...An analog signal is defined by moving nonstop along the amplitude and frequency line. An example is talking through the telephone, when a person speaks in the microphone the pressure from the mouth changes and collects into the handset and is augmented and turned into current. The rise and fall in the current are the analog of the voice pattern. The digital signal is different form an analog because a digital signal is not as complex, a digital transmission uses pulses representing one bits and zero bits. Presently we use a combination of both analog and digital networks. In different areas of the network it is necessary to use analog and digital. A codec, which is a combination, is the words “coder” and “decoder” converts the analog signal to digital. There are various types of codecs for various purposes. In the “Public switched telephone network” (PTSN), there are specific codecs that will help reduce the amount of bits that are transmitted digitally in the PTSN. On a cell network there are codecs that condense the auditory voice to maximize the ability to transmit over the network. Video codec for communication require specific compression capabilities in order to send videos through the network efficiently. The word modem, which is a combination of the words "demodulate" and "modulate" is specific device that converts analog to digital signals over the network. However this conversion has many problems and proves to be the weakest link in the network. When a conversion...
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...Introduction Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversions Telecommunications relies on the transmission of data through different mediums such as a telephone, radio, television, among others. These transmissions are done through two signal types, which are analog and digital. Analog is the first type of transmission type because it is the older and has been around for a lot longer than digital. On the other hand, even though digital transmission is a younger generation, it is currently use in more devices than analog. Each signal has its advantages and disadvantages, but in most scenarios, both need to work together to create an effective transmission. Technologies that convert analog into digital and vice-versa have been created for this purpose. Converting the signals allows for a more cohesive environment because each can be adjusted to work on devices or mediums not made for them originally. The next part of this paper covers the technologies use to convert these signals. Analog to Digital Conversion In order for this conversion to take place, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is necessary. This component is essential because it is responsible for receiving the analog signal as input and sending a digital signal as output. The ADC receives an analog signal such as sound, voice, or voltage and transforms that signal into a binary output. This output is the digital signal that has a state of either on, which is represented by 1 or an off state represented by 0...
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...Syllabus College of Information Systems & Technology NTC/362 Version 1 Fundamentals of Networking Copyright © 2013 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a foundation in the basic telecommunications and networking technologies fundamental to the industry and to the broad field of telecommunications. Analog, digital, and radio frequency technologies are covered. Also covered in this course is an introduction to the OSI protocol model, network-switching systems, basics of wireless communications, and network security. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: · University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. · Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Goleniewski, L. (2007). Telecommunications essentials. (2nd ed.) Boston, MA: Pearson. Panko, R. R., & Panko, J. L. (2011). Business data networks and telecommunication (8th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall All electronic materials...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Team A NTC/362 Dr. Jose Gotay November 11, 2014 An analog signal is a moving nonstop amplitude and frequency line. A good example of an analog signal is when a person is talking on a cell phone, when the person speaks into the microphone on the cell phone the pressure from the mouth is stored in the phone and creates a current. The rise and fall of the current is the analog voice pattern signal. The digital signal is less complex than the analog signal; because the digital signal uses binary code or zero and one bits to transmit signals. Analog transmissions can be converted into digital transmissions and vice versa. Conversions are made possible by codecs and modems. Codecs combine analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion. Some codecs are able to reduce the amount of bits per second that are required for voice to be transmitted digitally. Compression is required when converting cell phone networks and video communications because of the limited spectrum and channels (Goleniewski & Jarret, 2007). A modem controls analog signals to encode digital data and demodulates the signal to decode the information sent. An analog signal works with computers to transform the digital data into electrical signals through a telephone channel and then demodulate the signals back into digital data. However, conversions have been known to cause malfunctions in the network so it is best to...
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... | | |College of Information Systems & Technology | | |NTC/362 Version 1 | | |Fundamentals of Networking | Copyright © 2013 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a foundation in the basic telecommunications and networking technologies fundamental to the industry and to the broad field of telecommunications. Analog, digital, and radio frequency technologies are covered. Also covered in this course is an introduction to the OSI protocol model, network-switching systems, basics of wireless communications, and network security. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you...
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...IEEE, Ameya Bhide, Student Member, IEEE, and Atila Alvandpour, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper describes an ultra-low power SAR ADC for medical implant devices. To achieve the nano-watt range power consumption, an ultra-low power design strategy has been utilized, imposing maximum simplicity on the ADC architecture, low transistor count and matched capacitive DAC with a switching scheme which results in full-range sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are among the most critical and power hungry components of medical implant devices...
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...The Computer and the Brain, 2nd edition, Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000, xxviii + 82 pp., $9.95 (paper), ISBN 0-300-084373-0. When John von Neumann turned his interest to computers, he was one of the leading mathematicians of his time. In the 1940s, he helped design two of the first stored-program digital electronic computers. He authored reports explaining the functional organization of modern computers for the first time, thereby influencing their construction worldwide (von Neumann, 1945; Burks et al., 1946). In the first of these reports, von Neumann described the computer as analogous to a brain, with an input “organ” (analogous to sensory neurons), a memory, an arithmetical and a logical “organ” (analogous to associative neurons), and an output “organ” (analogous to motor neurons). His experience with computers convinced him that brains and computers, both having to do with the processing of information, should be studied by a new discipline–automata theory. In fact, according to von Neumann, automata theory would cover not only computers and brains, but also any biological or artificial systems that dealt with information and control, including robots and genes. Von Neumann never formulated a full-blown mathematical theory of automata, but he wrote several important exploratory papers (von Neumann, 1951, 1956, 1966). Meanwhile, besides designing hardware, he developed some of the first programs, programming languages,...
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...362 Week 2 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 2 DQ 3 NTC 362 Week 2 Integrative Network Design Project Part 1 NTC 362 Week 2 LT Assignment Analog and Digital Comparison Paper NTC 362 Week 3 DQ 1 NTC 362 Week 3 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 3 DQ 3 NTC 362 Week 3 Integrative Network Design Project Part 2 NTC 362 Week 3 LT Assignment Protocol Paper NTC 362 Week 4 Assignment Hardware and Software Paper NTC 362 Week 4 DQ 1 NTC 362 Week 4 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 4 DQ 3 NTC 362 Week 4 Integrative Network Design Project, Part 3 NTC 362 Week 5 Assignment- WLAN Network NTC 362 Week 5 Assignment- WLAN Network NTC 362 Week 5 DQ 1 NTC 362 Week 5 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 5 DQ 3 NTC 362 Week 5 Integrative Network Design Network (INDP) NTC 362 Entire Course To Purchase this Tutorial Copy And Paste Below Link In Your Browser http://www.homeworkwarehouse.com/downloads/category/ntc-362/ For Any Information or Any Class Which you Did not find on Our Website, Just Hit US Email On below address Visit : www.homeworkwarehouse.com Email Us : Homeworkwarehouse@gmail.com NTC 362 Entire Course NTC 362 Week 1 DQ 1 NTC 362 Week 1 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 1 Individual Assignment Telecommunications Evolution Timeline NTC 362 Week 2 DQ 1 NTC 362 Week 2 DQ 2 NTC 362 Week 2 DQ 3 NTC 362 Week 2 Integrative Network Design Project Part 1 NTC 362 Week 2 LT Assignment Analog and Digital Comparison Paper NTC 362 Week 3...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...
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...Analog and Digital Comparison Paper Current technology utilizes many different types of transmission cable such as fiber optics, coaxial cable, and twisted pair copper wire. These different types of cables use different communications techniques that maximize their efficiency. For instance, fiber optics can carry digital signals over long distances without amplification or repeaters required. Copper wire, on the other hand, carrying analog signals requiring amplification and noise corrections along the way in much shorter intervals. The result is there is a mix of transmission lines that require special software and equipment such as codecs and modems to convert and move data from one point to another. Codecs and Modems The most common form of analog to digital conversions uses multiplex devices and coder-decoder devices otherwise known as codecs. These programs receive analog signals from sine waves such as audio communications and code them as digital signals. These signals then travel to other locations with codec or modem devices that decode or decompress the data back to analog signals. Digital devices use modems or combinations of codecs and modems to modulate the data signals to analog signals to travel to other modems for demodulation back to digital data. The codec is “software that is used to compress or decompress a digital media file, such as a song or video” (Microsoft, 2014). This process is the same in telecommunications systems, which consist of the encoder...
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...A hybird / digital software package for the solution of chemical kinetic parameter identification problems by ALAN M. CARLSON Electronic Associates, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey INTRODUCTION The modern hybrid computer offers many significant improvements over first generation hybrid systems These improvements include: 1. The increased speed of digital computers en- abling programs to be written in hybrid FORTRAN without drastically limiting hybrid solution rates. 2. The development of analog/hybrid software (e.g., hybrid simulation languages and analog set-up programs). The net result of these improvements has been an increase in the SCope and complexity of hybrid applications and a reduction in the effort required to program and debug hybrid problems. Unfortunately, the dev'elopment of hybrid applications software has not kept pace with recent hybrid improvements. Applications software for purposes of this discussion is defined as an integrated set of digital/hybrid programs capable of solving the majority of frequently occurring problems in a specific applications area. Based on this definition, little or no tangible information is currently available on the practicality of developing hybrid software packages although its benefits are obvious. In mid-1968, EAT's Princeton Computation Center initiated a development project to· determine the feasibility of hybrid applications software. The objectives of the project were to select a frequently occurring 733 application...
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...Control (CCC-09) ON-OFF Temperature Control System Using Microprocessor Shefali Saxena#1, Swati Talesara#2,Sachin Mehta#3 # Electronics & Communication Department, Geetanjali Institute of Technical Studies Udaipur, Rajasthan, India shef.ur.destiny@gmail.com sswatitalesara@yahoo.co.in 3 sachin_mehta88@yahoo.com 1 2 Abstract— This paper includes the On-Off Control System controlling the operation of heater using microprocessor. It is a closed-loop control system. An on-off controller is the simplest form of temperature control device. An on/off controller will switch the output only when the temperature crosses the set point. For heating control, the output is on when the temperature is below the set point, and off above the set point.The paper deals with control system including strategies, types and requirements of control system. Block diagram of On-Off Temperature Controller using Microprocessor with explanation of Working of whole circuit has been included .The observations of experiment on actual circuit have been reported. Keywords- Control, comparator, temperature, microprocessor, digital. I. INTRODUCTION During the last fifty years, control systems in processes have been gradually evolved on an analytical footing and today the range in the control equipment for any kind of process is commendable. The major part in process controllers the plant or the process itself. For adequate control, knowledge of the plant characteristics...
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...THE ART OF CYBER WAR — ASYMMETRIC PAYOFFS LEAD TO MORE SPENDING ON PROTECTION 151 As Physical Security Converges With IT Security and Becomes More Network-Based, Can Cisco Compete? Cisco recently introduced new video surveillance IP cameras and monitoring software targeted for small businesses. As corporate security technology and services become increasingly network-delivered and database-driven, the physical security market presents a compelling incremental growth opportunity for Cisco that we believe can exceed the billion dollar annual revenue threshold in the next 35 years. The physical security industry has been undergoing a paradigm shift toward convergence, whereby previously disjointed functions of IT security and physical security are experiencing greater formal cooperation. Organizations continue to implement more IP-based video surveillance cameras and building access controls both to upgrade capabilities and to reduce operational costs. Deploying IP-based security upgrades capabilities and reduces operational costs. Through the IP network a security system can assign priority to data and automatically discover new nodes such as IP cameras and control sensors, eliminating the time and effort of manual provisioning. Shifting building access controls from isolated networks to existing IP networks that house data, voice, and video can improve incident detection and assessment, authenticating both the user and device to provide efficient integrity checks. • Video...
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...+8801716-823959 Email: jashimcuet@yahoo.com Abstract The demand for high-speed mobile wireless communications is rapidly growing. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology promises to be a key technique for achieving the high data capacity and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication systems in the near future. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme offers high spectral efficiency and better resistance to fading environments. In OFDM the data is modulated using multiple numbers of sub-carriers that are orthogonal to each other because of which the problems associated with other modulation schemes such as Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) is reduced. This paper deals with the analysis of OFDM System utilizing different modulation techniques over Rayleigh, Rician and Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) fading environments with the use of pilot aided arrangement and finally the results are conveyed. The aim of this thesis is to provide practical solutions for OFDM communication system by showing its better...
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...Response to Questions Name Institution Date Explain how the ‘truth’ of photographic images has always been a contested idea. Cite one example from the ‘pre-digital’ era, and one from contemporary culture to illustrate your argument. The images of the photographic in the pre-digital era were taken as the proof and evidence of reality. However, today this belief might not hold because of the technology that might aid the editing of the photographic to assume content and the background preferred by the user. At the pre-digital era, no such techniques were available and the possibility of an individual faking a photographic image was beyond the imaginations of the people (Joyce, 2012, p. 35). This made people believe that the photographic images were nothing but the truth on the ground. This belief was majorly the reason that the people were made to believe on the existence of fairies. People believe that the two photographic images taken by the two girls, Iris and Alice, were the truth and were evidence of existence of before-then, mythical and tale fairies. Nevertheless, the ambiguous nature of the believed existence of fairies and the fact that it was only the two girls who had the chance to interact and photograph the fairies prompted the questions on the authenticity of the images (Alex, 2014, p. 50). There has been a contest to express and defend the truth of photographic images. In the article, Borderland Borms: Arthur Conan Doyle, Albion Daughters, and the politics...
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