...Unit 1 Discussion 1. In your own words, explain the different classes of the power amplifiers (Class-A, Class-B, Class-AB and Class-C) and mention where the Q-point is for each one. Also mention about their applications. 2. What is the difference between a 200W stereo amplifier and a 100 W stereo amplifier in dB? 3. What is dBm? Where is it commonly used? 4. A utility company is interested in purchasing a Public Address system (audio frequencies). Because the company works near high-voltage power lines, where 60Hz interference is common, they have requested that the PA system be designed to minimize pickup from the power lines. What would be the best way to minimize this interference?Be sure to make your original post EARLY in the week. Return often throughout the week to reply and respond to your classmates.Instructions: To post to the discussion, click on the "Add a new discussion topic" button below. In the Subject line, enter a descriptive title for your post. You may copy/paste the text of your assignment into the Message text area. Alternatively, you can choose to type directly into the Message area. When you choose this option, please double check to make sure you have spelled everything correctly. Once you have finished with the message area, please press the "Post to forum" button. This will complete the submission process for your first post to your discussion assignment.To respond to a classmate's post, click on their discussion post title. Click on...
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...UNISONIC TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD TDA2030 14W HI-FI AUDIO AMPLIFIER DESCRIPTION The UTC TDA2030 is a monolithic audio power amplifier integrated circuit. LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FEATURES * Very low external component required. * High current output and high operating voltage. * Low harmonic and crossover distortion. * Built-in Over temperature protection. * Short circuit protection between all pins. * Safety Operating Area for output transistors. *Pb-free plating product number: TDA2030L ORDERING INFORMATION Ordering Number Normal Lead Free Plating TDA2030-TA5-T TDA2030L-TA5-T TDA2030-TB5-T TDA2030L-TB5-T Package TO-220-5 TO-220B Packing Tube Tube PIN CONFIGURATION PIN NO. 1 2 3 4 5 PIN NAME Non inverting input Inverting input -VS Output +VS www.unisonic.com.tw Copyright © 2007 Unisonic Technologies Co., Ltd 1 of 13 QW-R107-004,D TDA2030 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Ta=25°C) LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PARAMETER SYMBOL RATINGS UNIT 18 Supply Voltage Vs V Input Voltage VIN Vs V 15 Differential Input Voltage VI(DIFF) V Peak Output Current(internally limited) IOUT 3.5 A Total Power Dissipation at Tc=90°C PD 20 W Junction Temperature TJ -40~+150 °C Storage Temperature TSTG -40~+150 °C Note: Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which the device could be permanently damaged. Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and functional device operation is not implied. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Refer to the test circuit, Vs PARAMETER...
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...At the beginning of this quarter, we decided to buy a circuit we could build on our own to practice soldering. We bought the flashing LED sweetheart and while building the circuit we realized that it was an astable multivibrator. An Astable multivibrator switches between two states without stopping by using their output signal to recharge the input signal. This works because of a transistor or amplifier that amplifies the output signal and forwards the charge to the input. In most astable multivibrators there are two capacitors in between the input and output terminals, one is fully charged and the other is fully discharged, which allows voltage levels to be stepped up or down. As the charged capacitor discharges and transfers its energy to the second capacitor, the second capacitor recharges and prepares to discharge the energy back to the input. This allows the astable multivibrator to switch between a high state and a low state on a continuous cycle. Astable multivibrators are used in radio equipment to receive and transmit radio signals. Astable multivibrators are also used in Morse code generators, timers, and systems that require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analog circuits. Some advantages of astable multivibrators is that they continuously switch between one state and another. This allows them to power themselves and perform work at a fast rate without influence from any outside forces or events. Astable multivibrators are also inexpensive to produce...
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...E663 Laboratory session 8: AC Operational Amplifiers Agrim Ganti University College London 5th December 2008 ABSTRACT The report is written on an investigation which comprises of testing three operational amplifier circuits with AC signals. The three types of circuit include the integrator, the AC inverting amplifier and the AC non-inverting amplifier circuit. The integrator circuit was tested with a square-wave and a sinusoidal wave input signal at 1kHz frequency. The results showed that the square-wave input signal produced a triangular wave output whereas the sinusoidal input produced a sinusoidal output signal with a positive 90 degree phase shift. Both output signals were showed to be the integral of their relative input signals. The output voltage gain of the AC inverting and the AC non-inverting amplifier circuits were tested with a frequency range of 100Hz to 10kHz. The results were plotted on a logarithmic scaled graph which showed that both amplifiers acted like high-pass filters, each amplifier achieving its maximum gain set by the specification at higher frequencies nearer to 10kHz. The only difference between the two op-amps was that the AC inverting amplifier achieved negative gain in comparison to the positive gain achieved by the AC non-inverting amplifier. For further investigation, the frequency was increased above 10kHz for the AC inverting amplifier circuit which showed a linear fall in gain, which was explained by the theory of slew rate limitation...
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...results the procedures taken in this laboratory experiment to implement different Field Effect Transistor (FET) amplifier circuits. Firstly, is the procedure part which includes the design and results of whole task of the experiments and analyses the results of the task. the design and results part includes the tables, figures, equations and some comments about the results and it is divided into two tasks. The analyses the results part of the report investigate some errors of it. After that, the report is concluded through discussing the main achievements and the recommendations if found. The measured and simulated results are presented in this report along with a discussion of how the circuit parameters were determined. 1. Procedure In this laboratory session, we dealt with another type of transistors known as the Field Effect Transistors (FET). Indeed, these transistors employ one type of charges, i.e. either electrons or holes depending on the channel polarity and hence the name unipolar devices arise. FETs are voltage controlled devices that have a very high input impedance and low noise level. Task 1: Frequency response of FET amplifier Task 2: Frequency response of Common-Drain FET amplifier: In this task, we dealt with the frequency response of Common-Drain FET amplifier shown in Figure 1 below. A dc voltage of the value 15 V is applied to the drain while the Vgg is removed. In addition...
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...[BUILDING A BATTERY POWERED GUITAR AMPLIFIER] [Gray GS 1140] Darin Frank Darin Frank Gray GS1140 Building A Battery Powered Guitar Amp Intro: Since the invention of the guitar amplifier, it has operated on AC power. Since its creation in the early 1900’s, amplifiers have come a long way. We now have multiple name brand amplifiers, as well as boutique amplifier building companies. These all use power cords that allow them to function, and produce sound. So what if I told you the way you think of guitar amplifiers might be about to change? What would you say? Background: Over the past century guitar amplifiers have gone through multiple changes. First there were vacuum tube amplifiers dating back to the early 1900’s made by Gibson and Redenbacher, to the transistor/ Solid State amplifier created in the 1960’s. Then the world renowned Jim Marshall combined the two amplifier types in 1991, and the era of the Valve State amplifier was born. These have evolved into some of the best products imaginable, and have become one of the most controversial debates among musicians since the creation of the guitar amplifier. On January 14th, 2010 a brand new era of professional guitar amplifiers were introduced into the world of music. The first lithium battery powered 60watt Grid C-1 professional vacuum tube amplifier was viewed by the general population at Namm 2010. This amplifier is equipped with many great features such as: Tubes: | 2 Nos U.S.-made 1u4 mini...
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...Leadership Individual Paper: The Leadership of Hartley Peavey Hesston L. Johnson William Woods University Abstract During the beginning years of blues, a southern Mississippi man emerged to become the founder and CEO of one of the worlds leading musical product manufacturers. As a young man, Hartley Peavey desired to be a musician. With his father unable to afford a guitar, Hartley Peavey built his own and started what would become a long line of products that he would soon have to offer at Peavey Electronics. After some advice from a store manager, Peavey began to take off. Hartley built his legacy on a great product at a great price. Today, Peavey still operates as one of the only independently-owned music product companies and does so on a global scale. This result came through leadership styles such as: achievement leadership, participative leadership, consultative leadership, and entrepreneurial leadership. With strong leadership styles such as these, Hartley has led an organization that continues to be a leader in the industry by developing new products, implementing new practices and ideas to set the standard. His leadership creates an environment that fosters growth, teamwork and leads to a bright future for the Peavey team. The Leadership of Hartley Peavey The History and Birth of Peavey After 46 years of innovation, one man’s dream has become transformed into a world leading corporation in musical products. Today, Peavey Electronics...
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...carrier frequency and FM is the modulation (audio) frequency. The lower sideband is fc-FM. The total band 10. What are some of the possible results of overmodulation? 19. Why is a high percentage of modulation desirable? 20. During 100 percent modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in the sidebands? (33.3%) 23. Describe two possible ways that a transistor can be used to generate an AM signal. 24. What is low-level modulation? 25. What is high-level modulation? 27. Why must some radio-frequency amplifiers be neutralized? 29. Define parasitic oscillation. Higher frequency self-oscillations in RF amplifiers. 30. How does self-oscillation occur? 32. What is the principal advantage of a class C amplifier? 35. Draw a block diagram of an AM transmitter. 36. What is the purpose of a buffer amplifier stage in a transmitter? 38. Draw a simple schematic diagram showing a method of coupling the radio-frequency output of the final power amplifier stage of a transmitter to an antenna. 39. Describe the functions of an antenna coupler. 41. What is a tune-up procedure? 43. Explain the advantages of the...
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...(a)____________(b)____________(c)____________ | 2 | Determine the attenuation of an RC lag network with fc = 12 kHz for each of the following frequencies. (a) 1 kHz (b) 5 kHz (c) 12 kHz (d) 20 kHz (e) 100 kHz | (a)____________(b)____________(c)____________(d)____________(e)____________ | 3 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 4 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 5 | Determine the phase shift through the network at a frequency of 2 kHz: | | 6 | A certain op-amp has three internal amplifier stages with midrange gains of 30dB, 40dB, and 20dB. Each stage also has a critical frequency associated with it as follows: fc1= 600Hz, fc2 =50kHz, and fc3 = 200kHz. (a) What is the midrange open-loop gain of the op-amp, expressed in dB? (b) What is the total phase shift through the amplifier, including inversion, when the signal is 10 kHz? | | 7 | A certain amplifier has an open-loop gain in midrange of 180,000 and an open-loop critical frequency of 1500 Hz. If the attenuation of the feedback path is 0.015, what is...
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...Allyzzamer M. Tudio BSIT-2A Small Signal Amplifier A "small" signal in the context of "small signal" analysis relates to the linear approximation of a transistor model around it's operating point. In the presence of a "small" signal the output is a replica of the input except for a change in amplitude. In simple terms this means that a sine wave in gives you a sine wave out. That is the hallmark of a linear system. Large Signal Amplifier A large signal will however make the device operate in a non-linear fashion by clipping the output or introducing various kinds of distortion. This is why you cannot turn the volume on an amplifier all the way up to the maximum value because even small input signals will be reduced to unintelligible hash. Amplifier Circuit [pic] Amplifier Signal Block [pic] Example of schematic Diagram [pic] Devices/Components in an amplifier [pic] Define the following: Signal - A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and electrical engineering "is a function that conveys information about the behavior or attributes of some phenomenon". In the physical world, any quantity exhibiting variation in time or variation in space (such as an image) is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a physical system, or convey a message between observers, among other possibilities. The IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing states that the term "signal" includes audio, video, speech, image, communication, geophysical...
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...Anthony Rios 2/27/12 Composition 1 Vox Amplification: A History The Vox Amplifier Company are makers of guitar amplifiers that boast a history in rock and roll music, and with the invention of the electric guitar musicians were not only amplifying there guitar but exploring new frontiers. The Vox Empire and JMI (Jennings Musical Instruments) started with just two men by the names of Thomas Jennings and Dick Denney. Thomas Jennings was always interested radios and electronics as well as an amateur accordion player from there he took his interests and joined the British Army, where he was a part of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers. Sometime in 1942 he received a medical discharge and took a job at a munitions plant in Dartford Kent, England. While working at the plant he met a big band guitarist and fellow musician Dick Denny. Denney, who was also interested in electronics and radio technology, would befriend Jennings and the two would on occasion play together during air raids to keep the morale up. With the war still waging on in 1944 Jennings and Denney would go their separate ways and Jennings would start a small part time business selling second hand instruments and doing repairs. Around this time his business was growing fast and so was he needs to find a bigger commercial venue. It was 1946, the year after the war ended, is where he would open his first commercial premise mainly importing accordions and other musical instruments but also inventing new...
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...abdomen with scissors. The tissue and the sternum was cut away to expose the thoracic cavity. The pericardium was cut away with the forceps to expose the heart. The force transducer was attached to the heart by lifting up the apex of the heart and piercing it with a hook. The tension on the thread was adjusted and the thread was left perpendicular to the table, instead of an angle. The lead wire alligator clips were attached to the pins holding the frog to record the ECG. The red lead was attached to the left forelimb, the black lead was attached to the right forelimb, and the green lead was attached to the right hindlimb. In the first exercise, the baseline heart rate was observed from the force generated during the cardiac cycle. The amplifier was zeroed before beginning the exercise by using the Zero Bridge Amp link in LabTutor. The baseline heart rate was recorded by clicking on Start and it shows the force produced by the...
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...LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Abstract: Laser communication is one of the key areas in wireless Communications. They work only under clear line-of-sight conditions between each unit, but they eliminate the need for securing right of ways, buried cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communications systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid. This paper includes analysis, optimization, design and system level development of signal transformation between satellites or any two sources. Which work similarly to fibre optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. INTRUDUCTION: Laser Communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchange of information. Currently laser commutation is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power and its flexibility and its resistance to the radio interferences makes laser communication as one of research area in wireless communication. In this process, this paper comprises...
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...Essay #2 The definition of a relationship is the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. When you hear the word, people automatically think of relationships being between two human beings. People can have a special relationship with anything. It can be with an object which captivates you, a gift you received from family member, or even a space which is only your own. An important relationship in my life happens to be with my television. The relationship with my television has made me very grateful since it has become my source of comfort, control, escapism and knowledge. My television is my rock of sorts. The one thing I can always turn to when I am searching for comfort. Many of you are probably wondering how my TV is able to give me a source of comfort when it is an inanimate object. Well, thats the greatest thing about it. If one is depressed, then the TV is just a few clicks away from a good comedy to lighten my mood. When one is angry it can turn to an action movie to relieve or channel my anger. Then, if one feels a bit stressed, it has various exercise shows or even some calming music channels. And of course, my love of sports can be satisfied at anytime. From football to tennis, I can have it all at my finger tips. Having cable offers me hundreds of comforting options. And just like that, the television just knows what one needs at that moment and can do so with no talking and best of all...
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...RKS Guitars Case Study RKS Design seeks to create or re-create products for which users will engage in more than mere consumption, but rather find senses of empowerment prompted by the use of their designs. They believe that the only way to change and deepen the consumer-product interaction is by entering the consumers’ psyche and understanding their minds. According to their Electric Guitar PA Map, the market’s most popular guitars are shown to be merely fairly interactive, with functions entailing moderate, albeit relative, engagement on the consumer’s part. It is here that we can determine RKS’ desired positioning. Indeed, in order to stand out from the current homogenized market, their aim was to design a deeply engaging, alluring and enticing guitar, technically superior and more emotionally engaging, epitomizing senses of freedom and empowerment. The RKS Guitar’s design is not only ingenious and eye-catching, but is also sonically captivating, thus creating unique meaning and value for its user. As consumers were divided into distinct segments (children and their parents, professional and aspiring players, collectors, institutions), we believe RKS’ target segments should range between collectors and professional players. Indeed, novices and hobbyists do not need nor expect the most performing guitar, but rather a more basic one. On the other hand, 30-50 years old (or more) professionals and aficionados are much more inclined to find an innovative design appealing...
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