...Aircraft Flight Control System Name: Institutional Affiliation Aircraft Flight Control System Description of the system; functional and schematic diagrams According to the Federal Aviation Administration, an aircraft control system is assemblage of mechanical and electronic equipment that permits a plane to be flown with excellent accuracy and steadfastness. A control system mainly constitutes cockpit controls, sensors, actuators which may be hydraulic, mechanical or electrical and computers. With improvement in technology, aircraft flight controls vary depending on the type of plane since planes with different feature and sizes have been introduced in the market thus have to be fit with flight control systems that match their capacity. However, the most basic flight control system designs are mechanical and are characterized with the early aircrafts. According to Garg et al (2013, p.60),they involve collective use of different mechanical parts which include rods, cables, pulleys and chains in some designs which play a significant role in transferring forces of flight deck controls to the control surfaces. Though new flight control models have been introduced with advancement in technology, application of mechanical flight controls still continues to date especially in small general and sport classification aircrafts especially where aerodynamic forces are not extreme. Illustration of mechanical aircraft control system (Garg et al, 2013, p.61) Aircraft control systems are group...
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...Perspective Paper Marcel Melo ASCI 202 Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Rotary-wing aircraft are designed and built to fulfill a multitude of purposes and missions. Cargo, attack, transport, observation, etc. and with these different mission types come a plethora of design features. Such features include, but are certainly not limited to fully-articulated or semi-rigid rotor systems; two, three, four, or even five main rotor blades; skids, wheels; one or two engines. Yet, despite all the differences to the structure and therefore the aerodynamic properties of the helicopter, the one thing that remains constant in every aircraft are the flight controls and how they control pitch, roll, and yaw. All helicopters have three basic sets of controls. The cyclic controls the pitch of the rotor system as a whole, and therefore affects the pitch and roll of the fuselage. The collective changes the pitch of the blades, which changes the angle of attack and therefore lifts to change, which in turn causes the aircraft to pitch up or down. Additionally, adjusting the collective also has causes a change in torque of the main rotor and so the fuselage yaws left or right. And finally, to offset the torque of the main rotor the pedals change the pitch angle of the tail rotor which provides control in the yaw axis. The cyclic can affect changes in the roll and yaw of the fuselage by changing the lift vector of the rotor system. Aviator inputs to collective and cyclic pitch controls are...
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...1. Flight Controls Purpose of flight controls: The purpose of a flight control system is transfer motion/force input from a pilot to a flight control surface. In a traditional aircraft, flight control systems are broken down by axis of control: pitch, roll and yaw. Flight control systems can be either reversible or irreversible. A reversible system is a flight control system where movement applied to the control surface moves the control in the flight compartment. A simple example is shown in Figure 1. Reversible flight control systems are used on smaller aircraft where the hinge moment (surface) loads are small enough that a mechanical linkage system is adequate. Another reversible flight control system is shown in Figure 2. This is a 2D representation of a system that shows some typical components in a reversible flight control system. The systems shown in Figures 1 and 2 both contain a cable system, however, reversible systems can also be designed using pushrods and bellcranks without cables. Figure 2 Reversible Flight Control System An irreversible system is a flight control system that utilizes powered controls so that movement of the surface will not move the control in the flight compartment. An example of an irreversible flight control system is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows a mechanical system connected to a hydraulic actuator. The linkage positions the servo within the actuator that controls which side of the actuator sees high-pressure fluid and...
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...AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND AIRCRAFT DESIGN ASSIGNMENT AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND AIRCRAFT DESIGN ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION It is really amazing how an aircraft is able to just take off from the ground and fly thousands of miles from place to place. How does it all work, do you ever wonder? Well obviously it’s not magic; it’s mainly because of aerodynamics. And when we talk about aerodynamics, it goes way beyond elevators, rudders, etc. Therefore we go to the depths of aerodynamics and its power to control a massive plane in the air. To be engineering in aerospace we need this extensive knowledge. In this report, you will learn about how an aircraft moves. The stability and control of the aircraft we also learn the factors influencing the static stability, the static margin and load factors. This report also gives us knowledge about the aircrafts control systems. | | | 1.1 | Motion of an aircraft | 4 | 1.2 | Degree of freedom | 4 | 2.1 | Static stability | 5 | 2.2 | Static margin | 5 | 2.3 | Dynamic stability | 6 | 3.1 | Stability in an aircraft | 6 | 3.2 | Longitudinal stability | 6 | 3.2.1 | Longitudinal dihedral | 7 | 3.3 | Lateral stability | 7 | 3.3.1 | Dihedral | 7 | 3.3.2 | Sweepback | 8 | 3.3.3 | Keel effect | 8 | 3.4. | Directional stability | 9 | 3.4.1 | sweepback | 9 | 4.1 | Load factor | 9 | 4.2 | Maneuver envelopes | 10 | 4.3 | Constraints on load factor | 10 | 4.4 | Load factors with respect to different...
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... 5 more hours of instrument training 10 hours night (5 dual 2 hours cross country, 5 Solo, 10 takeoffs and landings) No Flight Test or Written Test VFR Over-The- Top (VFR OTT) Must hold a Private Pilot Licence Training: Minimum of 15 hours dual instrument time Multi-Engine Rating Training: No minimum hours required Flight Test Required Instrument Rating Group 1: _______; Group 2 ___________ Written and flight test required Training: 40 hours instrument time required (1 dual cross country 100 nm) Minimum 50 hour cross-country PIC AIRFRAMES AND PARTS OF AN AIRPLANE Basic Definitions Airframe: Structure of an aircraft without engines, power plants or instruments Fuselage: the body of the aircraft to which other components are attached, used to accommodate crew, passengers and cargo Wing: Device employed to develop lift on an airplane Ailerons: Surfaces hinged...
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...New aircraft technologies We have become accustomed to the "standard" airliner of the early 21st Century. It has a familiar form and most of them have the family characteristics of large twin engines, a cylindrical fuselage, a lower freight bay and upper passenger compartment, swept back wings and a tricycle undercarriage. Some argue that this form is the conclusion of evolution and that it simple demonstrates the limiting form of the idea. Others take the view that any form is only the product of the circumstances that produced it and if these change the evolutionary form will change and can be changed. The ideas presented here follow this path. Prompted by the pressures for environmental sensitivity some ideas focus on ways to make dramatic, or at least important, savings in the amount of fuel used by the world’s airliners. Previously dismissed contributions to economy of fossil fuel lie behind the thinking of several new technological concepts. 1. The glider-like airliner Gliders has very high aspect ratio wings. These low drag wings allow them to sustain altitude in the lightest of upward thermals (about 1 fpm) and thereby to carry out long distance flight on no fuel at all. Their glide ratio is extremely shallow – in the order of 1 in 55 compared with a typical airliner of 1 in 15 (B747). Powered gliders are somewhere between a conventional a/c and a glider. Their small engines can be used to gain or to sustain altitude and the consumption of fuel is still only...
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...spin—airspeed low, wings stalled; spiral—airspeed increasing, not stalled. Discuss the aerodynamics of a spin. Draw a wing in straight-and-level flight and in slow flight. Use actual angles of attack. Typical light aircraft wings stall at 18-22º. How can you enter a spin? Wing exceeds critical angle of attack with yaw acting on aircraft (uncoordinated). That is, a stall when in a slipping or skidding turn. Danger of base to final turn—cross controlled stall leading to spin. The high wing has the greatest lift due to the greater airspeed, and overall less drag and lower angle of attack. The low wing has the least lift (due to lower airspeed) and greatest parasitic drag due to its higher angle of attack. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics. An aft CG makes spin recovery more difficult. The worst case is the aircraft may enter into a flat spin if CG is too far back, making recovery impossible. Center of gravity affects the spin characteristics. An aft CG makes spin recovery more difficult. The worst case is the aircraft may enter into a flat spin if CG is too far back, making recovery impossible. Phases of a spin: • Entry—pilot provides input for the spin • Incipient—aircraft stalls, rotation starts to develop; may take 2 turns in most aircraft, usually 5-6 seconds •...
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...GENERAL PRINCIPAL When aircraft are flying at high speed, the aerodynamic forces acting on the control surface are such that it is not possible to move the surfaces without some form of assistance. This assistance can be provided in the form of hydraulic or electric power or a combination of both of the systems. This system is important for the aircraft to fly. . The purpose of the powered flight control unit fitted on the aircraft is to: 1) Aircraft speed and aerodynamic loads imposed on control surface too great for the pilot to overcome using manual force only. 2) Assist the pilot to overcome this load 3) No need for normal form of aerodynamic assistance, example: balance tab and spring balance tab EXPLAINATION OF POWERED FLIGHT CONTROL UNIT (PFCU) Figure 1: Powered Flight Control Unit System Drawing Artificial Feel With purely mechanical flight control systems, the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces are transmitted through the mechanisms and are felt directly by the pilot, allowing tactile feedback of airspeed. With hydro mechanical flight control systems, however, the load on the surfaces cannot be felt and there is a risk of overstressing the aircraft through excessive control surface movement. To overcome this problem, artificial feel systems can be used. With total hydraulic or electric power moving the control surface, it becomes difficult for the pilot to gauge the amount of control movement required for any maneuver. This is because...
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...Abstract Aircraft design begins with dreams and design requirements, and eventually proceeds to detailed drawings of every part of the aircraft being fabricated. To the outside world, the disciplines of aerodynamics and structures often seem most important – they lead to the overall shaping of the aircraft and to the design of the parts that, when fabricated and assembled, comprise the physical geometry of the aircraft. These are obviously important, but without some other things inside, the aircraft could never fly. These ‘other things’ – more properly known as ‘aircraft subsystems’ or just ‘systems’ – play a crucial role in aircraft design and operation. Systems turn an aerodynamically shaped structure into a living, breathing, flying machine. Systems include flight control, hydraulics, electrical, pneumatic, fuel, environmental control, landing gear, and the evermore- capable avionics. In the early stages of conceptual or preliminary design the systems must be initially defined, and their impacts must be incorporated into design layouts, weight analyses, and performance calculations. Anyone seeking to become a good aircraft conceptual designer must learn about all types of systems. During detail design the systems are fully defined, including system architecture, functional analysis, component design, and safety and failure analysis. This is done by highly experienced systems specialists. Introduction Flight controls have advanced considerably throughout the years...
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...Major Aircraft Components ASCI 202 – Introduction to Aeronautical Science Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract It is amazing to think that airplanes have been around for more than 100 years. From the Wrights brothers first flight on a handmade fixed-wing aircraft to the most technologically advanced aircraft in the world, the F-35 Lightning II Fighter jet. Despite their vast differences, these aircrafts have some things in common; they are run by major components and aerodynamics that make flying possible. The major components of an airplane and their functions are what make an aircraft fly into the air. An aircraft has five major components: fuselage, wings, landing gears, empennage, and power plants. The many complex parts of an aircraft and schematics are all responsible for making the aircraft design. In an effort to understand the design, it is imperative to break down the most common basic components to reflect how they work together to make an aircraft fly into the air. The fuselage is the part of an aircraft that is designed to carry cargo, equipment, people etc. Each major component is attached to the fuselage. The most common shape of a fuselage is a cylinder like tube that was designed to decrease drag and produce a little lift. The fuselage material is made of steel/aluminum. The different shapes are welded together to create the strength and bond it needs to hold together. The shaped pieces are called trusses ("Aircraft structure...
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...Welcome aboard Japan Airlines flight 066 to San Diego, California. Our aircraft is under the command of Captain Ogawa and our flying time will be 12 hrs. To all passengers, I’d like to direct your attention as the flight attendant of this aircraft will be showing our safety demonstration and would like the next few minutes of your complete attention. Please stow your carry-on luggage underneath the seat in front of you or in an overhead bin. All aisle and exit should be clear. Before takeoff, make sure your seat back and folding trays are in their full upright position. To fasten your seatbelt low and tight across your lap, insert the metal fittings one into the other, and tighten by pulling on the loose end of the strap. To release your seat belt, lift the upper portion of the buckle. When the seat belt sign illuminates,( sound effect) immediately be seated and fasten your seat belt. We suggest that you keep your seat belt fastened throughout the flight, as we may experience turbulence. There are s 8 emergency exits on this aircraft. 4 doors on the left and 4 doors on the right. Please take a few moments now to locate your nearest exit. In some cases, your nearest exit may be behind you. If we need to evacuate the aircraft, floor-level lighting will guide you towards the exit. Doors can be opened by moving the handle in the direction of the arrow. Each door is equipped with an inflatable slide which may also be detached and used as a life raft. If you are seated next to an...
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...design monoplane wing designed aircraft. Hargrave based his inventing by ‘following the footsteps of nature’ inspired by the motion of fish, snakes and birds. 1893, 1894 Hargrave invent the box kite and following year in 1894 he flies for a short period using a ‘train’ of four box kites. 1910 The first powered, control flight is demonstrated by a visiting Harry Houdini in Victoria and again at Rosehill in Sydney. 1912-17 In 1912 the Australian Flying Corps, AFC, in 1912 led the path aircraft for military purposes. The aircrafts were applied in 1914 and again in 1916 for war purposes. In 1916 the importance of aircraft was realised and the NSW Aviation School was formed to train civil and military aircraft, located at Richmond. Post war saw the aircrafts as a form of transport between Sydney and Melbourne in 1917 using a Curtiss Jenny and Caudron G111. 1921 To further advance the power of potential of air power, the Royal Austrlian Air Force, RAAF, was established in 1921. This was mainly to support the struggling aircraft in the military however at the same time a fundamental character, Lt Colonel Oswald Watt advanced the safety and use of civil aircraft. 1930-37 Australia and England led the way for the world of female pilots. Qantas and Royal Flying Doctor Service took advantage of the new transport and the air craft industry began to flourish. 1950s The demand for new aircraft to carry more customers resulted in the wide-body aircraft the success of the Boeing 707...
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...Chris Healy 12/08/2014 Nav. 350 Final Exam Question 1: The pattern of west to east is the result of "prevailing winds.” Is the pattern the same in the Southern Hemisphere? It’s commonly known that the winds rotate as the earth rotates, meaning prevailing winds are present in both the northern and southern hemisphere. In terms of the southern hemisphere, the belts are reversed. The southeast trade winds blow from the southeast toward the equator, rather than away from the equator which the northern hemisphere. The southern equivalent of the horse latitudes is called the Variables of Capricorn. The southern westerlies start barely south of South Africa. They are stronger than the northern westerlies because they occur over majority water (roaring forties). On the other hand, the southern polar easterlies are mostly over Antarctica. Question 2: Some years ago I travelled in South America on a trip arranged by our government and the host countries governments. We spent some time driving on a highway that ran along the Pacific Ocean. Every fifty miles or so if I remember it correctly-we had to stop because road graders were moving large drifts of sand from the road. The entire land near the road and extending out to the Ocean was dry, sandy, and desert-like. This was a contrast, because we had been on the other side of the Andes a short time before where it was tropical rain forest. Would what I just described have a connection to Question 1? Yes, the above description would...
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...Cargo Winch A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or otherwise adjust the "tension" of a rope or wire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form it consists of a spool and attached hand crank. In larger forms, winches stand at the heart of machines as diverse as tow trucks, steam shovels and elevators Capstan or Drum - A capstan is a vertical-axled rotating machine developed for use on sailing ships to apply force to ropes, cables, and hawsers. The principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a horizontal axle. Bearing Bracket - The Bearing bracket on a bicycle connects the crankset (chainset) to the bicycle and allows the crankset to rotate freely. It is not a bracket as such. It contains a spindle that the crankset attaches to, and the bearings that allow the spindle and cranks to rotate. Chocks - Wheel chocks (or chocks) are wedges of sturdy material placed closely against a vehicle's wheels to prevent accidental movement. Chocks are placed for safety in addition to setting the brakes. Capstan Shaft - A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmittingtorque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them. Bearing Cap - A bearing cap can be described as a number of things, but...
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...designed to automatically activate in the event of a crash and send out a signal that can be heard by SAR (Search and Rescue) personnel. * Modern ELTs operate on 406 MHz. These encode your aircraft's identification into the signal they send, and also encode your exact location if the ELT is coupled to an appropriate GPS. 406 MHz ELTs are monitored by orbiting satellites (global coverage) which are designed to alert appropriate SAR (search and rescue) personnel. * Older generation ELTs operate on 121.5 MHz. These do not encode an aircraft identification and also for other reasons have traditionally had a high false-alarm rate. While 121.5 MHz are still installed in many GA aircraft, it is recommended that operators switch to current generation ELTs. In either case, the ELT is generally a brightly colored box (yellow, red, or orange, typically) mounted in your aircraft. One notable feature of ELTs is a switch to manually turn on the device in case of, for example, a forced landing in the wilderness that was not severe enough to activate the ELT but nevertheless requires search-and-rescue. 2. Refer to Figure: Figure 29The VOR receiver has the indications shown. What is the aircraft's position relative to the station? A. | East. |...
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