...stage the stimuli and responses are given special scientific terms: Stage 1: Before Conditioning: * In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behavior has been learned yet. For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In another example a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or desire (UCR). This stage also involves another stimulus which has no affect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). The NS could be a person, object, place etc. The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Stage 2: During Conditioning: * During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). For example a stomach virus (UCS) might be associated with eating a certain food such as chocolate (CS). Also perfume (UCS) might be associated with a specific person (CS). Often during this stage the UCS must be associated with the CS on a number of occasions, or trials, for learning to take place. However, one trail learning...
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...change controlled by a genetic blueprint. * is due to biology, not experience II. Classical Conditioning learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Ivan Pavlov focused on observable, measurable behavior; worked with salivating dogs * Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * unconditioned means “unlearned.” * ordinarily leads to the reflex response * Unconditioned response (UCR) * involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus * Natural Stimulus (NS) * stimulus that has no effect on the desired response * the sight of the food dish itself became a stimulus for salivation before the food was given to the dogs. Every time they got food (to which they reflexively salivated), they saw the dish. It had no effect on salivation. * Conditioned stimulus (CS) * stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus. * After being paired with the food so many times, the dish came to produce the same salivation response * When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same...
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...Notes for Week 2 classical conditioning n (Psychology) Psychol the alteration in responding that occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first See also conditioned response Paradigm-one that serves as a pattern or model. Stimuli may acquire their capacity to elicit sexual motivational responses through basic associative learning processes such as classical conditioning Read electronic reading on classical conditioning Read physiotherapy-provided operant conditioning . Film on broken brain experimental psychology, how far researcher prepared to go to get answers the last 100 years experimental psychology has endeavored to reveal the workings of the human mind. It's methods have been sometimes brutal. The study of individuals who through unfortunate events have suffered damage to their brains has implications for us all. The cognitive approaches that emphasizes the role of thought and social experience in learning what unites these two approaches is a common philosophical ancestor: the concept of association Aristotle proposed a set of laws of association to account for learning and memory the most important is the law of contiguity which propes that two events will become connected in the mind if they are experienced close together in time (Such as thunder and lightning). Law of similarity which states that objects that resemble each other such as two people...
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...(b) Linking events that occur close together (i.e., associative learning). Classical Conditioning: Learning associations of two stimuli, Pavlov, involuntary/automatic, S first. Example 1: (a) Stimulus 1 (lightening) + Stimulus 2 (thunder) ( Wincing Response (b) Repeat the association of S1 and S2 ( Wincing Response (c) S1 alone ( Wincing response expecting a S2 Example 2: (a) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS: Food) ( Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (b) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS: Food) + Neutral Stimulus (NS: Bell) ( Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (c) Repeat the association between UCS and NS ( Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (d) NS alone ( UCR (salivation) (e) CS (bell) ( CR (salivation) Other examples: (a) Food(Vomiting. Cook/Smell of the Food(Vomiting. (b) Dentist(Pain/fear. Dental signs(pain/fear. (c) Alcohol/drug(pleasure, craving, pain, etc. Friends who do drink/abuse drugs(Craving for them. (d) Many feared responses (i.e., rat, snake, bugs). Terms need to know: (a) Generalization: Tendency to show CR to Stimuli similar to CS (i.e., whistle, chime). (b) Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli. (c) Extinction: After several Conditioned Responses, no more CR to CS without UCS. (d) Spontaneous Recovery: After extinction, reappearance of conditioned response. Operant Conditioning: Learning association between a response and its consequences, Skinner...
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...response to the second stimulus can be achieved by initiating only the first stimulus. This theory involves learning a new behavior through the process of association. In this theory, we assume that the surrounding shapes behavior and also those mental or internal states of a human or animal like feelings or thoughts are not relevant in behavioral explanations. Part I For a classically conditioned learning process in my life, I always study and do my academic activities normally homework on my desk. After a long, hard semester; I realize that the sight of that desk or sitting on it depresses me. I always associate the desk with not only huge but also difficult academic tasks hence being at it, even if I am free after the semester, it reminds me of books to read or simply hard tasks to be done. This has a panic and fear effect on me because the desk is associated with strenuous tasks. A classically conditioned learning process has got several stages or steps which include: neural stimulus (NS), Unconditional stimulus (UCS), Unconditional response (UCR), Conditioned stimulus (CS) and Conditioned response (CR). Neural stimulus (NS) has no effect on behavior or person unless it is paired with the unconditioned stimuli. It can be a person, event, object etc. In my case, the neural stimulus is the study desk. This is because it cannot cause depression if it were to be used for activities that are fun like for instance playing computer games. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is one naturally...
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...LEARNING Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. It may also be defined as a relatively enduring or permanent change of behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is also called instrumental conditioning, is a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior. The law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. Shaping is a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforcers behaviors that lead up to or approximately the desired behavior. Note: There is an important difference between a reward and a reinforcer in operant conditioning. • A reward is something, which has value to the person giving the reward, but may not necessarily be of value to the person receiving the reward. • A reinforcer is something, which benefits the person receiving it, and so results in an increase of a certain type of behavior. Skinner identified three types of responses or operants that can follow behavior. Neutral operants: Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforces are any event that strengthens or increases...
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...2013 Richard Alpert Phobias and Addictions Phobias and Addictions are behaviors that are learned through association to a stimulus. A phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation (Kowalski& Westen, 2011). Addiction is compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance. Both phobias and addictions are learned by association and by learning methods such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Some phobias are believed to be developed through classical conditioning. If a neutral stimulus is paired with and unconditioned stimulus that creates an unconditioned response that causes fear, a conditioned stimulus of fear will occur every time you encounter the neutral stimulus. In a study performed by JohnWatson, the founder of American behaviorism, he tested the theory of phobias developed through classical conditioning. Choosing a healthy nine month old baby, Little Albert, he experimented with a rat and loud banging of a steel hammer. After being presented with the rat, Little Albert played with the rat and had no fear. After being presented with the steel being banged, he became scared. After a few months of combining the rat with the loud banging, Little Albert became very fearful of the rat. Little Albert learned to associate the loud banging with the rat. This classical conditioning produced a conditioned stimulus or an emotional response of fear and a phobia. Addiction is a learned behavior because the initial pleasure or enjoyment is...
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...remember when using classical conditioning and then give examples of companies that use classical conditioning in their advertising campaigns. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov by accident while he was researching the digestive system of dogs where he presented food to the dog. Pavlov noticed that the dog would start to salivate when he just walked into the room even without food in his hand. Pavlov’s main belief was that learning occurred through association. The dog associated Pavlov with the food and would then salivate. It occurs when two stimuli CS (conditioned stimulus) and UCS (unconditioned Stimulus) are continuously paired together and cause a CR (conditioned response). There are a number of concepts drawn from Pavlov’s research: 1. Acquisition: first stage of learning(repeated a few times) 2. Stimulus Generalisation: Instead of using one particular stimulus you can change and use another one 3....
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...Wundt and Introspection: Evaluation: Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts can’t be studied * Learning, development, mental disorders & personality can’t investigate through introspection – questions validity of using introspection as a method for investigating human behaviour because it’s subjective (only his/her can report mental processes * For Watson, only way to make psychology a science is to emulate natural science and adopt its own objective methods * Psychologists often use it alongside other scientific methods to investigate. Key behaviourist psychologists: Pavlov & Watson * Unreliable method of investigation * Different participants provide different introspective reports about same stimulus. * Trained in introspection not very useful * Pavlov got reliable, reproducible results in experiments on animals and can be generalised to humans * Can’t study on children and animals due to limited vocab and can’t express feelings properly. * Animal thoughts...
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...that is hard to enforce into young children and in my case I was no different. One evening my mother cooked a meal with broccoli as the vegetable of choice. Just like most vegetables I did not want to eat it. The smell, color, taste, and texture was not something I enjoyed. After sitting for a long time starring at this frightful food my mother forced me to eat it. What happened next would forever shape my thinking on broccoli, I threw it all up. Fast forward 36 years and to this day I cannot smell broccoli without my stomach turning. Broccoli and I from that one day are as incompatible as oil and water. Classic conditioning according to Carpenter and Huffman (2010) is learning that occurs when neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR). The learned response to the broccoli episode from above could have been through...
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...began and were able to be applied to, a useful behavior, but also could be applied to emotions such as hatred, or even to bad habits. The three theories that are most common are the Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Social-Cognitive Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus. Researchers have used “many model systems that have been developed to explore classical conditioning, including conditioned eye blink, conditioned taste aversion, and conditioned approach/avoidance.” (Domjan, 2003). An example of this type of conditioning would be someone who has been involved in a bad accident at a certain intersection. As a result of this accident, every time they drive through this intersection they become exceedingly uncomfortable and nauseous. This particular case has an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and a conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the car accident while the unconditioned response (UCR) is nervousness and anxiety. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is the sight of the intersection where the accident took place, while the conditioned response (CR) would still be nervousness and anxiety. That location is now associated with a particular event thus...
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...stove, our reflex pulls our hand back. It does this instinctually, no learning involved. It is merely a survival instinct. But why now do some people, after getting burned, pull their hands back even when the stove is not turned on? Pavlov discovered that we make associations which cause us to generalize our response to one stimuli onto a neutral stimuli it is paired with. In other words, hot burner = ouch, stove = burner, therefore, stove = ouch. Pavlov began pairing a bell sound with the meat powder and found that even when the meat powder was not presented, the dog would eventually begin to salivate after hearing the bell. Since the meat powder naturally results in salivation, these two variables are called the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the unconditioned response (UCR), respectively. The bell and salivation are not naturally occurring; the dog was conditioned to respond to...
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...Learning Experience Paper Tiffany N. Moore Psy/103 February 22, 2016 Joseph Foster Learning Experience Paper How can anyone be afraid of an insect that is smaller than them? My fear of spiders started when I was seven years old. Every year during summer break I would go out to the country to visit my godparents on their farm. I was always told not to play outdoors in my bare feet because of the insects, snakes, and small rodents. Being an adventurous child I did the total opposite of what I was being told. While playing in the barn one summer day I decided to take my shoes off, which led to me getting bit by a spider, becoming terribly ill, and having to spend several days in the hospital. Every day since that incident occurred I have had a deadly fear of spiders. A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder where you have an excessive fear of a certain object or situation, says Raphael Rose, PhD, associate director of the Anxiety Disorders Research Center and associate clinical professor at the University of California-Los Angeles' Department of Psychology and Psychiatry and Bio-behavioral Sciences. An estimated 19.2 million American adults’ deal with specific phobias, the National Institute of Mental Health reports. And specific phobias are twice as common in women as in men, NIMH says. Phobias usually develop during childhood or, if not then, by early adulthood, Rose says. Common specific phobias, according to NIMH, include closed-in spaces, heights, highway driving...
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...one’s behavior through mental research as well as physical experiments. Classical Conditioning is the study of one’s behavior through research and experiments and trying to identify the conditions one put themselves in or are put in to study their behavior. “Classical Conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/classcond.htm) A Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov is believed to be the igniter to classical conditioning though his intense research and experiments with dogs and his saliva theoretical presentations and experiments. Pavlov also believed that “classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.” (http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm) Theory of Classical Conditioning and Scenario The theory of classical conditioning that was most famous by Ivan Pavlov was the digestive system where he then accidently had his attention drawn to “psychic reflexes.” (http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html) The scenario that will be used in this paper will be how prisoners are classically conditioned with “chow time” (time to eat) in the prison system. In the prison systems inmates and their natural reflex of getting hungry have become accustom to or have unconsciously had a routine instilled in them from the time of day where they are fed. The new inmates will not have...
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...Addiction as it Relates to Classical and Operant Conditioning Social phobia is also known as social anxiety which is a persistent phobia from negative assessment of others. Most people suffering from this type of phobia or social anxiety would turn to drugs and alcohol to lessen the anxiety (Lak, Sedaghat, and Almadv, & 2012), and then the self-medicated or self with illegal drugs leads to addiction. The paper essay will focus phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditional. Phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning by stimulus from the environment. In layman’s term, a toddler learns that a pot on the stove is hot and should not be touch. The toddler then develop phobia that hot stove burn the skin and as a result stay away from it. Following Pavlov’s observations, John Watson a behaviorist and his associate Rosalie Rayner (1920) did studies on how classical conditioning relates to phobias. Watson and Rayner selected a white rat to be in their experiment and proceeded to condition a fear response in Little Albert and each time Albert would reach out to touch the rat, they struck the steel bar. After doing this a few times, Albert learned to fear the rat. This is all true in adults as well because I have a friend who goes in panic when they see the police or anything that is connected to the police. If he hears a police siren,...
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