Free Essay

An Educational Companion to Eats, Shoots & Leaves

In: English and Literature

Submitted By vperu
Words 5753
Pages 24
Introduction: The Seventh Sense
While completing the exercises in this book, keep in mind these differences between American English and British English:
1. Parentheses are called brackets.
2. Periods are called full stops.
3. Exclamation points are called exclamation marks.
4. 7:30 is written 7.30.
5. Americans place all terminal punctuation inside closing quotation marks, while
British usage sometimes “picks and chooses.”

Exercises Guaranteed to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) Take a walk or drive through your village, town, or city and write down signs or advertisements that are egregiously punctuated. Look particularly for those
“pesky apostrophes” and “delightful/horrific examples of idiotic sign-writing.”
(Should you become obsessed with these outings, we suggest you wear a disguise and whip out your notebook when no one is looking. You do not want to be recognized as one of Lynne Truss’s sticklers on the prowl!)
2) When you have found a sign with a punctuation error, write a courteous letter explaining the correct use of the apostrophe and “express the gentle wish that, should the offending ‘Bob,s Pets’ sign, for example, be replaced, this well meant guidance might be borne in mind.” These letters won’t be necessary, after the
A.P.S. (Apostrophe Protection Society) has created a more militant wing.
3) Look through your local newspaper and find errors such as, “DEAD SONS
PHOTOS MAY BE RELEASED.”
4) Look on Amazon for a film/book review and, keeping in mind Lynne Truss’ rules, correct the punctuation.
5) Imagine that you are trying to persuade a non-stickler that punctuation is important. Come up with at least three reasons.

The Tractable Apostrophe (pages 35-67)
Do not take the apostrophe’s talent for adaptability for granted. Take it seriously and end its suffering by learning the following eight rules:
1. The apostrophe indicates a possessive in a singular noun.
The boy’s hat.
1a. When the possessor is plural, but does not end in an “s,” the apostrophe similarly precedes the “s”:
The children’s playground.
The women’s movement.
1b. But when the possessor is a regular plural, the apostrophe follows the “s”:
The boys’ hats. (more than one boy)
2. The apostrophe indicates time or quantity.
In one week’s time.
Four yards’ worth.
Two weeks’ time.
3. The apostrophe indicates the omission of figures in dates:
The summer of ’68.
4. The apostrophe indicates the omission of letters:
We can’t go to Jo’burg (We cannot go to Johannesburg.)
4a. Most famously of all, the apostrophe of omission creates the word “it’s”:
It’s (it is) your turn.
It’s (it has) got very cold.
NOTE: Be very careful not to confuse the possessive “its” (no apostrophe) with the contractive it’s (with apostrophe). You do not want to set off a
“simple Pavlovian ‘kill’ response in the average stickler.” The rule is:
The word “it’s” (with apostrophe) stands for “it is” or “it has”.
If the word does not stand for “it is” or “it has”, then what you require is “its.”
5. The apostrophe indicates strange, non-standard English. This is often used in British English to signal that the speaker is using a regional dialect, such as cockney English.
6. The apostrophe features in Irish names such as O’Neill and O’Casey.
By the way, “possessive determiners” and “possessive pronouns” do not require an apostrophe.
Possessive determiners Possessive pronouns my our mine ours your your yours yours his their his theirs her their hers theirs its their its theirs

Additional rules of the apostrophe for the ardent stickler who desires to venture into “murky tunnels of style, usage and (oh no!) acceptable exception”:
1. Current guides to punctuation (including that ultimate authority, Fowler’s
Modern English Usage) state that with modern names ending in “s”
(including biblical names and any foreign name with an unpronounced final
“s”), the “s” is required after the apostrophe:
Keats’s poems
Philippa Jones’s book
1a. With names from the ancient world, the “s” is not required after the apostrophe: Achilles’ heel
1b. And an exception is always made for Jesus:
Jesus’ disciples
2. The double possessive:
Elton John, a friend of the footballer’s, said last night …
NOTE: The only time you drop the double possessive is when, instead of being involved with an animate being, you are “a lover of the British
Museum,” because obviously the British Museum does not — and never can — love you back.
Finally, a few more rules of the apostrophe, which may seem simple, but when broken bring grief to true sticklers everywhere:
1. If you can replace the word with “who is” or “who has,” then the word is who’s: Who’s knocking at my door?
2. If you can replace the word with “they are,” then the word is they’re:
They’re not going to get away with this.
3. If you can replace the word with “there is,” the word is there’s:
There’s a surprising amount about the apostrophe in this book.
4. If you can replace the word with “you are,” then the word is you’re:
You’re never going to forget the difference between “its” and “it’s.”

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) Identify the type of apostrophe misuse in each example below and correct the error. For example, “Trouser’s reduced” is a case of a singular possessive used instead of a simple plural. It should read “Trousers reduced.”
a) Pupil’s entrance (on a very selective school, presumably)
b) Lands’ End
c) Mens Toilets
d) Violet’s ready (Is she?)
e) Angels in box
f) It need’nt be a pane (on a van advertising discount glass)
g) Dear Mr. Steven’s
h) Hot Dogs a Meal in its’ Self (sign in Great Yarmouth)
i) Antique,s; Apple,s

2) If you are too peaceful to take up arms in the name of the apostrophe war and/or feel uncomfortable at the thought of carrying correction fluid, big pens, stickers, guerilla clothing or a gun, I suggest the following exercise:
Imagine you’re the shopkeeper in Bristol who deliberately stuck ungrammatical signs in his window as a ruse to draw people into the shop. Come up with five of your own particularly humorous or egregious ungrammatical signs that misuse the apostrophe, then rewrite the sign using the apostrophe correctly.

That’ll do, Comma (pages 68-102)
More than any mark, the comma draws our attention to the mixed origins of modern punctuation, and the comma has two distinct functions:
1. To illuminate the grammar of a sentence.
2. To point up—rather in the manner of musical notation—such literary qualities as rhythm, direction, pitch, tone and flow.
Punctuation developed slowly and cautiously not because it wasn’t considered important, but, on the contrary, it was such an intensely important ju-ju. Pause in the wrong place and the sense of a religious text can alter in significant ways.
Compare the following:
“Verily, I say unto thee, This day thou shalt be with me in Paradise.”
“Verily I say unto thee this day, Thou shalt be with me in Paradise.”
If you do not already picture yourself resorting to threats over the “correct way to punctuate using commas,” by the time you have read the following rules on commas, we sincerely hope you will.

The comma, the “sheepdog” of punctuation, performs the following functions:
1. Separating items in a list:
Commas divide items in a list but are not required before the and on the end. The comma is correct if it can be replaced by the word and or or.
The flag is red, white and blue.
1a. However, some people favor the Oxford (or Harvard) comma. These people place a comma before the and.
The flag is red, white, and blue.
NOTE: In America, standard usage is to leave the comma in.

1b. In a list of adjectives, again, the rule is that you use a comma where an and would be appropriate — where the modifying words are all modifying the same thing to the same degree.
It was a dark, stormy night.
It was a dark and stormy night.
But you do not use a comma for the following. Here, the adjectives are not intended as a list.
It was an endangered white rhino.
The Grand Old Duke of York had ten thousand men.
2. Joining sentences:
Commas are used when two complete sentences are joined together, using such conjunctions as and, or, but, while, and yet:
The boys wanted to stay up until midnight, but they grew tired and fell asleep. 3. Filling gaps
Missing words are implied by a comma.
Annie had dark hair; Sally, fair.
4. Setting off direct speech
The Queen said, “Doesn’t anyone know it’s my birthday?”
5. Setting off interjections
Blimey, what would we do without it?
Stop, or I’ll scream.
6. Commas that come in pairs
“The commas mark the places where the reader can—as it were—place an elegant two-pronged fork and cleanly lift out a section of the sentence, leaving no obvious damage to the whole.”

John Keats, who never did any harm to anyone, is often invoked by grammarians. To decide whether or not a pair of commas is needed, you need to determine whether the bit between the commas is “defining,” or restrictive, or not. If the clause is “defining,” you don’t need to present it with a pair of commas. Thus:
The Highland Terriers that live in our street aren’t cute at all.
If the information in the clause is “non-defining,” however, then you do:
The Highland Terriers, when they are barking, are a nightmare.
When the interruption to the sentence comes at the beginning or at the end, the grammatical rule of commas-in-pairs still applies, even if you can only see one of the commas. Thus:
Of course, there weren’t enough tickets to go round. is, from the grammatical point of view, the same as:
There weren’t, of course, enough tickets to go round.

Common Comma Pitfalls
Avoid the following:
1. The “yob’s comma.” “The yob’s comma has no syntactical value: it is the equivalent of a fuddled gasp for breath, as the poor writer marshals his battered thoughts.”
The society decided not to prosecute the owners of the Windsor Safari
Park,
where animals, have allegedly been fed live to snakes and lions, on legal advice. 2. Avoid American telegraphese in news headlines, where the comma is increasingly given the job of replacing the word “and.” Thus:
UK study spurns al-Qaeda, Irak link

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) Come up with four sentences of your own using the comma. Make sure the meaning of each sentence is significantly altered by the placement of the comma. 2) Punctuate the following paragraph taken from The New Yorker.
Not long ago in Paris I met a young Muslim woman named Djamila
Benrehab who at the age of twenty had donned not only a black head scarf but a billowy black abaya and under it all a tight black bandanna to her eyebrows that left only the circle of her face exposed. Djamila is a big apple cheeked endearing person. She speaks a beautiful lilting French and is intelligent and quite charming. Her dream is to leave Paris and go to Brooklyn where she has heard Muslim girls go veiled and nobody minds and in any case “It can’t be worse than here.”
3) Punctuate the following sentences. (For explanations see page 97)
a) Leonora walked on her head a little higher than usual.
b) The driver managed to escape from the vehicle before it sank and swam to the riverbank.
c) Don’t guess use a timer or a watch.
d) The convict said the judge is mad.
4) Come up with a sentence to illustrate each rule of the comma given above. Be sure to include sentences in which the placement of the comma significantly alters the meaning of the sentence.
5) Come up with three sentences that properly employ commas to offset restrictive clauses. Include at least one sentence whose meaning would be changed significantly if commas were not used.
6) Look through your local newspaper and find sentences in which the comma has been misused. Then write a letter to the editor explaining the correct use of the comma. Try to remain modest and not brag about your newfound prowess with punctuation.

Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler
1) Who printed the first semicolon?
2) Who stated in 1566 that the main object of punctuation is the clarification of syntax? Airs and Graces (pages 103-131)
So far you have been dabbling in the art of punctuation. If you really want to become a master of your craft, you must learn how to use the semicolon and the colon. The Semicolon:
Here is the American essayist Lewis Thomas on the semicolon:
The semicolon tells you that there is still some question about the preceding full sentence; something needs to be added […] The period [or full stop] tells you that that is that; if you didn’t get all the meaning you wanted or expected, anyway you got all the writer intended to parcel out and now you have to move along. But with the semicolon there is more to come; read on; it will get clearer.
(The Medusa and the Snail, 1979)
Lynne Truss tells us, “Expectation is what these stops are about; expectation and elastic energy. Like internal springs they propel you forward in a sentence towards more information, and the essential difference between them is that while the semicolon lightly propels you in any direction related to the foregoing
(“Whee! Surprise me!”) the colon nudges you along lines already subtly laid down.” p. 114

If used according to the following rules, semicolons can be, as Lynne Truss warns, “dangerously habit-forming.”
1. The main place for putting a semicolon is between two related sentences where there is no conjunction such as “and” or “but,” and where the comma would be ungrammatical:
I love Opal Fruits; they are now called Starburst, of course.
I remember him when he couldn’t write his own name on a gate; now he’s Prime Minister.
In each of the examples above, a dash could certainly be substituted for the semicolon without much damage to the sentence. But it is worth learning the different effects created by the semicolon and the dash. Whereas the semicolon suggests a connection between the two halves of each of these sentences, the dash ought to be preserved for occasions when the connection is a lot less direct, when it can act as a bridge between bits of fractured sense:
I loved Opal Fruits—why did they call them Starburst?—reminds me of that joke “What did Zimbabwe used to be called?—Rhodesia.
What did Iceland used to be called?—Bejam!”*

* Iceland is the name of a British grocery retailer that purchased a much-larger rival store chain, Bejam, turning all Bejam outlets into Iceland stores.
2. Occasionally, the semicolon “performs the duties of a kind of Special
Policeman in the event of comma fights.”

Fares were offered to Corfu, the Greek island, Morocco, Elba, in the Mediterranean, and Paris. Margaret thought about it. She had been to Elba once and had found it dull, to Morocco, and found it too colourful.
There is no option for an upstanding semicolon in such circumstances than to step in, blow a whistle and restore order.
Fares were offered to Corfu, the Greek island; Morocco; Elba, in the Mediterranean; and Paris. Margaret thought about it. She had been to Elba once and had found it dull; to Morocco, and found it too colourful.
3. Linking words such as “however,” “nevertheless,” “also”,
“consequently” and “hence” require a semicolon.
He woke up in his own bed; nevertheless, he was OK.
The Colon:
According to H.W. Fowler, the colon “delivers the goods that have been invoiced in the preceding words.” George Bernard Shaw tells us, when two statements are
“placed baldly in dramatic apposition,” use a colon. Thus:
Luruns could not speak: he was drunk.
Shaw explains to Lawrence that when the second statement reaffirms, explains or illustrates the first, you use a colon; also when you desire an abrupt pull up:
Luruns was congenitally literary: that is, a liar.
Lynne Truss tells us that a colon is nearly always preceded by a complete sentence, and in its simplest usage it rather theatrically announces what is to come. “Like a well-trained magician’s assistant, it pauses slightly to give you time to get a bit worried and then efficiently whisks away the cloth and reveals the trick complete.”
This much is clear, Watson: it was the baying of an enormous hound.
(This much is clear, Watson—yes! it was the baying of an enormous hound.) Tom has only one rule in life; never eat anything bigger than your head.
(Tom had only one rule in life—yes! never eat anything bigger than your head.) I pulled out all the stops with Kerry-Anne: I used a semicolon.
(I pulled out all the stops with Kerry-Anne—yes! I used a semicolon.)
As well as the “Yes!” type colon, there is the “Ah” type, when the colon reminds us there is probably more than has met the eye:
I loved Opal Fruits as a child: no one else did.

A classic use of the colon is a kind of fulcrum between two antithetical or oppositional statements:
Man proposes: God disposes.
As Shaw put it, the colon can simply pull up the reader for a nice surprise:
I find fault with only three things in this story of yours, Jenkins: the beginning, the middle and the end.

Some rules of the colon:
1. Colons start lists (especially lists using semicolons):
In later life, Kerry-Anne found there were three qualities she disliked in other people: Britishness; superior airs; and a feigned lack of interest in her dusting of freckles.
2. Colons set off book and film subtitles from the main titles:
Berks and Wankers: A Pessimist’s View of Language Preservation
Gandhi II: The Mahatma Strikes Back
3. Conventionally, colons separate dramatic characters from dialogue:
Philip: Kerry-Anne! Hold still! You’ve got some gunk on your face!
Kerry-Anne: They’re freckles, Philip. How many more times?

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) Find an old essay written for a class, or better yet, an old love letter and repunctuate it, keeping in mind the punctuation rules you have just learned.
2) Write a letter imploring a “non-stickler” to believe in the importance of punctuation. Be sure to use the apostrophe, the comma, the colon, and the semicolon. 3) Insert the necessary semicolons and other punctuation in this passage by
Jane Austen using modern punctuation rules. (Austen was very fond of semicolons.) Sir Walter Elliot of Kellynch Hall in Somersetshire was a man who for his own amusement never took up any book but the Baronetage there he found occupation for an idle hour and consolation in a distressed one there his faculties were roused into admiration and respect by contemplating the limited remnant of the earliest patents there any unwelcome sensations arising from domestic affairs changed naturally into pity and contempt as he turned over the almost endless creations of the last century and there if every other leaf were powerless, he could read his own history with an interest which never failed…
(Persuasion, 1818)

4) Insert the necessary parenthesis, italics, commas and periods in this famous passage by James Joyce using the punctuation rules you’ve learned:
There was no hope for him this time it was the third stroke. Night after night I had passed the house it was vacation time and studied the lighted square of window and night after night I had found it lighted in the same way faintly and evenly. If he was dead I thought I would see the reflection of candles on the darkened blind for I knew that two candles must be set at the head of a corpse. He had often said to me I am not long for this world and I had thought his words idle. Now I knew they were true…
(Dubliners, 1916)

Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler
1) How old are the colon and semicolon?
2) Why has the semicolon fallen out of fashion with newspapers?

Cutting a Dash (pages 132-167)
Follow the guidelines below, and you will soon be able to use effectively, without overusing, the “expressive, attention seeking punctuation”: the exclamation point, the dash and the italic. As tempting as it is to follow Gertrude Stein’s lead and banish this “punctuation that can’t help saying it with knobs on” entirely, Lynne
Truss recommends going the way of Perekladin and Hugo, who were able to embrace the cathartic nature of such marks and use them to their advantage.
The Exclamation Point
The exclamation point comes at the end of a sentence, is unignorable and hopelessly heavy-handed, and is known in the newspaper world as a screamer, a gasper or a startler.

The exclamation point is used:
1. in involuntary ejaculations:
Phew! Lord love a duck!
2. to salute or invoke:
O mistress mine! Where are you roaming?
3. to exclaim (or admire):
How many goodly creatures are there here!
4. for drama:
That’s not the Northern Lights, that’s Manderley!
5. to make a commonplace sentence more emphatic:
I could really do with some Opal Fruits!
6. to deflect potential misunderstanding of irony:
I don’t mean it!

The Question Mark
The question mark, though it takes up twice the space of an exclamation point, annoys people far less. Its name, though fairly boring, is a good indicator of its function. Question marks are used in a direct question:
What is the capital of Belgium?
When the question is inside quotation marks, again it is required:
“Did you try the moules and the chips?” he asked.
When the question is indirect, though, the sentence manages without it:
What was the point of all this sudden interest in Brussels, he wondered. I asked if she had something in particular against the Belgian national character. Avoid the increasing trend of (ignorantly) adding question marks to sentences containing indirect questions. While the reason for it is not hard to identify, says
Lynne Truss, the practice is a bit depressing, and certainly irritating.
Italics
Italics are the print equivalent of underlining, and they are used for:
1. titles of books, newspapers, albums, films
2. emphasis of certain words
3. foreign words and phrases
4. examples when writing about language
Like the exclamation point, italics should be used sparingly for purposes of emphasis. Quotation Marks
Use double quotation marks for speech and single quotations for quotationswithin- quotations. American grammarians insist that, if a sentence ends in inverted commas, all the terminal punctuation for the sentence must come tidily inside the speech marks, even when this doesn’t seem to make sense.
Sophia asked Lord Fellamar if he was “out of his senses”. (British)
Sophia asked Lord Fellamar if he was “out of his senses.”
(American)

The Dash, the Double Dash, and Brackets
The Dash
Whereas a dash is generally concerned to connect (or separate) phrases and sentences, the tiny, tricky hyphen (used in such phrases as “quasi-dashes,”
“double-taps,” and “stream-of-consciousness”) is used quite distinctly to connect
(or separate) double words. A single dash creates a dramatic disjunction that can be exploited for humor, for bathos, or for shock. Byron is a great master of the dramatic dash:
A little still she strove, and much repented,
And whispering “I will ne’er consent”—consented.
Double dashes are a bracketing device.
Brackets
Brackets come in various shapes, types and names:
1. round brackets (which the British call brackets, and Americans call parentheses) 2. square brackets [which the British call square brackets, and Americans call brackets]
3. brace brackets {which are shaped thus and derive from mathematics}
4. angle brackets

Parentheses are used to add information, to clarify, to explain, and to illustrate:
Tom Jones (1749) was considered such a lewd book that, when two earthquakes occurred in London in 1750, Fielding’s book was blamed for them.
Starburst (formerly known as Opal Fruits) are available in all corner shops.
Robert Maxwell wasn’t dead yet (he was still suing people.)
Parentheses are perfect for authorial asides of various kinds:
Tom Jones was blamed for some earthquakes (isn’t that interesting?). Square brackets are quite another thing. They are an editor’s way of clarifying the meaning of a direct quote without actually changing any of the words:
She had used it [Tom Jones] for far too many examples by this stage. Square brackets are most commonly used around the word sic (from the Latin, sicut, meaning “just as”), to explain the status of an apparent mistake. Generally, sic means the foregoing mistake (or apparent mistake) was made by the writer/speaker I am quoting; I am but the faithful messenger; in fact I never get anything wrong myself.
She asked for “a packet of Starbust [sic]”
However, there are distinctions within sic: it can signify two different things:
1. This isn’t a mistake, actually; it just looks like one to the casual eye.
I am grateful to Mrs. Bollock [sic]
2. Tee hee, what a dreadful error! But it would be dishonest of me to correct it. Please send a copy of The Time’s [sic],” he wrote.
Square brackets also (sometimes) enclose the ellipsis, when words are left out.

The Ellipsis
The ellipsis should be used:
1. To indicate words missing from a quoted passage.
2. To trail off in an intriguing manner. …

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) In the following paragraph insert the necessary exclamation points, italics, ellipses, and parentheses. (Brackets are used where a punctuation mark is needed.) Well, maybe you’re right, baby. You can’t come together with nothing, and you’re nothing[ ] SNAP [ ] It went snap tonight at Daddy’s party [ ] Dripping contempt, but there is fury and loss under it[ ] I sat there at Daddy’s party and I watched you[ ] I watched you sitting there, and I watched the younger men around you, the men who were going to go somewhere.”
(Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962)
Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler
1) When was the exclamation point introduced and what was it known as?
2) When was the question mark introduced and what did it look like?
3) What shape of bracket appeared first and what attractive name was it given by
Erasmus?
4) From what language does the word “bracket” derive?

A Little Used Punctuation Mark (pages 168-176)
Traditionally the hyphen joins together words, or words-with-prefixes, to aid understanding; it keeps certain other words neatly apart, for the same reason.
1. Many words require hyphens to prevent ambiguity: words such as “corespondent,”
“re-formed,” and “re-mark.” A re-formed rock band is quite different from a reformed one. Likewise, a long-standing friend is different from a long standing one.
2. It is necessary to use hyphens when spelling out numbers.
I have thirty-two cousins.
3. Use a hyphen when linking nouns with nouns. Typesetters and publishers use a short dash, known as an en-dash, for this function.
London-Brighton train;
3a. This also applies to linking adjectives with adjectives.
American-French relations.
4. Though it is less rigorously applied than it used to be, there is a rule that when a noun phrase is used to qualify another noun, it is hyphenated.
The home featured a stainless-steel kitchen.
5. Certain prefixes traditionally require hyphens. pro-hyphen quasi-grammatical.
6. When words are to be spelled out, it is customary to use hyphens to indicate that you want the letters enunciated (or typeset) separately.
“Kensham, that’s K-E-N-S-H-A-M.”
7. Purely for expediency, the hyphen is used to avoid an unpleasant linguistic condition called “letter collision.” However much you might want to create compound words, there will always be some ghastly results, such as “deice” (de-ice) or “shelllike” (shell-like.)
8. One of the main uses of the hyphen is to indicate that a word is unfinished and continues on the next line.
9. Hesitation and stammering are indicated by hyphens.
“I reached for the w-w-w-watering can.”
10. When a hyphenated phrase is coming up, and you are qualifying it beforehand, it is necessary to also hyphenate the modifying word or phrase. “He was a two- or three-year-old.”

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
1) Insert the necessary hyphens.
Arulpagrasam’s British manager duct taped a banner reproducing M.I.A.’s spray painted, circular orange and green logo to the turntables, which were suspended from the ceiling by chains.
(The New Yorker, 2004)
2) Now that you are an expert at using the hyphen, write a passage in which you employ the hyphen in each of the ten ways described above.

Answer Key:
Question 1 (page 5)
a) singular possessive instead of plural possessive
b) Plural possessive instead of singular possessive
c) No possessive where possessive is required
d) Dangling expectations caused by incorrect pluralisation
e) Unintentional sense from unmarked possessive
f) Someone knows an apostrophe is required … but where, oh where?
g) Misplaced possessive in a proper name
h) Itself – no possessive required (But a colon after “Hot Dogs” would be nice.)
i) Commas instead of apostrophes – and neither are required because the words are not possessive

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler (Page 8)
Question 2 (page 8)
Not long ago in Paris, I met a young Muslim woman named Djamila
Benrehab who, at the age of twenty, had donned not only a black head scarf, but a billowy black abaya and, under it all, a tight black bandanna to her eyebrows that left only the circle of her face exposed. Djamila is a big, apple cheeked, endearing person. She speaks a beautiful, lilting French and is intelligent and quite charming. Her dream is to leave Paris and go to Brooklyn, where she has heard Muslim girls go veiled and nobody minds and, in any case, “It can’t be worse than here.”
Question 3 (page 8)
3) Punctuate the following sentences. (For explanations see page 97)
a) Leonora walked on, her head a little higher than usual.
b) The driver managed to escape from the vehicle before it sank, and swam to the riverbank.
c) Don’t guess; use a timer or a watch.
d) “The convict,” said the judge, “is mad.”
Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler (Pages 8-9)
1) Who printed the first semicolon? Aldus Manutius
2) Who stated in 1566 that the main object of punctuation is the clarification of syntax? Aldus Manutius the Younger
Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
Question 3 (Page 12)

Sir Walter Elliot, of Kellynch Hall in Somersetshire, was a man who, for his own amusement, never took up any book but the Baronetage. There, he found occupation for an idle hour, and consolation in a distressed one; there, his faculties were roused into admiration and respect, by contemplating the limited remnant of the earliest patents; there, any unwelcome sensations, arising from domestic affairs, changed naturally into pity and contempt as he turned over the almost endless creations of the last century; and there, if every other leaf were powerless, he could read his own history with an interest which never failed…
(Persuasion, 1818)
Question 4 (Page 13)
There was no hope for him this time: it was the third stroke. Night after night I had passed the house (it was vacation time) and studied the lighted square of window; and night after night I had found it lighted in the same way, faintly and evenly. If he was dead, I thought, I would see the reflection of candles on the darkened blind for I knew that two candles must be set at the head of a corpse. He had often said to me, “I am not long for this world,” and I had thought his words idle. Now I knew they were true…
(Dubliners, 1916)

Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler
1) How old are the colon and semicolon? The first printed semicolon was used in 1494 by Alfred Manutius, although medieval scribes used similar symbols in their works as well. Both the colon and the semicolon had been adopted into English well before 1700.
2) Why has the semicolon fallen out of fashion with newspapers?
The most common reasons are:
1) They are old-fashioned.
2) They are middle-class.
3) They are optional.
4) They are mysteriously connected to pausing.
5) They are dangerously addictive.
6) The difference between the colon and the semicolon is too negligible to be grasped by the brain of man.

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler (Page 16)
Question 1 (Page 16)
Well, maybe you’re right, baby. You can’t come together with nothing, and you’re nothing! SNAP! It went snap tonight at Daddy’s party. (Dripping contempt, but there is fury and loss under it) I sat there at Daddy’s party and I watched you…I watched you sitting there, and I watched the younger men around you, the men who were going to go somewhere.”
(Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962)

Punctuation History Questions for the True Stickler (Page 16)
1) When was the exclamation point introduced and what was it known as?
The exclamation point was introduced by humanist printers in the 15th century and was known as “the note of admiration” until the mid 17th century. 2) When was the question mark introduced and what did it look like? The question mark began to appear in the second half of the 8th century, when it resembled a lightning flash, striking from right to left.
3) What shape of bracket appeared first and what attractive name was it given by Erasmus? The angle shape was the earliest to appear, but in the
16th century Erasmus gave the attractive name “lunulae” to round brackets, in reference to their moon-like profile.
4) From what language does the word “bracket” derive? The word “bracket” comes from the same German root as “brace” or “breeches,” and originally referred to the kind of bracket that holds up a bookshelf.

Exercises to Bring Out Your Inner Stickler
Question 1 (Page 18)
Arulpagrasam’s British manager duct taped a banner – reproducing
M.I.A.’s spray painted, circular orange and green logo – to the turntables, which were suspended from the ceiling by chains.
(The New Yorker, 2004)

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Hajj

...Hajj (The Pilgrimage ) Dr. Ali Shariati Translated by: Ali A. Behzadnia, M.D. & Najla Denny Prepared by the Evecina Cultural & Education Foundation (ECEF) P.O Box 11402 - Costa Mesa, CA 92627 Copyrights Preserved Published by Jubilee Press Reproduced with permission by the Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project team About the Author Dr. Ali Shariati was born in Mazinan, a suburb of Mashad, Iran. He completed his elementary and high school in Mashad. In his years at the Teacher's Training College, he came into contact with youth who were from the lower economic strata of the society and tasted the poverty and hardship that existed. At the age of eighteen, he started as a teacher and ever since had been a student as well as a teacher. After graduating from college in 1960, on a scholarship he pursued graduate studies in France. Dr. Shariati, an honor student, received his doctorate in sociology in 1964. When he returned to Iran he was arrested at the border and imprisoned on the pretext that he had participated in political activities while studying in France. Released in 1965, he began teaching again at Mashad University. As a Muslim sociologist, he sought to explain the problems of Muslim societies in the light of Islamic principles - explaining them and discussing them with his students. Very soon, he gained popularity with the students and different social classes in Iran. For this reason, the regime felt obliged to discontinue his courses at the university. Then...

Words: 44655 - Pages: 179

Free Essay

Milk

...Phrasal Verb | Meaning | Example | Abide by | Accept or follow a decision or rule. | We have to ABIDE BY what the court says. | Account for | To explain. | They had to ACCOUNT FOR all the money that had gone missing. | Ache for | Want something or someone a lot. | My partner's been away for a fortnight- I am ACHING FOR her. | Act on | To take action because of something like information received. | The police were ACTING ON a tip from an informer and caught the gang red-handed. | Act on | Affect. | The medicine only ACTS ON infected tissue. | Act out | Perform something with actions and gestures.. | They ACTED OUT the story on stage. | Act out | Express an emotion in your behaviour. | Their anger is ACTED OUT in their antisocial behaviour. | Act up | Behave badly or strangely. | My computer's ACTING UP; I think I might have a virus. | Act upon | To take action because of something like information received. | The police were ACTING UPON a tip-off. | Act upon | Affect. | The enzyme ACTS UPON certain proteins. | Add on | Include in a calculation. | You have to ADD the VAT ON to the price they give. | Add up | To make a mathematical total. | We ADDED UP the bill to check it was correct. | Add up | Be a satisfactory explanantion for something. | She explained why the work wasn't ready, but her story doesn't ADD UP. | Add up to | Have a certain result. | Trains delays are getting worse and with the high fares, it all ADDS UP TO misery for the commuters....

Words: 58300 - Pages: 234

Free Essay

Dickson, Gordon - Dragon

...Chapter 1 At 10:30 a.m., sharp, James Eckert pulled up in front of Stoddard Hall on the Riveroak College campus, where Grottwold Weinar Hansen had his lab. Angie Farrell was not, however, ready and waiting at the curb. Of course. It was a warm, bright September morning. Jim sat in the car and tried to keep his temper un- der control. It would not be Angie's fault. That idiot of a Grottwold undoubtedly had dreamed up some- thing to keep her working overtime in spite of-or perhaps because of-the fact he knew she and Jim were supposed to go home-hunting this morning. It was hard not to lose his temper with someone like Grottwold, who was not only one of the world's non- prizes but who had been very patently trying to take Angie away from Jim and get her for himself. One of the two big doors on the front of the Stoddard Hall opened and a figure came out. But it was not Angie. It was a stocky young man with bushy reddish hair and mustache, carrying an overstaffed briefcase. Seeing Jim in the car, he came down the steps over to the car and leaned on the edge of the opened win- dow on the curb side of the front seat. "Waiting for Angie?" he asked. "That's right, Danny," said Jim. "She was supposed to be out here to meet me, but evidently Grottwold's still hanging on to her." "That's his style." Danny Cerdak was a teaching assistant in the Physics Department. He was the only other Class AA volleyball player on campus. "You're going out to see Cheryl's trailer?" "If Angie ever...

Words: 77822 - Pages: 312

Free Essay

Ivanhoe

...of Ivanhoe, by Walter Scott This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Ivanhoe A Romance Author: Walter Scott Release Date: June 25, 2008 [EBook #82] Last Updated: November 6, 2012 Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IVANHOE *** Produced by John P. Roberts, Jr. and David Widger IVANHOE книг выложен группой vk.com/create_your_english A ROMANCE книг выложен группой vk.com/create_your_english By Sir Walter Scott Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart, And often took leave,—but seemed loath to depart! 1 —Prior. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO IVANHOE. DEDICATORY EPISTLE IVANHOE. CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII CHAPTER XXIV CHAPTER XXV CHAPTER XXVI CHAPTER XXVII CHAPTER XXVIII CHAPTER XXIX CHAPTER XXX CHAPTER XXXI CHAPTER XXXII. CHAPTER XXXIII CHAPTER XXXIV CHAPTER XXXV CHAPTER XXXVI CHAPTER XXXVII CHAPTER XXXVIII CHAPTER XXXIX CHAPTER XL CHAPTER XLI CHAPTER XLII CHAPTER XLIII CHAPTER XLIV NOTE TO CHAPTER I. NOTE TO CHAPTER...

Words: 198251 - Pages: 794

Premium Essay

Business

...I ALSO BY CHINUA ACHEBE Anthills of the Savannah Arrow of God Girls at War and Other Stories A Man of the People No Longer at Ease Nonfiction Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays The Trouble With Nigeria Poetry Beware Soul Brother THINGS FALL APART ANCHOR BOOKS A DIVISION OF RANDOM HOUSE, INC. New York First Anchor Books Edition, 1994 Copyright © 1959 by All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. This edition is published by arrangement with Reed Consumer Books. The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge permission from Aigboje Higo and Heinemann Educational Books, Ltd., to reproduce the Glossary on page 211. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data by .—1st Anchor Books ed. p. cm. 1. Nigeria—Race relations—Fiction, 1. Igbo (African people)— Fiction. 3. Men—Nigeria—Fiction. I. Title. PR9387.9.A3T5 1994 823—dc20 94-13429 CIP ISBN 0-385-47454-7 ' Book design by Susan Yuran www.anchorbooks.com Printed in the United States of America… Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things Fall Apart ; the center cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world. —W. B. Yeats, "The Second Coming" CHAPTER ONE Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His fame rested on solid personal achievements. As a young man of eighteen he had brought honor to his village by throwing...

Words: 52282 - Pages: 210

Free Essay

Shatter Me

...Shatter Me is her first novel. You can visit her online at www.taherehmafi.com or follow her on Twitter (@TaherehMafi). This Australian edition first published in 2011 First published in the USA by Harper, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, in 2011 Copyright © T.H. Mafi 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or ten per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: Fax: Email: Web: (61 2) 8425 0100 (61 2) 9906 2218 info@allenandunwin.com www.allenandunwin.com A Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the National Library of Australia www.trove.nla.gov.au ISBN 978 1 74237 820 6 Cover photograph: dress designer - Alex London; styling – Katherine Erwin; hair & makeup – Arturo Swayze Typography: Ray Shappell Printed in Australia by McPherson’s Printing Group 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For my parents, and for my husband, because when I said I wanted to touch the moon...

Words: 77488 - Pages: 310

Free Essay

Factors That Affects the Study Habits of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Students of Neust

...IGOROTS * Home * IGOROT SONGS * IGOROT DANCE * IGOROT TRADITIONS * MONEY ON THE MOUNTAIN IGOROT TRADITIONS IGOROT TRADITIONS When we talk about Igorot identity and culture, we also have to consider the time. My point is that: what I am going to share in this article concerning the Igorot culture might not be the same practiced by the Igorots of today. It has made variations by the passing of time, which is also normally happening to many other cultures, but the main core of respect and reverence to ancestors and to those who had just passed is still there. The Igorot culture that I like to share is about our practices and beliefs during the "time of Death". Death is part of the cycle of life. Igorots practice this part of life cycle with a great meaning and importance. Before the advent of Christianity in the Igorotlandia, the Igorots or the people of the Cordilleran region in the Philippines were animist or pagans. Our reverence or the importance of giving honor to our ancestors is a part of our daily activities. We consider our ancestors still to be with us, only that they exist in another world or dimension. Whenever we have some special feasts (e.g., occasions during death, wedding, family gathering, etc.), when we undertake something special (like going somewhere to look for a job or during thanksgiving), we perform some special offer. We call this "Menpalti/ Menkanyaw", an act of butchering and offering animals. During these times we call them...

Words: 53758 - Pages: 216

Premium Essay

Dont Shoot the Dog

...eVersion 1.0 - click for scan notes DON'T SHOOT THE DOG Karen Pryor To my mother, Sally Ondeck; my stepmother, Ricky Wylie; and Winifred Sturley, my teacher and friend. Contents Foreword 1—Reinforcement: Better than Rewards In which we learn of the ferocity of Wall Street lawyers; of how to—and how not to—buy presents and give compliments; of a grumpy gorilla, a grudging panda, and a truculent teenager (the author); of gambling, pencil chewing, falling in love with heels, and other bad habits; of how to reform a scolding teacher or a crabby boss without their knowing what you've done; and more. 2—Shaping: Developing Super Performance Without Strain or Pain How to conduct an opera; how to putt; how to handle a bad report card. Parlor games for trainers. Notes on killer whales, Nim Chimpsky Zen, Gregory Bateson, the Brearley School, why cats get stuck in trees, and how to train a chicken. 3—Stimulus Control: Cooperation Without Coercion Orders, commands, requests, signals, cues, and words to the wise; what works and what doesn't. What discipline isn't. Who gets obeyed and why. How to stop yelling at your kids. Dancing, drill teams, music, martial arts, and other recreational uses of stimulus control. 4—Untraining: Using Reinforcement to Get Rid of Behavior You Don't Want Eight methods of getting rid of behavior you don't want, from messy roommates to barking dogs to bad tennis to harmful addictions, starting with Method 1: Shoot the Animal, which definitely works, and ending with...

Words: 65349 - Pages: 262

Free Essay

The Story of My Life

...THE STORY OF MY LIFE By Helen Keller With Her Letters (1887-1901) And Supplementary Account of Her Education, Including Passages from the Reports and Letters of her Teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, By John Albert Macy Special Edition CONTAINING ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS BY HELEN KELLER To ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Who has taught the deaf to speak and enabled the listening ear to hear speech from the Atlantic to the Rockies, I dedicate this Story of My Life. CONTENTS Editor's Preface I. THE STORY OF MY LIFE CHAPTER I CHAPTER II CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V CHAPTER VI CHAPTER VII CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX CHAPTER X CHAPTER XI CHAPTER XII CHAPTER XIII CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER XV CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER XVII CHAPTER XVIII CHAPTER XIX CHAPTER XX CHAPTER XXI CHAPTER XXII CHAPTER XXIII II. LETTERS(1887-1901) INTRODUCTION III: A SUPPLEMENTARY ACCOUNT OF HELEN KELLER'S LIFE AND EDUCATION CHAPTER I. The Writing of the Book CHAPTER II. PERSONALITY CHAPTER III. EDUCATION CHAPTER IV. SPEECH CHAPTER V. LITERARY STYLE Editor's Preface This book is in three parts. The first two, Miss Keller's story and the extracts from her letters, form a complete account of her life as far as she can give it. Much of her education she cannot explain herself, and since a knowledge of that is necessary to an understanding of what she has written, it was thought best to supplement her autobiography with the reports and letters of her teacher, Miss Anne Mansfield Sullivan. The addition...

Words: 135749 - Pages: 543

Free Essay

01. Raymond Benson as David Michaels - Splinter Cell (2004)

...Chapter 40 THE BESTSELLING NOVELS OF TOM CLANCY THE TEETH OF THE TIGER A new generation--Jack Ryan, Jr.--takes over in Tom Clancy's extraordinary, and extraordinarily prescient, novel. "INCREDIBLY ADDICTIVE." --Daily Mail (London) RED RABBIT Tom Clancy returns to Jack Ryan's early days-- in an engrossing novel of global political drama . . . "A WILD, SATISFYING RIDE." --New York Daily News THE BEAR AND THE DRAGON A clash of world powers. President Jack Ryan's trial by fire. "HEART-STOPPING ACTION . . . CLANCY STILL REIGNS." --The Washington Post RAINBOW SIX John Clark is used to doing the CIA's dirty work. Now he's taking on the world . . . "ACTION-PACKED." --The New York Times Book Review EXECUTIVE ORDERS A devastating terrorist act leaves Jack Ryan as President of the United States . . . "UNDOUBTEDLY CLANCY'S BEST YET." --The Atlanta Journal-Constitution DEBT OF HONOR It begins with the murder of an American woman in the back streets of Tokyo. It ends in war . . . "A SHOCKER." --Entertainment Weekly THE HUNT FOR RED OCTOBER The smash bestseller that launched Clancy's career-- the incredible search for a Soviet defector and the nuclear submarine he commands . . . "BREATHLESSLY EXCITING." --The Washington Post RED STORM RISING The ultimate scenario for World War III-- the final battle for global control . . . "THE ULTIMATE WAR GAME . . . BRILLIANT." --Newsweek PATRIOT GAMES...

Words: 98950 - Pages: 396

Premium Essay

Praise for the Extraordinary Leader

...PRAISE FOR THE EXTRAORDINARY LEADER “The Zenger Folkman leadership model is distinguished from others in that it is backed up by research and data. That data validates the effectiveness of identifying an individual’s strengths and developing them, rather than focusing on weaknesses. The Zenger Folkman philosophy has its eye on the right goal – real, measurable results.” —Bill Blase Senior Executive Vice President Human Resources AT&T Corp. “I fell in love with The Extraordinary Leader on page 1. From the moment I started reading I really got jazzed, and my enthusiasm only increased the more I read. You see, I’m just mad about books that attack cherished but unsupportable assumptions about anything, especially leadership. That’s exactly what Jack Zenger and Joe Folkman do, and they do it persuasively, precisely, and professionally. The Extraordinary Leader is no hackneyed rehashing of tired nostrums. Through their exceptional research, the authors demonstrate and prove that leadership does make a difference and that you can learn to lead. There are some profound insights in this book, and whether you’ve studied leadership for over 20 years, as I have, or you are brand new to the subject, Zenger and Folkman give you much more than your money’s worth. And while their research gives the book distinctive credibility, their examples and practical applications give it life. This is a book that scholars and practitioners will be referring to for years to come. If your goal is to...

Words: 101849 - Pages: 408

Free Essay

Kieser

...111. PI.Is.III111.rsflllll M. Phenomenon Keirsey and Bates's Please Understand Me, first published in 1978, sold nearly 2 million copies in its first 20 years, becoming a perennial best seller ~ll ov~r ~he world. Advertised only by word of mouth, the book became a favo~te tralmng and counseling guide in many institutions-government, church, buslnes.s-and colleges across the nation adopted it as an auxiliary text in a dozen dIfferent departments. Why? Perhaps it was the user-friendly way that Please Understand Me helped people find their personality style. Perhaps it was the simple accuracy of Keirsey's portraits of temperament and character types. Or perhaps it was the book's essential messag~: that members of families and institutions are OK, even though they are fundamentally different from each other, and that they would all do well to appreciate their differences and give up trying to change others into copies of themselves. Now: P"IS' IllIIrstalllll H For the past twenty years Professor Keirsey has continued to investigate personality differences-to refine his theory of the four temperaments and to define the facets of character that distinguish one from another. His findings form the basis of Please Understand Me II, an updated and greatly expanded edition of the book, far more comprehensive and coherent than the original, and yet with much of the same easy accessibility. One major addition is Keirsey's view of how the temperaments differ in the intelligent roles they...

Words: 35927 - Pages: 144

Free Essay

Onehundredyearsofsolitude

...Gabriel Garcia Marquez One Hundred Years of Solitude Chapter 1 MANY YEARS LATER as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice. At that time Macondo was a village of twenty adobe houses, built on the bank of a river of clear water that ran along a bed of polished stones, which were white and enormous, like prehistoric eggs. The world was so recent that many things lacked names, and in order to indicate them it was necessary to point. Every year during the month of March a family of ragged gypsies would set up their tents near the village, and with a great uproar of pipes and kettledrums they would display new inventions. First they brought the magnet. A heavy gypsy with an untamed beard and sparrow hands, who introduced himself as Melquíades, put on a bold public demonstration of what he himself called the eighth wonder of the learned al-chemists of Macedonia. He went from house to house dragging two metal ingots and everybody was amazed to see pots, pans, tongs, and braziers tumble down from their places and beams creak from the desperation of nails and screws trying to emerge, and even objects that had been lost for a long time appeared from where they had been searched for most and went dragging along in turbulent confusion behind Melquíades’ magical irons. “Things have a life of their own,” the gypsy proclaimed with a harsh accent. “It’s simply a matter of waking up their souls.” José...

Words: 145907 - Pages: 584

Free Essay

Windows Xp

...Windows ® XP FOR DUMmIES by Andy Rathbone ® HUNGRY MINDS, INC. New York, NY N Cleveland, OH N Indianapolis, IN N Foster City, CA Windows ® XP For Dummies® Published by Hungry Minds, Inc. 909 Third Avenue New York, NY 10022 www.hungryminds.com www.dummies.com Copyright © 2001 Hungry Minds, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book, including interior design, cover design, and icons, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 2001092737 ISBN: 0-7645-0893-8 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1B/TQ/QY/QR/IN Distributed in the United States by Hungry Minds, Inc. Distributed by CDG Books Canada Inc. for Canada; by Transworld Publishers Limited in the United Kingdom; by IDG Norge Books for Norway; by IDG Sweden Books for Sweden; by IDG Books Australia Publishing Corporation Pty. Ltd. for Australia and New Zealand; by TransQuest Publishers Pte Ltd. for Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong; by Gotop Information Inc. for Taiwan; by ICG Muse, Inc. for Japan; by Intersoft for South Africa; by Eyrolles for France; by International Thomson Publishing for Germany, Austria and Switzerland; by Distribuidora Cuspide for Argentina; by LR International for Brazil; by Galileo Libros for Chile; by Ediciones ZETA S.C.R. Ltda. for Peru; by WS Computer Publishing Corporation, Inc...

Words: 67418 - Pages: 270

Free Essay

Essay

...Essays Essays Part II. 2, 2.] Part II. 2, 2.] Essays The Project Gutenberg EBook of Essays, by Ralph Waldo Emerson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Essays Author: Ralph Waldo Emerson Editor: Edna H. L. Turpin Release Date: September 4, 2005 [EBook #16643] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ESSAYS *** 1 Essays Produced by Curtis A. Weyant , Sankar Viswanathan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net ESSAYS BY RALPH WALDO EMERSON Merrill's English Texts SELECTED AND EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES, BY EDNA H.L. TURPIN, AUTHOR OF "STORIES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY," "CLASSIC FABLES," "FAMOUS PAINTERS," ETC. NEW YORK CHARLES E. MERRILL CO. 1907 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LIFE OF EMERSON CRITICAL OPINIONS CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR COMPENSATION SELF RELIANCE FRIENDSHIP HEROISM MANNERS GIFTS NATURE SHAKESPEARE; OR, THE POET PRUDENCE CIRCLES NOTES PUBLISHERS' NOTE Merrill's English Texts 2 Essays 3 This series of books will include in complete editions those masterpieces of English Literature that are best adapted for the use of schools and colleges. The editors of the several volumes will...

Words: 97797 - Pages: 392