...The History of Aircraft design By: David Roberts Imagine yourself at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The year is 1903. You and your brother our about to make the first powered flight in history. The wind was right and you recorded a 59 second flight over a distance of 852 feet. You have just made history, in successfully flying the first powered aircraft. This is probably how the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright felt that day. They successfully flew an airplane with a 75 horse power engine. I will be talking on how aircraft design and power plants have evolved since 1903. From the Wright brothers era, the golden age, to the jet era, to what we use today. It going to be an accelerating time so let's get started with the Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers were known as the first people to achieve the first powered heavier than air flight. This was a huge accomplishment, but believe it or not, they were not the first to fly. According to Aviation 1890-1939 The Pioneering Years, "the Montgolfier Brothers were even earlier pioneers when they took to the sky in a hot air balloon over Paris in 1783. In 1853, in Yorkshire, England, an employee of Sir George Cayley, flew across a valley in the first, heavier than air glider (http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/kenanderson/aviation/index.html)." These early pioneers helped pave the way for the Wright Brothers. The Wright Brothers started off as bike builders, and it wasn't till December of 1900, that the Wright Brothers...
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...Chapter 1 Introduction Standard aircraft design processes have traditionally been divided in the following stages []: * Feasibility studies: design needs to satisfy prescribed performance requirements along with other geographical and cost constraints, * Conceptual design: design on paper or on computer, involves analysis tools covering performance evaluation in different maneuvers, * Preliminary design: laying of proper moulds for building airframes, * Prototype building: finally arriving at a scaled down prototype, * Wind tunnel testing: on the developed prototype for aerodynamics database generation, * Flight testing: * Stability and control augmentation * Certification: requires an airplane to satisfy certain handling and flying qualities requirements. This design process thus have nearly always left the stability and dynamics aspects to the end, where six degrees of freedom of motion are used to evaluate flying and handling qualities of aircraft. Finally, if these criteria do not match with the required satisfaction level of pilot or the industry standards, design of control systems are needed. To our knowledge (due to proprietary nature of the trade) and based on text book information, no analysis tools has been developed in the past for aircraft design which uses six degree of freedom equations of rigid aircraft motion right from the beginning. This is primarily due to the multi-objective iterative nature of the problems one needs to...
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...DESIGN PROCESS OF AIRCRAFT Introduction; The aircraft design process is the engeneering design process by which aircraft is designed.These depend on many factors such as customer and manufacture design,safety measures,physical and economical constraints,etc. Design constrains; A design starts with the indeed purpose for example : (A)commercial airlines are designed for carrying passengers and cargo.These are long ranged and have greater fuel efficiency. (B) Fighter gets are designed to perform high speed actions and provide close support to ground troops. (c) few aircrafts have specific missions like amphibious airplanes which have a unique desing that allows them to operate both on land and water also. (d) harrier jump jet has vtolanding these have ability to hover over a period of time. Like this we can understand that the purpose is the cause for the design .and the judgment step for a design. Aircraft Regulations: Another important factor that influences the design of the aircraft are the regulations putforward by thnational authorities, Airports also impose limits on the aircraft,for example the maximum sping span allowed...
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...Australian to design monoplane wing designed aircraft. Hargrave based his inventing by ‘following the footsteps of nature’ inspired by the motion of fish, snakes and birds. 1893, 1894 Hargrave invent the box kite and following year in 1894 he flies for a short period using a ‘train’ of four box kites. 1910 The first powered, control flight is demonstrated by a visiting Harry Houdini in Victoria and again at Rosehill in Sydney. 1912-17 In 1912 the Australian Flying Corps, AFC, in 1912 led the path aircraft for military purposes. The aircrafts were applied in 1914 and again in 1916 for war purposes. In 1916 the importance of aircraft was realised and the NSW Aviation School was formed to train civil and military aircraft, located at Richmond. Post war saw the aircrafts as a form of transport between Sydney and Melbourne in 1917 using a Curtiss Jenny and Caudron G111. 1921 To further advance the power of potential of air power, the Royal Austrlian Air Force, RAAF, was established in 1921. This was mainly to support the struggling aircraft in the military however at the same time a fundamental character, Lt Colonel Oswald Watt advanced the safety and use of civil aircraft. 1930-37 Australia and England led the way for the world of female pilots. Qantas and Royal Flying Doctor Service took advantage of the new transport and the air craft industry began to flourish. 1950s The demand for new aircraft to carry more customers resulted in the wide-body aircraft the success...
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... (1) The aircraft shall be either an aircraft in respect of which a Certificate of airworthiness or validation has previously been in force under the provisions of the Regulation, or an aircraft identical in design with an aircraft in respect of which such a certificate is or has been in force. (2) The aircraft shall fly only for the purpose of enabling it to: (a) qualify for the issue or renewal of a Certificate of airworthiness or of the validation thereof or the approval of a modification of the aircraft, after an application has been made for such issue, renewal, validation or approval, as the case may be; or (b) proceed to or from a place at which any inspection, test or weighing of the aircraft is to take place for a purpose referred to in sub-paragraph (a). (3) The aircraft and its engines shall be certified as fit for flight by the holder of a licence as an aircraft maintenance engineer entitled in accordance with the provisions of the Fourth Schedule so to certify, or by a person approved by the Civil Aviation Authority for the purpose of issuing certificates under this condition. (4) The aircraft shall carry the minimum flight crew specified in any Certificate of airworthiness or validation which has previously been in force under the Regulation in respect of the aircraft, or is or has previously been in force in respect of any other aircraft of identical design. (5) The aircraft shall not carry...
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...Aerodynamics and Aircraft Performance Characteristics of High-speed Flight Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University From the beginning of the age of manned flight, aviators and engineers have continuously sought to increase the performance envelope. Many parameters for defining aircraft performance exist, but here I’d like to focus on going fast. Since I was a child I’ve been fascinated with military aircraft and the pursuit of speed. From the Bell X-1 to the famed SR-71 Blackbird and beyond, high-speed flight has been a chase toward an ever increasing limit. Several factors contribute to the aerodynamics of supersonic flight and many limitations apply as the envelope is pushed. I will focus the perspective of this paper on design characteristics, engine technology, and atmospheric considerations and take a peek into the future of hypersonic flight. In order to discuss the design characteristics of high-speed aircraft, a definition for the speed regimes must be given. Supersonic flight is typically defined as greater than Mach 1 but less than Mach 3. “High” Supersonic flight is a narrow band of operation from Mach 3 to 5 and hypersonic flight is in excess of Mach 5 (Benson, 2013). Shape technology and wing design are the primary areas of concern in setting out to build an aircraft capable of supersonic speeds. If airflow velocities reach sonic speeds at some location on an aircraft further acceleration results in the onset of...
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...New aircraft technologies We have become accustomed to the "standard" airliner of the early 21st Century. It has a familiar form and most of them have the family characteristics of large twin engines, a cylindrical fuselage, a lower freight bay and upper passenger compartment, swept back wings and a tricycle undercarriage. Some argue that this form is the conclusion of evolution and that it simple demonstrates the limiting form of the idea. Others take the view that any form is only the product of the circumstances that produced it and if these change the evolutionary form will change and can be changed. The ideas presented here follow this path. Prompted by the pressures for environmental sensitivity some ideas focus on ways to make dramatic, or at least important, savings in the amount of fuel used by the world’s airliners. Previously dismissed contributions to economy of fossil fuel lie behind the thinking of several new technological concepts. 1. The glider-like airliner Gliders has very high aspect ratio wings. These low drag wings allow them to sustain altitude in the lightest of upward thermals (about 1 fpm) and thereby to carry out long distance flight on no fuel at all. Their glide ratio is extremely shallow – in the order of 1 in 55 compared with a typical airliner of 1 in 15 (B747). Powered gliders are somewhere between a conventional a/c and a glider. Their small engines can be used to gain or to sustain altitude and the consumption of fuel is still only...
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...United States. The FARs are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). A wide variety of activities are regulated, such as aircraft design and maintenance, typical airline flights, pilot training activities, hot-air ballooning, lighter-than-air aircraft, man-made structure heights, obstruction lighting and marking, and even model rocket launches, model aircraft operation, and kite flying. The rules are designed to promote safe aviation, protecting pilots, flight attendants, passengers and the general public from unnecessary risk. Since 1958, these rules have typically been referred to as "FARs", short for Federal Aviation Regulations. However, another set of regulations (Title 48) is titled "Federal Acquisitions Regulations", and this has led to confusion with the use of the acronym "FAR". Therefore, the FAA began to refer to specific regulations by the term "14 CFR part XX". The FARs are organized into sections, called parts due to their organization within the CFR. Each part deals with a specific type of activity. For example, 14 CFR Part 141 contains rules for pilot training schools. The sections most relevant to aircraft pilots and AMTs (Aviation Maintenance Technicians). Many of the FARs are designed to regulate certification of pilots, schools, or aircraft rather than the operation of airplanes. Once an airplane design is certified using some parts of these regulations, it is certified...
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...Impacts of New Technology on Aircraft Maintenance Abstract In this research paper the author identifies several key areas of interest when introducing new technologies in the aviation industry. The majority of the focus surrounds the maintainability of these new technologies and the significant impacts to the maintainers themselves. Much emphasis is given to the people responsible to maintain the aircraft from a human factors perspective. There are many maintenance aspects addressed in the paper to include the impacts on Training and Certification of aircraft mechanics, design considerations in terms of capabilities and ease of access of components and associated equipment. Advancements in procedures, interactive technical manuals and specific emerging maintenance techniques and troubleshooting are introduced from the maintainer’s perspective and those impacts addressed. The key impacts of new technology are summarized for domestic, international, military aircraft operational environments, and the paper concludes with an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies on aircraft maintenance. Keywords: aircraft maintainability, design for maintenance, personnel training, human factors Impacts of New Technology on Aircraft Maintenance Advancements in technology are a continuous and necessary aspect of our culture. The desire to stay ahead of the competition in both domestic and international environments is what makes our country’s aviation and...
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...A1. Airbus is interested in building the A3XX because it did not have any large aircraft to compete with 747-XXX airplanes of Boing. Boing with its 747-xxx aircraft had the monopoly position in very large aircraft market; therefore, Airbus with the building of A3XX wanted to enter the very karge aircraft market. From the other side Airbus was of the beleif that very growing economies would play major role in creating high demand for the VLA in future. One of the other reason of Airbus interest in building A3XX was the effective revenue which could be acheived through A3XX. VLA had a better operating economy over long distanations. The operating cost for the VLA was only 12% higher in compare to 747-xxx airplane but it provided 35% more space. A3XX new design and its 4 engines provides saver flights over long distances. Q2. How many aircraft does Airbus need to sell in order to break even on the investment? Hint: consider all capital providers as a single entity and calculate the break even return to them collectively. To calculate the break-even number of planes calculate the present value of a growing perpetuity if cash flows from plane sales beginning in 2008. Please assume an equity risk premium of 6% in your analysis. A2. Q3. What is the total demand for VLA aircraft. Analyze the sensitivity of demand to small changes in assumptions regarding growth, conversion rates and market share. A3. Q4. How should Boeing respond to...
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...Pioneers of Aviation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Aviation Legislation November 01, 2013 Abstract Man has always wanted to soar with the birds and take flight. A few great men and women have accomplished this task with great strides. Once heavier than air flight was proved to be a valid means of transportation, the technology accelerated at an astonishing rate. Every time we get onto an airplane, helicopter, or hot air balloon we have the pioneers of aviation to thank. These great people proved to the world that nothing was out of reach for the human race. Some gave their life in pursuit of this dream while others funded and supported those who were developing the technology. No matter what the role each of these played, we have to appreciate everyone. We would not be where we are today in aviation if it weren’t for these pioneers. Pioneers of Aviation Introduction From the very first flight of the balloon to the flight of the powered airplane, our early pioneers always looked to make changes for the better. Many of these ideas simply built upon ideas of individuals of the past. These great pioneers were from every part of the world, United States, England, France, Germany, and so many other places. They did not look at aviation as a reason to disagree but rather found that flight would help everyone equally. Balloons Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier are the brothers who invented and flew the first hot air balloon. Born in Annonay, France, they...
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...marking strategies aviation companies are making to meet the needs of the growing international business and commercial aircraft market. Global business depends on global economic performance. The world is recovering from a recession. Aviation international business is beginning to have a positive outlook as individual countries’ economies once again begin to grow, especially in emerging markets where there is a projected increase in demand for aircraft. In a globalized world, international air travel at airline and corporate level aviation is assuming a positive outlook. Aviation companies such as Boeing are aggressively marketing their products to compete with Airbus in the international arena, through rigorous global marketing strategies aimed at maintaining a leadership position in commercial aircraft sales. Especially in the medium and heavy aircraft categories. Boeing marketing strategies like other actors in the aviation industry is dependent on projections and forecasts. Boeing targets existing clients/ customer and uses marketing strategies that starts with customer oriented strategy, thereafter product oriented strategy. Included in these strategies are product pricing and advertising strategies. Customer Oriented Strategy Boeing’s main strategy is to target airplane companies by researching all of the airplanes that companies currently use; aircraft routes, capacity, economy, and suitability etc. Boeing’s customers include; corporate clients, commercial airlines...
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...ABNORMAL EVENTS All aircraft are designed to withstand the normal flight and landing loads expected during a typical flight cycle. These loads will include the normal manoeuvres the aircraft is expected to make. The designer will build in a safety factor to compensate for loads slightly larger than normal. Sometimes extreme circumstances occur which cause stresses outside the normal design limits. If the design limits are exceeded, then damage may occur to the aircraft. If it is known or suspected that the aircraft has be en subjected to excessive loads, then an inspection should be made, to ascertain the nature of any damage that may have occurred. The manufacturer will normally have anticipated the nature of some of these occurrences and detailed special checks for these µAbnormal Occurrences¶. 1.1 T YPES OF ABNORMAL OCCURRENCES The aircraft maintenance manual will normally list the types of abnormal occurrences needing special inspection. The list may vary, depending on the aircraft. The following items are a selection from a typical aircraft: y y y y y y y y y y y Lightning strikes High-intensity radiated fields penetration Heavy or overweight landing Flight through severe turbulence Burst tyre Flap or slat over-speed Flight through volcanic ash Tail strike Mercury spillage Dragged engine or e ngine seizure High-energy stop. 1.2 T YPES OF DAMAGE It is not intended to describe the types of damage applicable to every type of occurrence. It is more important...
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...American Eagle 4184 & Safety Student Name: Institution: American Eagle 4184 & Safety It has not been a smooth ride for the United States aviation industry. There have been airplane crashes caused by distinct factors. Some causes are unpreventable. However, there are some crashes triggered by design flaws and ignorance of air safety rules. Whatever the case, human life is at risk. American Eagle 4184 crash was horrible and defied logic. It took several months for an investigative task force to conclude the cause of such a tragic accident that left the plane and human remains in thousands of pieces (Chester, 2000). The craters at the at the crash site were so remarkable that they could be mistaken for a meteorite strike. This paper is a step-by- step analysis of the crash events with a focus on the accident causes and the preventive measures. American Flight Eagle 4184, registration number N401AM was designed and built by ATR—a French-Italian Aircraft manufacturer. Simons Airlines operated the plane on behalf of American Eagle. Both captain and co-pilot were competent and experienced, with more than 5000 flight hours. The Accident The plane was scheduled on a flight from IIA (Indianapolis International Airport), Indiana to OIA (O’Hare International Airport), Illinois. However, Chicago’s bad weather conditions delayed the plane. As such, OIA air traffic control redirected the airplane to hold at LUCIT intersection. While on hold, freezing rain hit the...
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...270 Instructor R. Xavier Koon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Extended Campus Patuxent River Resident Center September 27, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iii Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1 II HISTORY OF EARLY FLIGHT 2 III HISTORY OF HOT-AIR BALLOONS 3 IV HISTORY OF THE ZEPPELIN 4 V USS AKRON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 5 VI USS AKRON MISSIONS 6 VII SUMMARY 8 VIII CONCLUSION 9 APPENDICES A BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Ormithopter Flying Machine 2 2 Montgolfier Brother’s 1783 hot-air balloon 3 3 dirigible 4 4 First ring of the uss akron 6 5 USS AKRON DESIGN PLANS 7 6 USS AKRON 8 7 LONG ENDURANCE MULTI-INTELLIGENCE VEHICLE 9 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The idea of flight has intrigued man for many years. For centuries, man experimented with ways of how to fly; some ideas of how to fly were good, while other ideas were not so good. Early pioneers of flight would construct wings out of feathers, wood and wax and attach them to their arms and jump off of high structures. These experiments usually ended in injury or...
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