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American Dyes In The Brain Experiment

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Introduction In the 1880s, Paul Ehrlich intravenously injected some dyes (e.g. trypan dyes) into animals and observed that the dyes could stain all organs, except for the brain. He concluded that the brain had a lower affinity to the dye compared to the others organs (1). In 1913, Edwin Goldmann, a student of Ehrlich, did the opposite and injected the very same dyes directly to the cerebrospinal fluid of animals’ brain. He found that, in this case, the dyes readily stained the brain and not the other organs (2). These experiments clearly demonstrated the existence of a kind of separation between the blood and the brain. However, in 1898, Max Lewandowsky was the first one to postulate the existence of a specialized barrier at the level of cerebral vessels - the blood-brain barrier (BBB), after he and his colleagues had carried out some experiments to demonstrate that some drugs were neurotoxic when injected directly into the brain and not in the vascular system (3). It was just in the late 1960s that Reese and Karnovsky visualized that the barrier was localized to the endothelium by electron–microscopy studies (4). …show more content…
The BBB functionality is dynamic regulated by an ensemble of different cell types, including astrocytes, pericytes and neurons [7–9]. The endothelial cells are surrounded by a basal lamina, which is generally rich in laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen and heparin sulphate (5,7–9), which may represent an interesting targeting for drug transport and also provides a negatively charged interface

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