...American Foreign Policy Essay Over the time span of 1793-1825 the U.S. had to undergo serious changes. It was this time period that marked its process of becoming a national super power. It gained a strong sense of identity but the effects that came with it were that of uncontrollable influence. The nation as a whole started to stand out from the rest of the world and shine as a beacon. But it was the things the nation did during this time frame that caused this shift. America’s Foreign Policy from 1793-1825 went through many changes that made isolation impossible to retain due to the effects of attempting neutrality, economic dealings, and The War of 1812. There are some scenarios in life where attempting to prevent something only gives it greater chance of happening. When attempting neutrality through the time period of 1793-1825 this happened fairly quick. The Neutrality Proclamation made by George Washington was aimed at staying neutral in terms of the French Revolution. Though this is what the proclamation was primarily focused towards it was neutrality overall that it was really encouraging. Washington wanted the U.S. to stay uninvolved and build up our resources first to become a well-developed nation. While this approach may have been able to work in theory it didn’t take into account the peoples and pro-war opinions. In document A, a passage from The Neutrality Proclamation by George Washington it states, “I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare...
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...What the Government should do in regard to China policy following the 2013 Federal Election 30 July 2013 at 22:44 Some Australian commentators claim that Australia is at a cross roads, and that it is unprecedented that its largest trading partner is not its closest ally.[1] In fact, its major ally and largest trading partner are engaged in a Cold War power struggle. They go on to say that solving this ‘unprecedented’ situation is Australia’s greatest foreign policy conundrum for at least the next decade.[2] However, Australia’s situation is not unique, neither in the region nor in its own history. By considering the recent positions of the major political parties this essay will examine Australian and Chinese foreign policy in relation to the importance of the Australian-Chinese relationship and whether we need to choose between China and America. Lastly, I shall recommend strategies for the Australian government to implement regarding its China policy. The overarching foreign policy aim for both the ALP and Coalition is serving Australia’s national interest, which can be broadly broken down into four main goals: maintaining the territorial integrity of Australia, including the safety and security of its society and economy; ensuring regional stability and preserving the existing regional balance of power; the sea lanes that make up the arteries of international trade remain open; and responding to new security threats.[3] Included in the last goal are terrorism, international...
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...of US Foreign Policy: An Overview Hang Thi Thuy Nguyen1 1 The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Correspondence: Hang Thi Thuy Nguyen, School of Global, Urban and Social Science, The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia. E-mail: thuyhang032003@gmail.com Received: July 27, 2013 doi:10.5430/wjss.v1n1p20 Accepted: August 12, 2013 Online Published: August 13, 2013 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjss.v1n1p20 Abstract This article reviews major theoretical perspectives to US foreign policy as well as on how these theoretical perspectives explain foreign policy decision making and conducting of the US. First, the paper will discuss the process of making foreign policy to sustain US core values and interests which are determined by five major categories of sources (i) the external environment, (ii) the societal environment of the nation, (iii) the governmental setting, (iv) the roles of foreign policymakers, and (v) the individual personalities of foreign policy-making elites (Wittkopf et al 2008, p. 15). Then, the paper will examine the defensive and offensive realism, liberalism, marxism, neoclassical realism, constructivism which can be based on to understand US foreign policy behaviour. It will be concluded that no single theory has the capacity to describe, explain and predict US foreign policy behaviour. A mixture of such theoretical approaches seems to be necessary to obtain a comprehensive picture of US foreign policy...
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...Following the events of the Civil War, America secluded itself from other nations; a policy of remaining apart from political affairs with other countries, identified as isolationism. Whereas in the late 1800s, the advancing industrialization encouraged in developing relationships with other countries and the United States became internationally involved. Nonetheless, it applied foreign policies to guide those interactions. Foreign policies are requisite for treating international matters of interest strategically to benefit the country in return. In which the cooperation with allies will protect us from future wars and aid in survival. Besides, it promotes trade between nations, thus improving its financial revenue. The modification of foreign...
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...Public policy is embedded into the day-to-day lives of Canadian citizens. Although some may not be actively aware of the multitude of policies, they do determine every aspect of the Canadian society. There are policies that govern air, water, food, transportation, technology, taxes, health and immigration. But this is not an exclusive list of Canadian public polices. Two domains of public policy are domestic and foreign. Internal rules and regulations that govern within a nations border are known as domestic policies (Gale, 2008). Foreign polices are diametric in that they consist of international relations that take place outside a nation’s border (Elman, XXXX, p. X). When take together on a global scale, they can be described as global public policies. Globalization can be defined by “homogenized culture, a global economy, and a borderless world” (McBride, 2011, p. 10). To fully understand globalization one should consider all aspects such as, social, culture, technology, economic and political. Globalization has mainly impacted foreign policy, but it has also had an effect on domestic policies. Both policies are not only influenced by globalization, there are various other factors that contribute to the formation of public policies. Often times it can prove difficult to separate the effects that impact both forms of public policy because they are intertwined. Need thesis statement – what are you arguing or exploring in this paper. Also, should there be definitions in your intro...
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...US Foreign Policy The officially stated aims of the foreign policy of the United States, as declared by the United States Department of State and United States Agency for International Department is “to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community.” Moreover, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: "export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; International commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation." So through all this, what Americans are trying to say is that they want to make the world a better place but not without putting their interests first. Therefore, I believe that this policy is far from being great as they want it to be. One of the main issues is that the presidency is overburdened and more than that has too much authority. Presidents have not only foreign policy responsibilities, but sizeable domestic duties too. In addition, the presidency is the head of a political party. As a result, it is tough for one person to manage disparate tasks and more than that, it gives him the opportunity and the advantage of imposing his own views in a subtle way. As well as that, presidents may lack experience. Since...
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...diplomacy and political thought in general, nothing can influence objectives of the states more dynamically than changes in the international relations and progress of the process of globalisation. In this context, American diplomacy is not an exception. In the previous paper, Eisenhower’s Doctrine was analyzed by its essence and objectives in the framework of the requirements of the international relations and possible threat for the national security. The main aim of the present paper is to view American diplomacy in its evolution from Eisenhower’s approach to the modern diplomatic doctrine. Key words: global responsibility, supremacy, US diplomacy, the Cold War, Poland. Current Events and US Diplomacy In the history of diplomacy and political thought in general, nothing can influence objectives of the states more dynamically than changes in the international relations and progress of the process of globalisation. In this context, American diplomacy is not an exception. In the previous paper, Eisenhower’s Doctrine was analyzed by its essence and objectives in the framework of the requirements of the international relations and possible threat for the national security. The main aim of the present paper is to view American diplomacy in its evolution from Eisenhower’s approach to the modern diplomatic doctrine. In order to understand how diplomacy changed after the end of Cold war, it is essential to view how relationship...
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...Domestic policy has always been a part of public debates in our nation. These policies range from simple laws such as what should be the speed limit, to complex ones involving how to protect the environment or how to regulate healthcare. There are several types of domestic policies. There are regulatory policies that seek to explain what is legal and what is not legal. Promotional policy seeks to raise or discourage many economic or social activities through tax breaks. There is a redistributive policy that transfers income from certain individuals or groups to others; this is grounded on the certainty that these transfers will develop fairness. All in all these policies are created in response to public demand for government action. (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt. Page 449) In 2010, about 49 million Americans did not have health insurance. This was partly due to many small businesses not providing health care through work. Health care insurance has high costs and many could simply not afford it. The Affordable Care Act of 2009 was put in form to give people health care that needs security in case of a sudden illness or to get medications. The matters Congress sought to address in this law were the rising healthcare costs for individuals and businesses, the inability of individuals to obtain affordable, quality coverage, a broken healthcare delivery system and abuses by the insurance industry can now continue to be addressed without the stress that it puts on many Americans (Hudson...
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...How Europeans View Americans: Whether or not I agree with the author is based on my beliefs and experience with different economic factors. Although this article is opinionated of how the author shares different experiences from different Europeans frames (points of view) of the American society, we should all note that this is not the consensus for all Europeans. In reference to the matters that persuaded the United States to utilized their military might (September 11 2001), are only the actions of the current administered, which resulted in a ripple effect that cast judgment on all the American population. Although determined, the Bush administration left their allies on the sideline; where they felt obligated to respond and defend the homeland, which clearly displayed one difference in the U.S. and European view of security. In the summer of 2002 in an article Policy Review by Robert Kagan, he stated, “ It is time to stop pretending that Europeans and Americans share a common view of the world, or even that they occupy the same world” (Gordon, P. H, 2003). Cultures and generations have enforced and reinforced the values and belief systems that either population (American and European) have passed down from generation to generation to their children. Although Robert Kagan shared his views in the article, it is safe to say his perceived structure is not destiny, but should not be ignored. (Gordon, P.H. 2003). Apart from many other differences, which differentiate the...
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...United We Stand; Divided We Fall Why Appropriate U.S. Intervention in Foreign Policy is a Necessity for Global Peace In recent times it has become clear that trust of the United States’ ability to foster and produce peace is at an all-time low. In fact, it has recently been reported by The New York Post that a Gallup poll which analyzed data collected from 66,000 people polled in 65 countries that the U.S. is considered to be more threatening to peace efforts than Pakistan, Iran, and China combined, “Of the 66,000 people polled, just under a quarter named Uncle Sam as the greatest threat to world peace,” (New York Post, 2014). While this data sheds a frightening light upon the global opinion of the U.S.’s ability to act as successful peacekeepers, and due to many of the blunders experienced during Bush’s presidency, it is understandable as to why faith in the U.S. has diminished. However, both recent and historical data points towards the contrary, and instead has shown the importance of U.S. intervention in maintaining peace and showing the world that violations of human rights will not be tolerated. Therefore appropriate U.S. intervention within certain foreign policies is a necessity for global peace. Due to the U.S. maintaining one of the world’s largest militia in non-war times it is imperative that the United States’ military be involved in global efforts to foster and maintain peace when necessary. Many countries do not have the capability to defend themselves...
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...economy to more of a consumption model. It needs to be mindful about funding its state-owned enterprises, about subsidizing state-owned companies. It needs to lessen its reliance on low-end manufacturing and move up the value chain. By the way, these aren’t my observations; these are observations by Chinese leadership. If you follow any Chinese leader’s speech on China’s economic transformation, these are the points he’ll make. We would call that market rationalism or just normal evolution as a country rises to middle-income status. But there are also some countervailing impulses. There’s a strong streak of economic nationalism; there is a desire to promote national champions; there are protectionist impulses; and investment barriers—the policies called indigenous innovation, where China looks for ways to highlight or promote local companies at the expense of international competition. The fundamental economic question is: Will market rationalism prevail over these kinds of distortions, whether you call them...
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...July 12, 2016 Government Policies, Development, and IBM Globalization continues to open gates of opportunities for most countries. In my opinion, this is gearing towards lessening the gap between the classifications of the country’s global economic status. This reality encourages more and more businesses to expand to other markets where they see would generally increase their profits and revenues. After all, most people do business with one mindset: minimize cost, and increase/maximize the profit. Risks from Foreign Government Policies It is generally true for a fact that most businesses’ next step is to expand to other markets to increase profits. However, expanding to other markets is not as easy as it sounds. There are many risks that affect decisions of businesses to invest in a foreign country. The greatest risk international businesses face is government regulation (Deresky, 2014). Businesses have to follow foreign government policies before they can start doing international business. Although following government policies may sound as easy as checking boxes, foreign government policies tend to change, either favorable for international business or not. For example, countries that have democracy as their political system change government administrations and possibly the policies, every once in a while. Government policies and regulations usually are not just two sides of a coin. There can be many possible government policies that can be implemented...
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...The works “Preventive War and Democratic Politics”, “Democratization and the Danger of War”, “Terrorism, the Use of Force, and International Law After 11 September”, and “Failed States: Fixing a Broken World” all describe and aim to formulate the motivations for modern wars between two states. By using historical precedents, each author makes assertions about war theory, leaving the reader with a framework to analyze conflicts occurring in the world today. While each entry makes a unique assumption, the content of arguments invariably overlaps. In my response I will examine each piece and the questions I was left with after contemplating the implications of their respective theories. In “Preventive War and Democratic Politics”, Levy first distinguishes preemptive wars from preventive wars, claiming that the former involves an immediate threat to a state’s safety while the latter is determined by the presence of a non-immediate threat—often an adversary “crossing a particular threshold of military power, leading to a stop-level power shift” (Levy, 7). He goes on to discuss that since the advent of nuclear military developments, the majority of wars have been preventive. This argument is logical because as the stakes are raised, states have the responsibility to their constituents to mitigate threats; citizens are much more willing to tolerate smaller skirmishes than risk the threat of an over-militarization of another state with different social and political values, beliefs...
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...Leadership in Public Policy Making Dawn Miller PPA 601 Foundation of Public Administration Dr. Shavonnie Carthens September 15, 2014 Leadership in Public Policy Making Leadership is a significant role in any organization or agency that determines the conduct of actions as well as the course of action inside of the organization or agency. Leaders help develop clear visions, work multiple constituencies, know as well as understand social and ethical values, create vibrant networks, improves performance, and maintains values (Cropf, 2008, pg. 233). There are different levels of leadership abilities this depends on what each person wants to achieve and what the organization is requiring. The top leadership level is an executive level, the leaders at this level need to be practical, have personal skills as well as political skills. Leaders need to know that it is not only political factors that have a part in decisions or policy making but there are environmental issues too. Public policies that are successful usually have had a leader(s) that have developed, promoted, and executed some sort of public policy. Being able complete this accomplishment the leader(s) have learned or developed certain leadership traits. Traits that are important for a public policy are creativity, enthusiastic, follow through, responsibility, and persuasiveness. Characteristics that are different from a leader and a follower, intellectual, and endurance. Leadership traits are beneficial...
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...A. Physical Destination Planning- A Supply-led Approach • In 1970s, a range of recreation plans, foreshore studies and a local environmental plan for Lake Macquarie, still influenced by the prescriptive methods and approaches of physical land use master planning was prepared. These plans and policy documents adopted standards for the provision of open space and recreation facilities and identified sites for recreation and tourism development. • In 1977, the Lake Macquarie City council formed a Lake Macquarie tourist facilities development panel, the task of which was to identify and develop the tourism capacity of the local area. • Identify and investigate sites of potential tourism development and to advise on how tourism development might be achieved. B. Building Markets- A Demand-led Approach • By 1980s, tourism had become an important economic activity in many regional areas of Australia. Strong growth in international visitation, particularly from Asian and North American markets, drove a push to build tourism resorts and to increase yield by building integrated products and experiences. • These resort developments were usually characterized by high financial risk and long lead times before financial returns could be made and were targeted at international markets sensitive to international economic conditions. • Economic conditions weakened (most notably, interest rates rose and investor confidence weakened)...
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