, commercial offices and civic buildings to name a few, are now realising the environmental benefits offered by GSHP systems over more commonly used air conditioning systems. This summary note provides a brief overview of the previous note and provides an update on changes that have occurred since. basic Strategies Heat rejection is fundamental to all air conditioning systems. Typically, unsightly roof mounted air cooled condensers and cooling towers are by far the most commonly used method for rejecting heat from a building. Ground source heat pumps are somewhat different to the norm. Basically GSHP are refrigeration machines that provide heating and cooling by using ground water and the earth as a medium to reject and/or absorb heat and as such do not require air cooled condensers...
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...Impianti chimici II Monographic Thesis ADSORPTION HEAT PUMPS USING THE ZEOLITE-WATER PAIR: Operating principle and applications Author: Federica FURNARI 1 SUMMARY Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 3 Chapter 1 Why choosing water-zeolite? ____________________________________________________ 5 Chapter 2 Operating principle of water-zeolite heat pump ____________________________________ 8 Chapter 3 Technological applications _____________________________________________________ 11 Solar-powered adsorption icemakers _____________________________________________________ 12 Self chilling beer kegs _________________________________________________________________ 15 Solar-powered adsorption air conditioners ________________________________________________ 16 Chapter 4 Key issues for future development _______________________________________________ 18 The heat/mass transfer issue ___________________________________________________________ 19 Heat recovery _______________________________________________________________________ 21 Bibliography _________________________________________________________________ 24 2 Introduction Although adsorptive processes have been extensively studied for gas separation, catalysis, etc., it is only recently that they have been proposed for heat management. The interest in adsorption systems started to increase, firstly due to the oil crisis in the 1970s that lead to...
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...When getting into larger HVAC system applications, one must start looking at split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot coils from the cold coils of the system. The cold coils, consisting of the expansion valve and the cold coil, is generally placed into a furnace or an air handler. The air handler blows air through the coil and routes the air throughout the building using a series of ducts. The hot side, known as the condensing unit, lives outside the building. Inside the hot coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along with a weather-resistant compressor and a control logic to manage the temperature and pressure going throughout the coil. This approach has evolved over the years because of its low-cost and also it normally results in reduced noise inside the house. However, there is no difference between a split-system and a window air conditioner other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the capacity is higher, making the coils and compressor larger which eventually makes the selection of a split system unit a better decision. When dealing with large buildings such as warehouses, large business offices, malls, big department stores and other sizeable buildings, the condensing unit normally lives on the roof and can be quite massive. Otherwise, there may be many smaller units on the roof, each attached inside to a small air handler that cools a specific zone in the building. Although standard air conditioners are very popular...
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...History Of Air Conditioner The history of air conditioner started in the early days with the need to preserve foods. Foods that are kept at room temperature spoil easily due to the growth of bacteria. At temperature below 4° C (40° F), the growth of bacteria is reduced rapidly. As a result of the development in food refrigeration, other applications that follows include air conditioning, humidity control and manufacturing processes. The discovery of the principles of the absorption type of refrigeration in 1824 showed that liquefied ammonia could chill air when it is allowed to evaporate. Ice was created using compressor technology in the year 1842 by a physician named John Gorrie. The commercially available of air conditioning applications started based on the need to cool air for industrial processes than for personal comfort. The first electrical air conditioning was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in the year 1902. He was also known as the Father of Modern Air Conditioning. His invention was designed to improve the manufacturing process of a printing plant. By controlling the temperature and humidity of the plant, the processes were made more efficient as the paper size and the ink alignment were consistently maintained. The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was established by him to meet the demand of better productivity in the workplace. Today, Carrier Corporation is the biggest air conditioner manufacturer and marketing corporation in the world...
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...Air conditioning systems can be categorized according to the means by which the controllable cooling is accomplished in the conditioned space. They are further segregated to accomplish specific purposes by special equipment arrangement. In selecting a suitable air conditioning system for a particular application, consideration should also vent to the following like system constraints such as cooling load, zoning requirements, heating and ventilation. Architectural Constraints depended on size and appearance of terminal devices, acceptable noise level, Space available to house equipment and its location relative to the conditioned space, and acceptability of components obtruding into the conditioned space. Financial constraints including capital cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost. There are four basic system categories of air conditioning namely central chilled water air conditioning system. An all-air system provides complete sensible and latent cooling capacity in the cold air supplied by the system. Heating can be accomplished by the same air stream, either in the central system or at a particular zone. All-air systems can be classified into 2 categories namely single duct systems and dual duct systems. The single duct system as shown in figure 1 is used for a large room such as an atrium, a banking hall, a swimming pool, or a lecture, entertainment or operating theatre. It can be applied to groups of rooms with a similar demand for air conditioning, such as...
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...questions - “What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy?” The Advantages of Geothermal Energy When it comes to the advantages of geothermal energy, they are numerous. To give you an idea of just how many there are, be sure to check out this list: * First and foremost, geothermal energy is renewable, meaning that as long as we don’t pump too much cold water into the earth -cooling off the hot rocks- the energy will just keep on coming! * Secondly, geothermal energy doesn’t produce pollution, and at the same time, it doesn’t contribute to the greenhouse effect! * The power stations for geothermal energy don’t take up a whole bunch of room, and because of this, they tend to have less of an impact on the surrounding environment. * Because geothermal energy is energy in and of itself, no outside sources of fuel are needed to keep the power houses running. * And, even better, geothermal efficiency offers an even more exciting benefit to the frugal homeowner - once you’ve built the geothermal power station, the energy is nearly, well, free! While it may require a little energy to actually run the pump, you can tap into the energy that is already being produced to handle this...
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...have an impact (McKibben, 2008). However, until the full impact is determined, scientists worldwide should be developing energy alternatives, in order to help stabilize the environment, secure national policy interests and boost to the economy. Geothermal energy represents a sizeable, renewable power source and is one of several alternative energy options that should be utilized. In order for this technology to be able to move forward with any success, it must achieve the highest efficiency, through smart thinking and conservation methods. Society needs to integrate energy, environmental, economic and political policies; otherwise, there is no chance for a sustainable future. INTRODUCTION TO GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy originates as heat from the Earth’s core and is constantly flowing, conducting outwards towards the surface. This is most easily...
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...SYSTEM SELECTION Proper heating and cooling system selection takes into consideration fuel sources (e.g., natural gas and electricity), distribution mechanisms (e.g., air and hydronic), equipment options (e.g., furnace and heat pump), and equipment efficiency. Perform a life-cycle analysis of various properly sized HVAC options to select a cost-effective system. Cost considerations include equipment and installation prices, annual heating and cooling expenses, and maintenance costs. Although more difficult to evaluate, equipment reliability, longevity, warranty coverage, and safety are also important. For example, the heating fuel source directly impacts operating costs. Also, high-efficiency heating equipment often costs more than standard-efficiency models, but it costs less to run. So the life-cycle cost—rather than initial purchase price—may make high-efficiency equipment or one fuel rather than another the economical choice. Some HVAC contractors and local utilities provide life-cycle analysis of various equipment options. A summary of many easy-to-use software products for estimating annual heating and cooling costs is compiled by DOE’s BTS (www.eren.doe.gov/buildings) WHY SIZING IS IMPORTANT A common mistake in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industry is to oversize heating and cooling equipment, especially air conditioners and heat pumps. Bigger does not always mean better. Overcapacity equipment has a higher initial...
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...refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. Thermal expansion valves are often referred to generically as "metering devices". Flow control, or metering, of the refrigerant is accomplished by use of a temperature sensing bulb filled with a similar gas as in the system that causes the valve to open against the spring pressure in the valve body as the temperature on the bulb increases. As the suction line temperature decreases, so does the pressure in the bulb and therefore on the spring causing the valve to close. An air conditioning system with a TX valve is often more efficient than other designs that do not use one. A thermal expansion valve is a key element to a refrigeration cycle; the cycle that makes air conditioning, or air cooling, possible. A basic refrigeration cycle consists of four major elements, a compressor, a condenser, a metering device and an evaporator. As a refrigerant passes through a circuit containing these four elements, air conditioning occurs. The cycle starts when refrigerant enters the compressor in a low pressure gas form. The refrigerant is compressed by the compressor to a high pressure gas state. The high pressure gas then enters the condenser. The condenser precipitates the high pressure gas to a high pressure liquid by transferring heat to a lower temperature medium, usually ambient air. The high pressure...
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...water. About 1.6% of the Earth’s water is frozen in polar ice caps and another 0.36% is contained in underground aquifers and wells. Only about 0.0036% of our planet’s water is found in lakes and rivers. The rest of the water is either floating in the air as clouds and water vapor, or is locked up in plants and animals. Saline water (brine) contains 30-50 grams of salt per liter. This concentration of salt can be toxic for the human body to consume and is responsible for many fatalities. But saline water can be made into fresh water by the process of desalination. This summary will cover a few different desalination methods and their benefits. “Among the desalination technologies, thermal desalination, including multi stage flash (MSF) and multi effect evaporation (MEE), is the current leading desalination process. Reverse osmosis (RO) is also being increasingly used.”¹ But both of these processes consume enormous amounts of precious fossil fuels and emit masses of ozone depleting greenhouse gases. Another way to desalinate saline water is by using solar power. The sun emits all of the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation, 99% of its rays are in the form of visible light, ultraviolet rays, and infrared rays (also known as heat). So why wouldn’t we harvest the free solar energy instead of using expensive resources to desalinate saline water? “Solar ponds combine solar energy collection with long-term storage and can provide reliable thermal energy at temperature ranges from...
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...High school: Al-mansour secondary high school – Baghdad – Iraq (2001-2004). • Work history: July 2009- till now at: MECHANICAL CONSTRACTION COMPANY INTERNATIONAL (MCCI). Project name: YAGHT CLUB BUILDING- Town Quay Development Beirut – Lebanon. Position held: mechanical construction engineer (site engineer). - Designed and drawn mechanical “shop drawing” and final “as built drawings” (chilled, heating and water supply pipes, floor heating loops, supply and ventilation air ducts and mechanical rooms). - Sizing for ducts, internal grilles and external louvers. - Coordination all works on site with electrical, civil, and architectural sub contractors. - Distributed, coordinated, supervised and executed all mechanical works on site: o Chilled system: installation of chillers, heat exchangers, pumps, fan coil units (FCU) and air handling units (AHU) with all necessary equipments and fittings pipes and ducts. o...
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...Chapter 8 pgs 8.2 – 8.13 * I. Electrical Troubleshooting-method of finding problems in elec. Systems II. T-stats A. Primary control-necessary for regular operation B. Single stat 1. Homes, small commercial buildings C. Independent – Multi-zones 1. Large commercial buildings, malls III. T-stat operation A. Electronic programmable B. Bi-metal-2 diff. metals bonded together (copper, Invar), warp out when temp changes 1. Mercury bulb contacts 2Magnet assist 3. Snap acting C. 24V, 750mV IV. Heat only t-stat A. Control for furnace only B. Adjustable heat anticipator 1. Small resistance heater 2. in series with the stat contacts 3. Opens heat stat early so we don’t overheat with the residual heat in the heat exchanger V. Cooling only stat A. Control for cooling only system B. Cooling compensator 1. Fixed resistance 2. Parallel to stat contacts 3. Energized when there is no call for cooling, brings AC early VI. Heating-Cooling Stats A. A mercury bulb is used with a set of contacts at the cooling end and heating end 1. Cooling contacts close on rise of temp 2. Heating contacts open on the rise of temp B. When a switch is used it provides a means to direct the control of cooling and heating 1. for cooling a. disconnects heating contacts connects cooling contacts 2. for heating a. disconnects cooling contacts connects heating contacts VII. Heating-Cooling Automatic Changeover Thermostats A. Automatic changeover stat automatically...
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...| | Téléchargez l'applicationJoin us on Facebook * Press room * Contact * Press releases * Media partners * Events at Rungis * Photo library * Video library * Education * Rungis education programme * School discovery visits * Jobs * Survey * Market jobs * Conferences (les entretiens) * Rungis leads the debate * Les Entretiens de Rungis this year * Previous editions * Products and features * Seasonal produce * Features * New products Newsletter | * Market areas * Buy * Setting at Rungis * Local produce * Supply * Current market prices * Who does what at Rungis * Introduction * Rungis Values * Health and Safety * Sustainable development * International * Semmaris * Press room * Education * Jobs * Conferences (les entretiens) * Products and features * Trading times and closing dates * Traffic information * How to get to Rungis * Market Map * Eating * Sleeping * Your communication at Rungis * Setting-up at Rungis * Book a reception room * Visit Rungis * Photo library * Video library * Who does what at Rungis * Why setting-up at Rungis * Property * Request information * They set-up at Rungis Home » Media/Education/Jobs » Products and features >> FeaturesFeatures The cold chain : facilities and regulationsThe cold chain occupies an essential place in the food...
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...addition to need of energy storage devices, remarkable research has been done to reduce the cost of energy storage systems. The incorporation of energy storage system is always beneficial. But the major issue is that storage equipments are expensive. Therefore, economical aspects of storage system have to be considered before implementation. The cost and other economical aspects associated with different energy storage systems are described further. Storing electricity in power plant provides cost saving opportunities. Large scale energy storage also known as grid energy storage has become an integral part of power plant (Sioshansi, 2011). The wide spread use of renewable sources to generate electricity is made possible because of efficient...
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