...[pic] • What is an alloy? An alloy is a mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may or may not be homogeneous in distribution, depending on thermal (heat treatment) history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the component elements. Alloy constituents are usually measured by mass. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the alloy. They can be further classified as homogeneous, consisting of a single phase, heterogeneous, consisting of two or more phases, or intermetallic, where there is no distinct boundary between phases Examples: • Bronze (tin, aluminium or other element) • Aluminium bronze (aluminium) • Arsenical bronze • Florentine bronze (aluminium or tin) • Gunmetal (tin, zinc) • Glucydur • Phosphor bronze (tin and phosphorus) • Ormolu (Gilt Bronze) (zinc) • Speculum metal (tin) [pic] 1. Steel Composition: (Iron and other metals such as carbon) Properties: Hard, Less Ductile & have high Tensile Strength. Applications: Steel is used widely in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure, appliances, and buildings. Most large modern structures, such as stadiums and skyscrapers, bridges, and airports, are supported by...
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...be defined as an “envelope designed to retain and position a range of mechanical or electrical components”1. More specifically, the aim of this essay is to discuss what aspects need to be considered when determining which materials and processes are to be used in the manufacture of a car engine cylinder block (which is considered to be a housing). First of all, an identification of the developments, difficulties and constraints introduced by the design requirement to cast (or mould) a housing will be done. Secondly, a comparison of the material/process choices between ferrous alloys and light alloys for housing applications will be developed. Thirdly, the finishing, joining and assembly aspects will be identified and finally, this essay will be ended by a discussion about how the overall organisation of the manufacturing system might be expected to change with production from cast iron to aluminium alloy engine blocks and how the manufacturer has accommodated these changes within their overall manufacturing strategy. Source : http://howautowork.com/list_of_contents/part_1/ch_1/images/cylinder%20block%202.JPG 1 2 Manufacturing Technologies – Spring 2013, Assignment 1; David Ashworth...
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...AMS 4981 In Aerospace Industry: The Marvel Alloy Aviation industries, also referred as spaceflights, require such materials, which are quite tough, extensively light weighted, and the ones which can survive pressure at high altitudes. After much research and paperwork, researchers and scientist gave green signal to Titanium at the best-suited metal for the aviation industry due to its special properties. Titanium has been chosen because it provides efficiency and effectiveness, which is required and highly demanded in this sector. What is AMS 4981? AMS 4981 is popular for its highest weight to strength ratio, which makes it useful for several purposes in the aircraft sector. It not only adds strength but also adds weight to the product. When compared with steel this as strong as it but only 45% lighter. Also known to be corrosion-resistant, this property makes it the best choice for external exposure. This can...
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...Iqra Mirza August 10, 2011 English Composition 1 Professor Clark Research Paper Intermarriage and Interracial Among Foreign Intermarriage is the marriage between partners who are from different social, racial, religious, ethnic or cultural backgrounds. Intermarriage is also known as interracial marriage, interfaith marriage, and endogamy etc. This can be between any Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist or any other religion. Therefore, intermarriage affects how children are raised, a person’s religious way of life, and can lead to possible family rejection. Intermarriage is one sign of the adaptation of a foreign population in their country. Such marriage, however, often meet numerous difficulties, from discrimination to cultural tensions between the husband and wife. Racial intermarriage involves the added difficulty of different racial backgrounds, which also create cases of discrimination and problems fitting into the community. Though mixed couples are often analyze and put under great pressure from their families and society, the meaning of intermarriage, interreligious, and interracial will maintain to grow and it can have a very positive effect on the families formed. Intermarriage causes many problems to the couples who are in these relationships. Interfaith couples, who are of different religions, tend to live together in common law rather than in holy matrimony. According to a study made in 2006, 452,000 couples in Canada were of interrelationships...
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...has been applied by several researchers to produce surface modification of metallic materials. The feasibility to produce TiC and B4C particle reinforced aluminum (AA6360) hybrid matrix composites (AHMCs) were studied in this paper. The measured content of TiC and B4C powders were compacted into a groove of 0.5 mm X 5 mm. Double pass FSP was carried out using a FSW tool at rotational speed of 1600 rpm, processing speed of 60 mm/min and axial force of 8 kN. A tool made of HCHCr steel; oil hardened to 62 HRC, having cylindrical threaded profile was used in this study. Optical micrographs revealed a defect free FSP zone. TiC and B4C particles were uniformly distributed and well bonded with the matrix alloy. The hardness of the FSW zone increased to 25% higher than that of the matrix alloy. Key words: Surface composite, Friction stir processing, TiC, B4C. 1. Introduction Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles exhibit high strength, high elastic modulus, and improved resistance to wear, creep and fatigue compared with unreinforced metals which make them promising structural materials for aerospace and automobile industries. However, these composites also suffer from a great loss in ductility and toughness due to the incorporation of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements, which limits their wide applications to a certain extent [1]. The surface properties dictate the life span of components in several applications. A combination of high surface...
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...London Bridge is falling down, Falling down, falling down, London Bridge is falling down, My fair Lady. Build it up with sticks and stones, Sticks and stones, sticks and stones, Build it up with sticks and stones, My fair lady. Sticks and stones will all fall down, All fall down, all fall down, Sticks and stones will all fall down, My fair lady. Build it up with wood and clay, Wood and clay, wood and clay, Build it up with wood and clay, My fair Lady. Wood and clay will wash away, Wash away, wash away, Wood and clay will wash away, My fair Lady. Build it up with bricks and mortar, Bricks and mortar, bricks and mortar, Build it up with bricks and mortar, My fair Lady. Bricks and mortar will not stay, Will not stay, will not stay, Bricks and mortar will not stay, My fair Lady. Build it up with iron and steel, Iron and steel, iron and steel, Build it up with iron and steel, My fair Lady. Iron and steel will bend and bow, Bend and bow, bend and bow, Iron and steel will bend and bow, My fair Lady. Build it up with silver and gold, Silver and gold, silver and gold, Build it up with silver and gold, My fair Lady. Silver and gold will be stolen away, Stolen away, stolen away, Silver and gold will be stolen away, My fair Lady. Set a man to watch all night, Watch all night, watch all night, Set a man to watch all night, My fair Lady. Suppose the man should fall asleep, Fall asleep, fall asleep, Suppose the man should...
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...16 Metallographic Etching of Aluminium and Its Alloys for Restoration of Obliterated Marks in Forensic Science Practice and Investigations R. Kuppuswamy Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem A problem of common occurrence in forensic science is the restoration of obliterated serial numbers on the chassis and engine of stolen motor vehicles, firearms, jewellery, valuable tools, and machinery (Nickols, 1956; Wolfer & Lee, 1960; Jackson, 1962; Cunliffe & Piazaa, 1980; De Forest & Gaensslen, 1983; Schaefer, 1987; O’Hara & O’Hara, 1994; Moenssens et al (1995); Heard, 1997; Petterd, 2000; Lyle, 2004; Katterwe, 2006; Seigel, 2007; Mozayani & Noziglia, 2006; Jackson et al (2008); Levin, 2010). Serial numbers or other markings, which are unique to that particular item, are usually marked on the above metal surfaces during the manufacturing process. Criminals alter or obliterate these identification marks during thefts or other illegal uses in order to prevent their identity. On many occasions a fraudulent number would be introduced after removing the original one. In abandoned vehicles all serial numbers are verified in order to detect alterations in the identity of the vehicle (Svensson et al, 1981). Sometimes the serial numbers on firearms are removed more professionally making it hard to distinguish whether the numbers are original or not (Shoshani et al, 2001). Restoration of the original obliterated...
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...EVKET WLI-90 EVTT3F EVTS BHVSD HVTEB HVS2C ALPHABETICAL INDEX Type Page Type Page Type Page 21 ............................................................ 32 22 ............................................................ 31 AFGS ...................................................... 73 BHVSD ................................................... 57 BHVSF.................................................... 56 CCL-EHV .................................................. 6 CCLS-EHV................................................ 7 EVBCF.................................................... 45 EVBETSH ............................................... 54 EVDCH ................................................... 41 EVDCS.................................................... 39 EVEDST.................................................. 63 EVEDST-90 ............................................. 65 EVEF-D................................................... 84 EVETF .................................................... 15 EVETS .................................................... 49 EVHS ...................................................... 82 EVIS........................................................ 53 EVKES.................................................... 48 EVKET .................................................... 14 EVLCF ...................................................... 4 EVPC ...................................................... 81 EVS2C ......................
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...Faculty of Science School of Materials Science and Engineering Using Al6063 Chips to produce Porous Material by Powder metallurgy By YIFU FANG A thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Engineering ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor A/Prof. Sammy Chan who has been a tremendous mentor for me. I would like to thank you for encouragement of my research and guide me to learn how to think independently like a professional researcher. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. And also appreciate the help from Andrew in ADFA who helped me to do the impact test and provided me plenty of background information about how the test worked. I really couldn't analyze the data without it. I would also like to thank our group member Andrew, Johnson and Alex who have assisted me to do the experiment and offer me some techniques for operating the experimental equipment. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how grateful I am. Thanks to you, I have this chance to study in this first class university and finally graduate. I would also like to express my gratitude to lab manager George Yang’s and Rahmat Kartono’s helps and trainings on my experiments. Thanks for all the supports from the the School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Australia. ABSTRACT Recycling aluminium now is fairly popular in the world since more than 15% of the aluminium...
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...IS : 28 - 1985 ( Reaffirmed 2001 ) Indian Standard SPECIFICATION FOR PHOSPHOR BRONZE INGOTS AND CASTINGS ( Fourth Rer+siorz ) Second Reprint May 1997 IJDC 669.35’779-412 0 Copy-iglrt 1986 BUREAZJ OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BIIAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr 3 August 1986 IS:28 -1985 Indian Standard SPECIFICATION FOR PHOSPHOR BRONZE INGOTS AND CASTINGS ( Fourth Revision ) Copper and Copper Alloys Sectional Committee, Cha:rman DR L. R. VAIDYANATE Indian Copper Representing Development SMDC 11 Centre, Calcutta h4tmbrrJ SHSI D. DE SA~KAR ( Altrrnatc to Dr L. R. Vaidyanath ) Bralco Metal Industries Pvt Ltd. Bombay SHRI DEV KUYAR AWAKWAL SHHI RAJ KU~AR AWARWAL ( Altnnute ) Ministry of Defence ( DC1 )/DPI (N) SARI BACEITAR SIKWH SERI M. R. ACHARYA (Alternate) National Test House, Calcutta SH~I K. L. BARUI SHRI H. P. DUBEY ( Altnnatr ) Indian Telephone Industries Ltd. Bangalore SHRI J. NAOESH BRATT SEW A. R. SUKUIUARAN ( Akmatr ) Hindustan Cables Ltd, Burdwan SERIC.D. BHATTAOHAR~YA SHRX M. JHA ( Altcmat~ ) Raahtriya Metal Industries Ltd, Bombay SERI BALK~~HNA BINANI DB V. S. PATKAR ( Aftematr ) Hindustan Copper Ltd, Calcutta DR S. K. BISWAS Alcobex Metalr (P) Ltd, Jodhpur PROP A. D. BOHR A SHRI S.D.NARKEADE (Afternutr) NE0 Pipes & Tube Co Ltd, Calcutta SERI P. R. DHAR SHRl A. K. MITRA ( Alt#~t# ) Ministry of Finance ( India Government Mint ), Sn~r H. N. GUPTA Calcutta Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd SHRI...
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...Define the term Nanotechnology. What does nanotechnology involve? Nanotechnology is the study of how to produce and control tiny structures. Nanotechnology involves tiny structures; these structures are known as nanoparticles. State approximately how many atoms would fit side by side in 1 nanometre? (nm) Approximately 10 atoms can fit inside 1 nanometre. Calculate: A) nm and B) Number of atoms, for the following measurements. Measurements | A) Nanometres | B) Number of atoms | 1) 1cm | 1,000,000 | 10,000,000 | 2) 1mm | 100,00 | 1,000,000 | 3) 1m | 1,000,000,000 | 10,000,000,000 | Describe the following applications of nanotechnology in detail. Self-Cleaning glass: The British company Pilkington has developed a self-cleaning glass. The scientist at Pilkington discovered the self-cleaning properties when they coated glass in titanium dioxide. In sunlight the titanium dioxide becomes electrically charged, these charges destroy materials found in grease and fingerprints and turn them into water-soluble substances. Water spreads across the glass evenly, dissolving dirt and helps washing the glass. Self-Cleaning paint: Wilhelm Barthlott a Germany botany professor created the concept of the lotus effect and furthered his studies into creating self-cleaning paint which acted like the lotus. The paint acts like the lotus plant, when water falls on top it forms near-spherical drops which then roll across the surface, picking up and washing away...
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...To Hedge or Not To Hedge - Raw material price management and added value from treasury by Wolfgang Frontzek, Director of Group Treasury/Corporate Finance, Wilo I For years, treasurers have been tackling the problems of interest and exchange rates in an analytical and structured manner. n recent years, commodities buyers have had to cope with extreme price increases and price fluctuations. Where it was not possible to cushion or pass on the effects of the price rises, they often had a negative impact on company profits. Rising raw material prices are not the only problem that buyers have, as the buyer is responsible not only for a fixed calculation or price basis but also for ensuring continuity of the production process, certainly over the medium term and thus over a planning period of 12-24 months. Price volatility presents the same problem, as it makes commodity prices genuinely unpredictable. An active financial risk management process is necessary, to answer the following questions: How high is the exposure? What percentage of the production costs do raw material costs account for? What effect does the price fluctuation of raw materials have on total profits? Can price fluctuations be passed on? What is the competition doing? Based on this peak, the company is exposed to a price movement risk of USD 1.700 per tonne or a total of USD 5.1m. Accordingly, the price opportunity on the basis of the record low in 1997 of USD 1.000 is relatively small at USD 150 around...
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...where fashion meets function! Aluma Wallet Designer replaces your messy, outdated wallet and gets your contents organized in style. It is perfect for men and women and fits in any pocket or purse! Its ultra slim outer case is die-cast from aluminum alloy to protect your contents and its high tech exterior is impact resistant! You'll be amazed at how much it holds... Credit cards, debit cards, club cards and more! The easy touch latch opens with just one hand and allows for quick access plus it's compact in size! SpecificationsIt's possible for someone beside you to steal your credit card information with a wireless credit card scanner.Now with the Aluma Wallet, your personal information is safe and secure. You will also never have to worry about damaging your cards, ID and cash when you put them in the Aluma Wallet - it is virtually indestructible - the fact has been proven under very serious conditions. It will be with you for a very long time to come!With individual slots for everything, keep your credit cards on one side, your driver's license and health insurance cards in another. Keep your cash handy by inserting it in the center slot allowing to be easily accessible when you open the Aluma Wallet This amazing aluminum alloy wallet is as close to being indestructible as we have ever seen, so you know it will be with you for a long time to...
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...State of the Science Although research on in-place aluminum bridge decks is scant, bridge failures and deteriorations over the past decade inspired engineers toward determining the structural integrity of aluminum alloys in bridge rehabilitation. Recent studies, examining the corrosive effects of acidic and salt atmosphere on aluminum bridge decks indicates the material is expected to endure for at least 30-years (Li, et al., 2010). Furthermore, the Virginia Department of Transportation conducted a series of tests, including service and ultimate load test using Reynold’s deck system (Dobmeier, 2001). The results of Dobmeier, et al.’s (2001) experiment, “clearly demonstrates that aluminum bridge decks are a feasible alternative to reinforced concrete decks”. When considering alternatives for bridge deck replacements, the structural engineer must evaluate the life cost of materials chosen. Specifically, although the material cost for aluminum bridge decks is higher than for structural steel, the cost for fabrication, construction and length of serviceability prove cost effective when compared to steel (Ghaswala, 2010; Tindall, 2008; Walbridge & de la Chevrotiere, 2012). Specifically, with a per unit weight that is about one-third that of structural steel, construction methods are simplified and time for rehabilitation reduced (Ghaswala, 2010). Furthermore, maintenance costs are greatly reduced with aluminum decks, which eliminate the need for protective coating (beyond...
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...| ABSTRACT P.V.P Siddhartha instate of technology ramesh_612@yahoo.c ABSTRACT This paper will provide an overview of the smart materials. The various types of smart material are also presented in this paper. To get the clear idea about the smart materials, its definition and types are explained briefly. Some of the types of these include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys piezoelectric, Varieties of smart materials already exist, and research is being carried out extensively to derive new materials. Applications of various types of smart materials are clearly explained. Some of applications of already existing smart materials are studied. The expectations of the smart materials and the predictions of future applications have been presented on the later part of the paper. And it is concluded that the application of smart material in future becomes a trend in various fields in engineering. INTRODUCTION Smart...
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