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Airasia's Cost Advantage Drivers

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Submitted By paraxit90
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Caso di studio: AirAsia-La compagnia low-cost più economica al mondo.

AirAsia è attualmente affermata come la compagnia low-cost di maggior successo in Asia. Cresciuta dal 2002 al 2009, la compagnia si è ampliata da soli 2 aerei eun business di 200.000 passeggeri a 79 aerei e 11,8 milioni di passeggeri. La sua rete di rotte è cresciuta oltre i confini della Malesia per coprire 10 nazioni dell'Asia del sud-est.
La deregolamentazione delle compagnie aeree in tutto il sud est asiatico ha facilitato enormemente l’espansione internazionale. Per sfruttare il mercato dei viaggi low-cost in Thailandia e Indonesia, AirAsia ha adottato la strategia di stabilire joint-venture con Thai AirAsia e Indonesia AirAsia per creare nuovi centri di business a Bangkok e Jakarta.
In entrambi i casi, le operazioni di queste società sono state appaltate a AirAsia, che ha ricevuto un canone mensile da queste società collegate.

Soffermiamoci adesso sulle fonti del vantaggio di costo per AirAsia. La strategia operativa della compagnia si fonda su vari elementi.

AirAsia ha utilizzato un solo tipo di aereomobile, l’Airbus A320. Ciò ha offerto economie negli acquisti, manutenzione, addestramento dei piloti e utilizzo degli aeromobili.
A differenza di altre compagnie aeree, AirAsia ha offerto un’unica classe, che ha permesso allo stesso tempo più posti a sedere. Ad esempio, quando si operava suoi Boeing 737, questi sono stati dotati di 148 posti, rispetto a 132 per una tipica configurazione a due classi. L’utilizzo di un solo modello di aeromobile e la presenza di una sola classe di viaggio hanno permesso di sfruttare le economia di scala.

I servizi per i clienti erano minimi: pasti e bevande non sono serviti gratuitamente a bordo, ma snack e bibite possono essere acquistati durante il volo.
I passeggeri pagano ogni qual volta il proprio bagaglio eccede la soglia limite, inoltre non è previsto alcun trasferimento dei bagagli tra i voli.
AirAsia non ha mai utilizzato le passerelle per imbarco e sbarco dei passeggeri, un’ altra misura di risparmio dei costi. I voli sono senza biglietto, di conseguenza i posti a sedere non sono assegnati. Tale semplicità ha permesso una rapida inversione di rotta degli aerei, che hanno consentito un migliore utilizzo degli stessi e degli equipaggi.
Per quanto riguarda le vendite e il marketing, AirAsia è impegnata nella vendita diretta attraverso il proprio sito web e call center evitando di pagare così ulteriori commissioni alle agenzie di viaggio.
Per penetrare il proprio mercato di riferimento, AirAsia ha posto una grande enfasi sul marketing e lo sviluppo del marchio, il quale si propone di trasmettere l’immagine di una compagnia aerea low-cost sicura, affidabile, che pone un alta enfasi sul servizio al cliente, fornendo una piacevole esperienza di volo. Pur essendo una compagnia low-cost AirAsia aveva investito molto grandi nella pubblicità attraverso tv, stampa e internet. Ha avuto furbizia nell’effettuare le spese pubblicitarie in maniera ciclica: durante l'epidemia di SARS e dopo gli attentati di Bali, AirAsia ha potenziato la sua spesa per la pubblicità e il marketing. AirAsia ha anche costruito la sua immagine attraverso il co-branding e rapporti di sponsorizzazione. Quelli più famosi sono stati con il team di Formula 1 (AT & T Williams ha portato AirAsia a dipingere uno dei suoi A320 con la livrea di una macchina da corsa Williams), con il Manchester United F.C. (aerei raffiguranti i ritratti dei giocatori) e un accordo cooperativo con la rivista Time (aeromobile con il logo del Time).
La pubblicità via internet includeva banner della homepage di Yahoo-Mobile e una applicazione Facebook per la carta di credito Citibank-AirAsia. Gli obiettivi generali sono stati aumentare la visibilità, incoraggiando l'interazione, e consentendo agli utenti di immergersi con il marchio AirAsia.

Sotto il profilo dell’outsourcing, AirAsia ha conseguito semplicità e costi contenuti dando in appalto quelle attività che potessero essere intraprese in modo più efficace ed efficiente da terze parti. Così, la manutenzione degli aeromobili è stata affidata al miglior offerente, insieme alla maggior parte dei requisiti informatici.
Concentrandoci su quest’ultimo aspetto, AirAsia ha utilizzato Navitair’s open Skies un sistema di prenotazioni computerizzato (CRS), che collega le vendite online all’inventario, i quali erano collegati a loro volta con i call center di AirAsia. La CRS è stata integrata con la tariffazione in tempo reale (YMS) che determina i prezzi dei posti su ogni volo in base alla domanda. La CRS ha consentito anche ai passeggeri di stampare le proprie carte d'imbarco. A partire dal 2006, AirAsia ha reso effettivo un sistema wireless che ha permesso ai clienti di prenotare, controllare gli orari dei voli e ottenere aggiornamenti in tempo reale sulle promozioni attraverso i telefoni cellulari.
Questa è stata una svolta importante dal punto di vista dei servizi, vista la larga diffusione dei cellulari nella regione Asia-Pacifico. Il YMS ha consentito ad AirAsia di massimizzare le entrate in due modi. In primo luogo, fornendo l’analisi delle tendenze e in secondo luogo, dando informazioni sul numero di passeggeri futuri che è stato utilizzato da un sistema di pianificazione avanzata (APS) per ridurre al minimo i costi operativi ottimizzando il ciclo degli approvvigionamenti e gestione delle strutture. Questi due sistemi hanno permesso a AirAsia di ridurre i costi in logistica e attività in entrata. Nel corso del 2005, AirAsia ha adottato la pianificazione delle risorse d’impresa (ERP) per supportare i propri processi, facilitare la chiusura finanziaria a fine mese, e accelerare la presentazione e il recupero dei dati.

La gestione delle risorse umane è stata fondamentale per il rilancio di AirAsia sotto la guida di Tony Fernandes. Innanzitutto il personale viene slezionato sulla base delle loro attitudini, quindi creando un ambiente e un sistema che sviluppa e trattiene i dipendenti. AirAsia presenta tassi di ritenzione eccezionalmente elevati. Questo ha consentito di ridurre i costi di formazione per dipendente (economy of learning) rappresentando una fonte di risparmio. La flessibilità del lavoro a tutti i livelli della società, tra cui l’amministrazione, è stata una delle principali fonti di produttività per AirAsia.

In termini di viaggi a lunga distanza, i margini più grandi sono guadagnati dai viaggiatori di classe prima/business. Per venire incontro ai viaggiatori di prima classe, le altre compagnie offrono una larga varietà di servizi.
Dalla tabella 4 si nota come Airasia abbia un vantaggio di costo in termini di costo totale per volo e di costo medio per passeggero. Ma è preoccupante come il loro fattore di carico sia in declino.
Da un lato presentano di fatto un vantaggio di costo in termini di voli più economici su quella rotta in particolare (KUL-STN). Dall’altro, non forniscono la stessa varietà di servizi complementari che invece offrono i competitor (in primis BritishAirways ed Emirates) e che sarebbe necessaria per attrarre quella fascia più profittevole rappresentata dai viaggiatori di prima classe.
Un’espansione di Air Asia fornirebbe quindi un bagaglio di nuove rotte che contribuirebbe ad accrescere il volume degli affari.
La feroce competizione ed il rischio di AirAsia di perdere il proprio vantaggio di costo, si sono combinate alle difficoltà odierne nell’identificare i fattori chiave di successo nel mercato dei viaggi a lunga tratta. Pertanto ritengo che Air Asia dovrebbe concentrarsi sui voli a corto raggio fornendo un volume maggiore in termini di rotte. Per quanto riguarda le lunghe tratte sarebbe preferibile espandersi solo nei Paesi del Sud-Est asiatico e del Pacifico (Australia, New Zealand). Per rimanere competitiva dovrebbe cercare di contenere i prezzi dei voli a lungo raggio (attorno alle 4-6 ore) e allo stesso tempo incrementare i servizi per i passeggeri, tuttavia questo non abbraccia il modello attuale di business di AirAsia.
L’integrazione tra AirAsia ed AirAsia X dovrebbe includere i servizi complementari in termini di catene alberghiere e bus navetta tra aeroporto e centri abitati. Ritengo che una maggiore integrazione potrebbe risultare conveniente per entrambe le compagnie al fine di accrescere il loro potere contrattuale.

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