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Alena

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1. Accord de libre-échange nord-américain
L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) est un accord global qui fixe les règles régissant le commerce et l'investissement entre le Canada, les États Unis et le Mexique. L'Accord est un document long et complexe qui comporte 8 parties, 22 chapitres et quelque 2 000 pages. Les lignes qui suivent présentent quelques-unes de ses dispositions les plus importantes.
L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) est un accord global qui fixe les règles régissant le commerce et l'investissement entre le Canada, les États Unis et le Mexique. L'Accord est un document long et complexe qui comporte 8 parties, 22 chapitres et quelque 2 000 pages. Les lignes qui suivent présentent quelques-unes de ses dispositions les plus importantes : * Accès aux marchés pour les marchandises
Élimination des droits sur des milliers de produits qui circulent entre les trois partenaires nord-américains.
Réductions progressives des droits – maintenant complétées – et règles spéciales dans les secteurs de l'agriculture, de l'automobile et du textile et du vêtement.
Droits importants pour les fournisseurs et les utilisateurs de services des pays de l'ALENA dans des secteurs très divers.
Engagements spéciaux en ce qui concerne les télécommunications et les services financiers.
Mécanismes officiels de règlement des différends qui aident à régler les litiges que soulèvent l'interprétation ou l'application des règles de l'ALENA. * Protection de l'investissement étranger
Engagement de chacun des partenaires à accorder aux investisseurs des autres parties, et aux investissements effectués par ceux-ci, un traitement non moins favorable que celui qu'ils accordent à leurs propres investisseurs sur leur territoire.
Engagement de chacun des partenaires à accorder aux investisseurs des pays de l'ALENA un traitement non moins favorable que celui qu'ils accordent aux investisseurs de pays tiers.
Un mécanisme de règlement des différends transparent et obligatoire, spécialement conçu pour régler les problèmes liés à des investissements. * Protection de la propriété intellectuelle
Protection appropriée et efficace ainsi que respect d'un vaste éventail de droits de propriété intellectuelle (y compris au moyen de brevets, de marques de commerce, de droits d'auteur et de designs industriels), tout en veillant à ce que les mesures qui assurent l'application de ces droits ne deviennent pas à leur tour des obstacles au commerce légitime. * Facilitation de l'admission de gens d'affaires
Facilitation de l'admission de gens d'affaires exerçant des centaines de professions, afin qu'ils puissent effectuer des voyages d'affaires dans toute l'Amérique du Nord. * Accès aux marchés publics
Accès aux débouchés relatifs aux marchés publics du gouvernement fédéral au Canada, au Mexique et aux États-Unis. * Règles d'origine
Les règles d'origine de l'ALENA servent à déterminer si un produit a droit à un traitement préférentiel en vertu de l'ALENA.
À différents moments depuis l'entrée en vigueur de l'ALENA, les partenaires ont pris des mesures pour libéraliser ou allonger la liste des produits qui ont droit à un traitement préférentiel. Depuis 2005, par exemple, les partenaires de l'ALENA ont apporté deux séries de changements pour qu'il soit plus facile aux négociants d'avoir droit au régime d'admission en franchise prévu par l'ALENA. * Accords parallèles
En outre, les partenaires de l'ALENA ont négocié deux accords parallèles : l'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement et l'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine du travail. * Souci de l'environnement
Les partenaires de l'ALENA ont signé un accord parallèle qui traite des questions environnementales, l'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement. En vertu de celui-ci, les États-Unis, le Canada et le Mexique se sont engagés à prendre certaines mesures afin de protéger l'environnement, y compris l'obligation pour chaque partie d'appliquer sans faille ses lois environnementales. Le défaut d'une partie de s'acquitter de ses obligations environnementales fera l'objet du même type de mécanisme de règlement des différends qui est inclus dans l'ALENA concernant les obligations commerciales. En outre, l'Accord de coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement a mis au point un mécanisme qui permet à tout citoyen ou à toute organisation non gouvernementale de soumettre un exposé dans le cas où l'une des parties ne met pas efficacement en application ses lois environnementales. Par contre, les obligations commerciales ne sont pas assujetties à ce type d'examen indépendant.
En vertu de l'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine de l'environnement, les parties ont également convenu de se pencher sur les problèmes environnementaux à l'échelle de la région, de contribuer à la prévention des différends commerciaux et environnementaux et de promouvoir l'application efficace des lois de l'environnement, entre autres choses. Afin d'aider les parties à respecter ces engagements, les partenaires ont créé une institution internationale, la Commission de coopération environnementale. * Engagement à l'égard de la coopération dans le domaine du travail
Les partenaires de l'ALENA ont signé un accord parallèle sur la coopération dans le domaine du travail qui vise à promouvoir l'application efficace des lois et de la réglementation du travail de chacun des pays et à favoriser une plus grande coopération entre les partenaires de l'ALENA sur les questions relatives au travail.
L'Accord nord-américain de coopération dans le domaine du travail a établi la Commission de coopération dans le domaine du travail, composée d'un conseil ministériel et d'un secrétariat. Dans le contexte de la mise en œuvre de cet Accord, la Commission reçoit l'aide d'agents administratifs nationaux de chacun des trois pays.
À l'heure actuelle, le programme de coopération dans le domaine du travail se concentre sur la santé et la sécurité au travail, l'emploi et la formation professionnelle, le droit du travail, les droits des travailleurs et la productivité. 2. ALENA un forme dualiste de l'intégration économique: le commerce extérieur et l'investissement étranger direct

CONCLUSION
Avec Alena comme une forme dualiste de l'intégration économique, le commerce extérieur et l'investissement étranger direct, cet bloque économique déjà bénéficié d'accords sur le libre-échange de biens, ce est à dire qu’ils peuvent échanger des biens et des services en ligne, maintenant ce qui est nécessaire est de trouver comment faire pousser le bien-être des personnes et cela implique nécessairement investir, innover et développer des produits ou des services à plus forte valeur ajoutée.
D’ autre part depuis l'ALENA, le Mexique reste un pays sous-développé. La relation économique et technologique entre le Mexique et ses partenaires, les États-Unis et au Canada est passé de l'ALENA. Mais ces dernières années Mexique a enregistré une hausse du PIB très faible, le problème peut être que le libre-échange a généré des profits pour les grandes entreprises, mais exclu des petites et moyennes. Est le manque de soutien du gouvernement aux PME, que le 70% de ces entreprises n’investissent pas dans l'innovation et le développement.

http://badicc.eclac.cl/controversias/Normativas/TLCAN/Espanol/Tratado_de_Libre_Comercio_de_America_del_Norte-TLCAN.pdf http://www.alenaaujourdhui.org/ http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-45572011000100004

L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) a révolutionné le commerce et l'investissement en Amérique du Nord et aidé à libérer le potentiel économique de la région. Depuis son entrée en vigueur il y a 15 ans, les Nord-Américains ont connu une période prolongée de forte croissance économique et de prospérité grandissante.
L'ALENA a aidé à stimuler la croissance économique et la création d'emplois mieux rémunérés dans toute l'Amérique du Nord. L'Accord a également permis une plus grande concurrence entre les marchés et accru l'éventail de choix et le pouvoir d'achat des consommateurs, des ménages, des entreprises et des agriculteurs nord-américains.
En outre, l'ALENA a facilité l'accès des entreprises de la région aux matières, aux technologies, aux capitaux d'investissement et aux talents de toute l'Amérique du Nord, ce qui a contribué à les rendre plus compétitives dans le marché nord-américain et dans le reste du monde. Devant le défi que pose l'essor des économies asiatiques et sud-américaines pour la compétitivité nord-américaine, l'ALENA demeure essentiel pour assurer une croissance et une prospérité durables dans la région.
L'ALENA a démontré que la libéralisation du commerce joue un rôle important dans la promotion de la transparence, de la croissance économique et de la sécurité juridique. Toutefois, face à la concurrence mondiale accrue, le Canada, les États-Unis et le Mexique travailleront à renforcer la compétitivité nord-américaine en maintenant le commerce entre les pays membres de l'ALENA. Les trois pays poursuivront également leurs échanges commerciaux avec d'autres régions. De plus, le Canada, les États-Unis et le Mexique ont conscience des enjeux communs auxquels l'Amérique du Nord est confrontée et qui ont une incidence directe sur la qualité de vie des gens. Lors du Sommet des dirigeants nord-américains de 2009, les trois pays ont renouvelé leur engagement à soutenir leur relations commerciales afin d'assurer que les retombées économiques soient grandement partagées et renouvelables.

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