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Al-Mina

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Submitted By aimvc
Words 886
Pages 4
T.C.

Ege Üniversitesi

Edebiyat Fakültesi

Arkeoloji Bölümü

Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı

Al-Mina

Ders: Kolonizasyon ve Ticaret

Öğr. Üyesi: Arş.Grv. Mehmet GÜRBÜZER

Şahin MENTEŞE 07070008321
Kemal Özgür TALAY
Gökmen Elmalı 07090000759

İzmir, 2014

İsmi Arapça’da liman anlamına gelen al-Mina, 1936-37 yıllarında L. Wooley tarafından yapılan kazılarda ele geçen seramik buluntularına göre 8. ila 4. yüzyıl arasında Doğu Akdeniz uygarlıkları ile köprü görevi gören bir ticaret ve liman kentidir. Bir Yunan Emporion’u olduğu konusu tartışmaya açıktır. Yapılan kazılar ve yüzey araştırmalarında al-Mina’da Kıta Yunanistan, Lefkandi, Rhodos, Kykladlar ve Kıbrıs’tan ithal edilen seramikler, Attika etkili seramikler, Korinth seramiği, Fenike seramikleri ve Kuzey Suriye demir çağı seramikleri ele geçmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak adı geçen merkezlerin taklidi veya bazı görüşlere göre öncüsü olan yerel üretim günlük kullanım ve ticaret malları da bulunmuştur. Ele geçen eserlerin büyük bir kısmı British Musesum’da, Londra Arkeoloji Enstitüsü’nde, Cambridge ve Oxford Üniversiteleri koleksiyonlarında ve Hatay Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde bulunmaktadır, henüz yayınlanmamış eser sayısı oldukça fazladır. Bu çalışmada al-Mina buluntuları ve diğer merkezlerdeki buluntular arasındaki benzerlikler, farklılıklar yardımıyla kültürel etkileşimi, al-Mina’da ele geçen ithal seramikler ile de ticari bağlantıyı değerlendirmeye çalışacağız.

al-Mina’da yapılan stratigrafi çalışmalarında 10 mimari tabaka olduğu sonucuna varılmış ve bu tabakalar seramiklerin de yardımı ile tarihlendirilmiştir. Bu tabakalar arasında geçişlerde karşılaşılan değişimler, ticarette yaşanan gelişmelere ışık tutmaktadır.

10 ve 9. tabakalar milattan önce 750 ila 700 arasına tarihlendirilir. İnce olan bu katmandaki seramik buluntular nispeten fazladır. Sub-geometrik buluntular çoğunlukla Kykladlar’dan (Euboea) ithal edilmişse de yerel üretim vazolar da vardır. Ayrıca Yunan etkili çoklu fırça kullanımı bu tabakada 9. tabakada görülür.

8. tabaka ise milattan önce 700 ila 675 arasına tarihlendirilir. Bu tabakada Kıbrıs Demir Çağı vazoları ve Kıbrıs tarzı seramikler hızlı bir şekilde sub-Geometrik vazoların yerini almıştır. Vazoların çoğu konsantrik daireler, metoplar gibi tipik Kıbrıs motifleriyle bezenmiş olsa da, killerdeki farklılıklar sayesinde yerel üretim olduğu söylenebilirken yine bir kısmının üretim yeri hakkında net bir fikir elde edilememektedir. Demir çağını yaşayan Kıbrıs’ın zenginliğiyle, toparlanmakta olan al-Mina’yı etkilediği açıktır.

7. tabaka kesintiye uğramadan bir öncekini takip eder. Milattan önce 675-650 arasındadır. Seramikte Kıbrıs geleneği sürmektedir fakat eski gücünü kaybetmiştir. Bu dönemde Rhodos sub-Geometrik seramikleri sahneye çıkmış ve Kıbrıs’ın yerini almıştır. Az sayıda Naukratis seramiği de ele geçmiştir.

6. ve 5. tabaka mimari bir ayrım olmaksızın milattan önce 650’den 550’ye kadar devam etmektedir. Beşinci katmanın yapılarının temeli, altıncı katmanda atılmıştır. Yapılar, halka ve yuvarlak kaideli büyük depolama kapları barındıran depolardır, bu depolarda taşıma kaplarının da bulunması, depolama kaplarının ticaret için değil, depolamada kullanıldığını gösterir. Bu katmanda, buluntular alışılagelmişin dışında çeşitlilik gösterir. 6. tabakada Kıbrıs seramiği, terracottaları, kireçtaşı heykelcikleri görülmeye devam eder. Seramiklerde beyaz zemin üzerine konsantrik daire bezemeleri iki renkli olarak yapılmıştır. Milattan önce 650 yıllarından başlayarak, iyi kalite Yunan lüks tüketim mallarının bulunması, pazarda Kıta Yunanistan’ın da yer almaya başladığını ve kolonizasyon faaliyetlerinin bir şekilde al-Mina’yı da etkilediğini gösterir. Rhodos seramikleri oryantalizan özelliktedir, siyah, kırmızı ve beyaz bantlar ile bezenmiş kyliksler ve kırmızı konsantrik bantlı kaseler ele geçen örneklerdir. 6. tabakada Protokorinth seramiği bulunurken, 5. tabakada az sayıda Korinth seramiğine rastlanması, bu dönemde Korinth’in pazarda fazla tutunamadığını gösterir, ayrıca yine aynı tabakanın başlangıcında Kıbrıs seramiği, Euboea etkisi son bulur.

Adalardan Kuşlu Kaseler, Lesbos buccherosu (oinokhoe) ve Naukratis çanak çömleğinin az sayıda tüccar tarafından ithal edildiği düşünülmektedir. al-Mina’lı seramikçiler, adı geçen merkezlerin seramiklerini ustalıkla taklit etmişlerdir.

4. tabaka ise milattan önce 520-430 arasındadır. Bir önceki tabaka ile arada yaklaşık 30 senelik bir boşluk vardır, ardından devreye 6. yüzyılın sonuna kadar en önemli merkez olacak olan Korinth girer. Korinth ise yerini bu yüzyılın bitiminde Atina’ya bırakacaktır (Panathenaia Amphorası parçaları). Fikellura seramiği parçasının bulunması Rhodos ile ilişkilerin devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Kırmızı figürlü seramikler, çoğunlukla Attika etkilidir.

Yeniden inşa faaliyetlerinin görüldüğü 4. tabaka, Perslerin yakındoğuda egemen oldukları dönemdir. Perslerin, Babil yönetimine milattan önce 539’da son vermesi ile MÖ 6. yüzyıl son çeyreğinde Al Mina’da Yunan seramiklerinde yükselme görülür. Tell Sukas’taki Yunanlıların, bu siyasi hareketlenmeden etkilenerek al-Mina’ya göç ettikleri ve burada yepyeni, daha Yunanlı bir yerleşim kurdukları ileri sürülmekte ve Yunan- al-Mina ilişkilerinde, kolonizasyondan ziyade bu olayın etkin olduğu düşünülmektedir.

al-Mina’da bulunan seramiklerinin benzerlerinin yakın merkezlerde de bulunması, al-Mina’nın bir dağıtım merkezi olabileceğini de gösterir. Buluntular ışığında, kentin kültürler arası bir köprü olduğu net bir şekilde gözlemlenebilmektedir. 7. yüzyıl başlarında Rhodos seramiği ile görülmeye başlayan Yunan varlığı, al-Mina’da Attika ve Atina buluntularıyla Hellenistik dönemin içlerine kadar devam etmektedir. Konunun kolonizasyon faaliyetleri ile ilgili kısmına değinecek olursak, tarihlendirmesi kolonizasyon hareketleri dönemine denk gelen tabakalardan farklı sonuçlara varılmaktadır. 9, 8 ve 7. katmanlar yaklaşık olarak kolonizasyon hareketlerinin 1. evresini kapsamaktadır. Bu dönemde bölgede hakim olan gücün büyük ölçüde Kıbrıs, daha sonra ise Rhodos olduğu görülmektedir. Kolonizasyon hareketlerinin 2. evresine denk gelen 6. ve 5. tabakalarda Kıbrıs seramiği yavaş yavaş ortadan kalkmakta, yerini Kıta Yunanistan, Korinth ve zaten devam süre gelmekte olan Rhodos seramiğine bırakmaktadır. Bu buluntular, kolonizasyon hareketlerinin 2. evresinde, al-Mina ile etkileşimin daha yoğun olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu kentin Yunanlılaşması, kolonizasyon hareketleri sonrası Perslerin, Babil yönetimine milattan önce 539’da son vermesi ile MÖ 6. yüzyıl son çeyreğinde gerçekleşir. Sonuç olarak, al-Mina’nın en erken emporionlardan biri olduğu fikrinden ziyade, bereketli hilale geçişte bir liman kenti olduğu düşüncesi akla daha yatkındır.

Al-Mina’da yapılan kazı çalışmlarında, Yunan kültürüne ait hiçbir kült merkezi ve gömüye raslanmamıştır. Buda al-Mina’da hiçbir Yunan yerleşiminin olmadığı, sadece ticari faaliyetler için bir liman olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir.

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