...Albinism Albinism is a congenital disorder where there is a complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes because of the absence or defect in the enzyme that produces melanin. Melanin is responsible for pigment in plants, animals, and protists. Albinism in man has been described by many Greek and Roman writers, and the first accurate scientific paper about it was written in 1908 by Sir Archibald Garrod. Most people only think of humans in the case of albinism, but in reality, it affects humans as well as plants and animals. In plants, Albinism is the total or partial absence of chlorophyll. Because there is an inadequate amount of chlorophyll, photosynthesis is impaired. As a result, plants with albinism usually die at a young age. According to scientific authors Maya Kumari, Heather J. Clarke, Ian Small, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique, some environmental conditions like temperature, light, media composition, and culture conditions can play a role in determining the frequency of albino plant formation. Although environmental factors can sometimes play a role, genetic factors are the main determinants. Genetic studies in different crops show that it is a recessive trait governed by many loci. Because nuclear as well as chloroplast genomes affect albinism, incompatibilities between them is a likely cause of pigment defects in hybrid progenies (Kumari). In angiosperms large amounts of these incompatibilities are found. Unfortunately, there is no solution...
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...הפקולטה למדעי הרוח והחברה התוכנית ללימודי אפריקה קורס: בריאות, חולי ורפואה בהקשר האפריקאי Too white to be black לבקנות בזימבבואה מרצים: פרופ' צבי בנטוויץ' וד"ר אניטה נודלמן מגישות: נעה הרמן, ת.ז- 200157808 ענת עזריה, ת.ז- 302857818 גל הורביץ, ת.ז- 304825219 נטע מלמד, ת.ז- 304853559 תאריך הגשה: 26.8.2014 מבוא- קיימים מיתוסים הקשורים ללבקנות בזימבבואה, המשפיעים עמוקות על חייהם של אנשים הלוקים בלבקנות מרגע לידתם עד רגע מותם. אותם מיתוסים ואמונות המקיפים את תופעת הלבקנות, פוגמים בחיי המשפחה, בגישה לחינוך, בתעסוקה, בנישואים ולמעשה בכל תחום חיים. עבודתנו זו תעסוק בחייהם של הלבקנים בזימבבואה. נבחן על פי מקורות טקסטואליים, את המציאות אותה חיים הלבקנים, תוך סקירת נתונים אמפיריים, תובנות ותוצאות של המחקרים האקדמיים עליהם עבודתינו נשענת. בשבטים וקהילות בזימבבואה שבהם הנישואין בתוך המשפחה הינם עניין נפוץ ומקובל, השכיחות הכוללת של לידת תינוקות לבקנים, באיזורים עירוניים וכפריים בממוצע מעורב, היא 1 ל-4000 בעוד שהשכיחות באיזורים כפריים בלבד היא 1 ל1000. הרלוונטיות של נישואין בין בני זוג עם קרבת דם להתפרצות הלבקנות, היא בכך שהגן הפגום היוצר את הלקות הינו רצסיבי. על כן, מתפרץ בעת חיבור עם גן רצסיבי נוסף. כדי להבין לעומק את המציאות אותה חווים הלוקים בלבקנות במדינה זו, יש להתייחס תחילה להכרת המדינה באופן רחב יותר. בזימבבואה מתגוררים כ-13,771,721 תושבים על שטח של 390,757 קמ"ר. כלומר, 35.24 נפש לקמ"ר- מרווחת יחסית ברוב איזוריה. מאז עצמאותה של זימבבואה בשנת 1980, רבים מאזרחיה נטשו את המדינה. זימבבואה היא אחת המדינות שאוכלוסייתן הולכת וקטנה עם השנים, עקב שיעור נשאי וחולי האיידס העומד...
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...Albinism is defined as congenital disorder that are inherited as a recessive genetic trait (Oetting WS, Fryer JP, Shriram S and King RA, 2003),( Hagen EAH, Houston GC, Hoffmann MB and Morland AB, 2007). They are have either a reduced level of or no pigment in their skin, eyes or hair. This hereditary disease can be found in humans (affecting all races)( Hagen EAH, Houston GC, Hoffmann MB, Jeffery G and Morland AB, 2005),( Blachford SL, 2002). Individuals with albinism will have some form of vision difficulty,which could include nystagmus, refractive error, glare, and tropia.they are classified as being in the category of low vision beacuse of they have visual dysfunction(Wildsoet CF, Oswald PJ, Clark S, 2007)( Neveu MM, Holder GE, Sloper JJ, Jeffery G,2005). A survey by Omar and Fatin who state that albinos had most difficulties when they...
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...l Anisa Bekri Albinism Script: Slide 2: What is Albinism? Albinism also known as “Albino” is a genetic condition when people are born without the normal pigment in their bodies. People with Albinism have very pale features. This condition can affect all races including Africans, Caucasians and also Asians. People who suffer from this condition have very pale eyes, hair and skin. Most forms of Albinism are recessive. People with this condition can suffer from vision problems and have very low vision capabilities. The colour of the eye for Albino people can vary depending on their race. Although some may have reddish or reddish violet eyes, many have blue, green, hazel or even brown eyes. Since there are different forms of Albinism which we will look into throughout this presentation, all are associated with vision and skin problems. * Did you know that Animals can also be affected with Albinism such as white rabbits and mice with red eyes?? Slide 3: What causes this condition? Albinism is caused when the body is not able to make enough of melanin, which is responsible for the colour of our skin, hair and eyes. The genes that result in Albinism are located in the autosomes. The cause of albinism is the mutation of one of the genes coded to make proteins in order to make the melanin. The cells that produce melanin are called “melanocytes” found in the skin and eyes. Usually the child with this condition inherits the gene from each of the parents which is the recessive trait...
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...Many of the marks that evolutionary history has left on our bodies are invisible. Lactose tolerance, a predisposition towards diabetes, genes that contribute to breast cancer, and many other inconspicuous traits are legacies of the paths that our ancestors took as they left or stayed in Africa between 60 and 125 thousand years ago. However, other markers of these unique evolutionary histories are perfectly obvious, perhaps most notably skin color. It's clear that people whose ancestors hail from different parts of the earth have differently colored skin and that this is related to how much of the sun's radiation hits that part of the planet. The less radiation, the lighter the native population's skin color tends to be. This is a great example of recent evolution in human populations. But what if we go back deeper in our evolutionary history, back to when all of humanity lived in Africa? At that time, all humans had darkly pigmented skin. A new study sheds light on how and why this skin pigmentation evolved. Where's the evolution? Humans have different skin colors because we have different amounts and kinds of the pigment melanin in our skin. Our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, have pale skin without melanin underneath their dark fur, and almost certainly the ancestor that we share with chimps did too. So how did the early members of the human branch of the tree of life get from hair-covered light skin to hairless dark skin? Researchers have many competing hypotheses...
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...Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Name at least three scientists who, around the year 1900, were influential in setting the stage for our present understanding of transmission genetics. A) de Vries, Correns, Tschermak, Sutton, Boveri B) Hippocrates, Aristotle, Kolreuter C) Darwin, Mendel, Lamarck D) Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin E) Beadle, Tatum, Lederberg 1) 2) Name the individual whose work in the mid-1800s contributed to our understanding of the particulate nature of inheritance as well as the basic genetic transmission patterns. With what organism did this person work? A) George Beadle, Neurospora B) Thomas Hunt Morgan, Drosophila (fruit fly) C) Boris Ephrussi, Ephestia D) Calvin Bridges, Drosophila (fruit fly) E) Gregor Mendel, Pisum sativum 2) 3) A recessive allele in tigers causes the white tiger. If two normally pigmented tigers are mated and produce a white offspring, what percentage of their remaining offspring would be expected to have normal pigmentation? A) 25% B) 50% C) about 66% D) about 90% E) 75% 3) 4) Polydactyly is expressed when an individual has extra fingers and/or toes. Having extra digits is caused by a dominant allele. Assume that a man with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot marries a woman with a normal number of digits. The couple has a son with normal hands and feet, but...
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...Also the community will be educated that Albino they can do many thing like those of normal person. The program will be broadcasted in different TV stations to attract more people. Upendo disabled Group will conduct interventions using different approaches such as community outreach activities, group discussions between parents and Albino and establishment of active groups to reach the target. Upendo disable group has more than 3 years experience working together with disabled groups and individuals at grassroots level, this help the organization to know the root of the problem and best intervention needed to address the problem. II. Problem statement Albinism is an inherited condition present at birth, characterized by a lack of pigment that normally gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Many types of albinism exist, all of which involve lack of pigment in varying...
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...The Whiteness of the Whale In Moby Dick, Herman Melville uses several examples of imagery to support the meaning of the color white. Because of this imagery, the formalist criticism can be used to further analyze the text. Formalism analyzes texts under the assumption that we will only understand a text within the writing’s own form. The imagery of the “whiteness of the whale” consumes the entire 42nd chapter of Moby Dick. Because white, in many cultures, is associated with beauty and goodness, Melville talks about the images of white marbles and pearls and how the whiteness these objects make them more desirable. Not only does white depict beauty but it is also a symbol of power and dominance. For example Melville refers to the color white as the “imperial color”, mentioning white man’s dominance over “every dusky tribe”. To further illustrate the “goodness” of whiteness Melville relates the color to the “innocence of brides”, and the divineness of the wild white horse. Another attribute Melville associates with whiteness is “holiness”, mentioning that all priests wear. The color white symbolizes many different positive characteristics throughout this chapter. Melville mentions the association between this color and traits like innocence, purity, and goodness. Immediately after discussing the goodness of whiteness, he identifies that the color can also have a negative connotation. The color white also serves as a serious contradiction in itself as it makes things that are awful...
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...Genetic Analysis in Plants Abbey Emmanuel and Danielle Peterson Life 120—Lab Section 136 October 29, 2014 Introduction Every living organism is made up of a series of genes. Each characteristic, such as color and texture, rely on the genetic coding of the organism. These genes can be passed along, mixed with other genes, or removed throughout the generations. The process of traits being passed from parent to offspring is called gene transmission. (Bailey, 2014) In the 1860’s a monk, Gregor Mendel set basic principles for heredity. His first law was Mendel’s law of segregation. He discovered this law while studying pea plants. He studied a series of seven different traits. (Bailey, 2014) He first observed and confirmed through experimentation that one pea plant of a certain color could self fertilize and produce another pea plant of the same color. He referred to the process of these self-fertilizing pea plants as true-breeding. (Urry et. Al, 2014) Mendel continued his studies of pea plants by testing that outcome of cross-pollination between two true-breeding plants. He took the two parent plants, one green and one yellow, and found the offspring to be all green. He continued experimenting by crossing two of the offspring from the first generation plants. Mendel found that in the second generation, an offspring color appeared from the parents that were lost in the first generation. His law of segregation explains that allele pairs segregate during...
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...Chapter 29 Development 1. What percentage of sperm cells introduced into the vagina normally reach the oocyte? Less than 1 percent (200 out of 200,000,000) 2.The term syngamy refers to the Fusion of sperm with a secondary oocyte; chemical changes prevent a second sperm from entering the oocyte 3.How many days after fertilization does implantation of the blastocyst occur? 6 days on average 4. At day 4 after fertilization, the solid ball of cells that has formed is called the Morula 5. Implantation usually occurs in the Fundus and posterior wall of uterus 6. The enzymes that allow implantation to occur are produced by the Synchtiotrophob last 7. The human gestation period is about 36-38 weeks 8. The chorion develops from the Trophoblast 9. The embryonic disc develops from the Inner cell mass 10. The embryonic period of development covers what time period? Fertilization to the 8th week 11. For fertilization to occur, a sperm must penetrate Into the corona radiate---> zona pellucida (zp3)---> cell membrane 12. The amnion forms from the Cytotrophoblast 13. The yolk sac forms from the Endoderm of inner cell mass 14. The extraembryonic coelom becomes the Ventral body cavity (thoracic and ab cavity) 15. The “water” referred to when a woman's “water breaks” prior to delivery is Amniotic fluid 16. The endometrium is digested by enzymes released from the Synctiotrophob 17. Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between...
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...Eye Color Inheritance Eye color is a physical trait that is determined by the pairing of genes from both parents. Eye color is a polygenic trait, which means there are multiple genes that interact to produce the color. It was previously thought that a single gene pair following dominant and recessive inheritance patterns was responsible for eye color, but it is now known to be much more complex than that, involving at least three gene pairs. Geneticists have focused on two of the three gene pairs to help clarify the inheritance of eye color: EYCL1, called the gey gene, and EYCL3, called the bey2 gene. There are several genes which influence the color of a person's eyes. As a general rule brown eyed genes are often dominant and blue eyed genes tend to be recessive. These factors of genetic dominance are added to the complex genetic equation that our bodies use to determine our eye color. A green allele is dominant over a blue allele, and a brown allele is dominant over both green and blue alleles. For the bey 2 gene if a person has a brown allele then they will have brown eyes. In the gey gene the green allele is dominant over the blue allele, but it is still recessive next to a brown allele. All four alleles must be blue to produce a blue eyed person. Another way of predicting the color of a child's eyes is to use the parent's eye color genes. In my family, my mother as well as my father has blue eyes. I am a one of three children they had. To be more exact, I am a triplet...
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...Google Glasses Kaleb Ogden 3/23/15 I choice my research on Google Glasses. Google glass is a headset that you wear like a pair of glasses. Google has announced that it using prescription lenses into some models. The headset has a small prism screen tucked into the upper corner of the frame that keeps you constantly plugged in to your e-mail, calls and other notifications so you don't have to miss a beat. Similar to android’s smart watch have been in development for years. The design and hardware of Google glass is lightweight the titanium frame is bendable. Google glass is packed with Wi-Fi, GPS, speakers, a camera, microphone, touchpad and a gyroscope that detects head-tilts. Never get lost walking on a trail or missing a call or photo, due to its high cpu dual processor. I see that google glasses will impact the technology industry by allowing humans to use it as second nature. I believe Its to soon for public to use simply because it is in a early development state. Since smartphone watches are just becoming popular for portable accessories, google glasses will take flight some years down the line. Google has invested too much in Glass to entirely abandon the project. There’s no vision on why people would need the Glass, which is a major problem for the device. Without a vision, people will begin to make their own assumptions, and the current thought of people is that the device is used to step over privacy limits. Maybe 20 years from now Glass X will in...
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...The Whiteness of the Whale In Moby Dick, Herman Melville uses several examples of imagery to support the meaning of the color white. Because of this imagery, the formalist criticism can be used to further analyze the text. Formalism analyzes texts under the assumption that we will only understand a text within the writing’s own form. The imagery of the “whiteness of the whale†consumes the entire 42nd chapter of Moby Dick. Because white, in many cultures, is associated with beauty and goodness, Melville talks about the images of white marbles and pearls and how the whiteness these objects make them more desirable. Not only does white depict beauty but it is also a symbol of power and dominance. For example Melville refers to the color white as the “imperial colorâ€, mentioning white man’s dominance over “every dusky tribeâ€. To further illustrate the “goodness†of whiteness Melville relates the color to the “innocence of bridesâ€, and the divineness of the wild white horse. Another attribute Melville associates with whiteness is “holinessâ€, mentioning that all priests wear. The color white symbolizes many different positive characteristics throughout this chapter. Melville mentions the association between this color and traits like innocence, purity, and goodness. Immediately after discussing the goodness of whiteness, he identifies that the color can also have a negative connotation. The color white also serves as a serious contradiction in itself as...
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... pale skin, and light eyes. I was confused and I asked my mother why was he like that and said it was disease they are born with. She said in Spanish they are known as “hijos del sol” (children of the sun). These individuals are known as albinos who have a condition of albinism. In “Albinism: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis,” Newman (2016) stated that albinism is an inherited disease characterized with reduction of melanin production that is affecting 1 in 17,000 people. Melanin is the pigment, which is responsible for the skin, eyes, and hair color. Mostly people with albinism have pale skin, lighter...
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...results, corrected values, title and authorship are not allowed without the approval of the responsible editor. In such a case, please contact us for futher advice. · If we do not receive your corrections within 48 hours, we will send you a reminder. · The final versions of your article will be published around one week after receipt of your corrected proofs. Jaworek et al. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2012, 7:44 http://www.ojrd.com/content/7/1/44 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RESEARCH Open Access Molecular genetic studies and delineation of the oculocutaneous albinism phenotype in the Pakistani population Thomas J Jaworek1, Tasleem Kausar2, Shannon M Bell1, Nabeela Tariq2, Muhammad Imran Maqsood2, Asma Sohail2, Muhmmmad Ali2, Furhan Iqbal2, Shafqat Rasool3, Saima Riazuddin1,4,5,6, Rehan S Shaikh2,8* and Zubair M Ahmed1,2,4,5,6,7* 8 Abstract 9 Background: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is caused by a group of genetically heterogeneous inherited defects that result in the loss of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. Mutations in the TYR,...
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