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An Economic Compass for South America

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Submitted By sebaslamorita
Words 941
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Universidad del Pacifico
Mercados e Instituciones Financieras
Vicky Ordoñez

Una brújula para América Latina *
CAPÍTULO 1
NEOLIBERALISMO LATINO
Ubicado como orador era el presidente del Citibank, Walter Wriston, donde expuso en la Asamblea del Banco Internacional del desarrollo, el 21 de marzo de 1983, donde recién se colocaba el término de neoliberalismo.
Donde seis meses antes varias empresas privadas de America Latina habían confesado que ya no podían seguir pagando los prestamos externos.
En agosto de 1982 México fue el primer país en declarar que sus empresas no podían seguir pagando su deuda externa, aquí pasaba 80 mil millones de dólares alrededor de un quinto de America Latina. El país posterior a declarar de las empresas no podían pagar era Brasil, Chile, Argentina, Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Costa Rica y republica Dominicana.
Por esta temporada empezó el incremento vertical del petróleo, ayudando a la economía de diversos países, que ayudaban a los bancos la oportunidad de ampliar sus negocios.
Los petrodólares ayudaron posteriormente a un consumismo y ayudaron a canalizarse en la compra de los bienes suntuarios.
Como los bancos estaban empezando a sufrir iliquidez empezaron a subir las tasas bancarias para que la gente pueda ahorrar. * * * CAPITULO 2 * NACIONALIZACIÓN
Washington organizo un influyente grupo conjuntamente con el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) después del anuncio de insolvencia de ciertas compañías privadas de los países ya mencionados.
Para que no existiera este tipo de incongruencias los bancos estatales decidieron intervenir en las emisiones de créditos haciendo que firmen un pagare todos las personas o compañías que soliciten un credito, para que de alguna manera logren su total cobro.
México con la nacionalización de los bancos mexicanos todos estaban felices, ya que los dueños de los bancos recibían una justa compensación por dar a los bancos endeudados, declarados en quiebra, “mecanizaron la especulación y la fuga de capitales”; para progresar se había dado un camino a la revolución utilizando el dinero del pueblo para pagar la deuda privada.
En 1983 se tomo el ejemplo como lo habia hecho México de nacionalizar la banca, pero tenia preocupados al todo el ambiente ya que la crisis financiera exigía modernizar las tesis liberales dando paso al neoliberalismo. * *
CAPÍTULO 3
NEOLIBERALISMO ANGLOSAJON.
La teoría de la baja de impuestos logra estimular la actividad económica, fue originalmente formulada por el doctor Arthur Betz Laffer, los impuestos se han tornado muy altos, y el ingreso fiscal paradójicamente se reduce.
El hecho era si uno cobra un impuesto de cero por ciento a las utilidades de las empresas obviamente no produciría ningún ingreso al fisco. Pero si recaudaría nada con una tasa del cien porciento, debido a los empresarios dejarían invertir. Así como también la privatizaron de las empresas que lo que hacían únicamente es beneficiar al conglomerado humano mucho y que no tenia como objetivo el lucho de ciertos grupos vinculados con el poder.
La doctrina denominada “the Tickle Down Economics” era una doctrina que confería de alguna manera bajar los impuestos, refiriéndose que cualquier cantidad de dinero que llegue a los sectores productivos ubicados en la parte superior de la pirámide económica posteriormente resbalara hacia la parte de los consumidores que son la parte media e inferior.

CAPÍTULO 4
NEOLIBERALISMO NORTEAMERICANO.
Pregunta ¿Que fue el Neoliberalismo Norteamericano?
Dado en primera estancia por la curva de Laffer, en la cual se basó el neoliberalismo en sí, el cual reflejaba un punto óptimo en el cual se maximizaba los impuestos. Segundo vemos la privatización y venta de empresas públicas y por último la economía de goteo la cuales juntas fueron las herramientas estelares que luego se conocieron como ‘neoliberalismo’.
Para el año de 1982 el neoliberalismo ya era parte fundamental de la gestión económica del gobierno de Reagan en la cual era una política para la reducción de impuestos, Reagan creía que la mejor política en cualquier gobierno era que dirigiera los recursos estatales a los sectores más productivos que eran financiados por los entes bancarios.
En esta temporada, los siete años próximos quedaron registrados como el mayor bienestar económico, reduciendo la tasa de desempleo e inflación, alcanzando un mejor ingreso per capita dejando un Gobierno más estable hasta el mandato de Bush, a mediados de la guerra del golfo.
La guerra del golfo no dejo más que un déficit fiscal y una recesión.
Después de 18 años y de todo la historia que había pasado Norteamérica y la guerra del golfo, Estados unidos la economía había dejado tres déficits:
Déficit de la deuda publica, déficit de la deuda privada y la del comercio exterior. Dejando una deuda publica de 10000 billones de dólares, como también retrocediendo contra los competidores externos; axial también el déficit privado a finales del 2008, cada persona sea mujer, niño, anciano adeudaban $42000 promedio. * *
CAPÍTULO 5
NORTEAMERICA Y EL FUTURO.

El 24 de septiembre George Bush hijo, informo que se iban a utilizar $700 billones de dólares de tesoro nacional para cubrir las perdidas de algunas instituciones financieras que habían concedido sin numero de prestamos hipotecarios a personas que no tenían una capacidad de pago adecuada.
La pareja de casados Fanny Mae y Freddy Mac era una pareja muy solvente que controlaban cerca del 90% mercado secundario y tenían relaciones muy estrechas con instituciones financieras como Citigroup, Wichita sabinas and loans. Ellos estuvieron de acuerdo en abrir par en par las puertas del mercado para que puedan entrar aquellos que habían sido rechazados anteriormente por razón de su bajo ingreso. A estos préstamos se los conocía como “prestamos subprime” los cuales hicieron que exista una burbuja inmobiliaria en el año del 2008 y lograra estallar y dejar con una gran crisis bancaria y nacional. *

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