...country characteristics influence an MNC’s cost of capital, explain why there are differences in the costs of capital among countries, and explain how corporate and country characteristics are considered by an MNC when it establishes its capital structure. l l An MNC finances its operations by using a mixture of fixed interest borrowing and equity financing that can minimize the overall cost of capital (the weighted average of its interest rate and dividend payments). By minimizing the cost of capital used to finance a given size and risk of operations, financial managers can maximize the value of the company and therefore maximize shareholder wealth. 25 26 MULTINATIONAL COST OF CAPITAL AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE BACKGROUND ON COST OF CAPITAL Apart from working capital, a firm’s capital consists of equity (retained earnings and funds obtained by issuing shares) and debt (borrowed funds). With these funds a firm invests in a portfolio of projects, each project potentially offering different risks and different returns. The interest rate that the firm applies or charges to these projects (the cost of using the firm’s capital) will therefore vary according to the project’s particular risk. Profitable investment in this context is where the firm invests in projects that achieve returns greater than that required by their risk. A project that achieves a 20% return from investing in car parks (safe) is arguably a better performer than a project achieving a 25% return from financing...
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...Prepared For M. Nazmul Amin Majumdar Course Instructor BRACU Business School BRAC University Prepared By Shiab Khan (13164039) Sanzida Parvin (13164025) Tanzir Islam (13164087) SK Yaishi Binte Zaman (12264035) Ahammed Riaz(13164009) Date of Submission: April 2, 2015 BHP Billiton Limited Introduction: BHP Billiton is world’s largest diversified natural resources company. The company was created by the merger of two companies, BHP Ltd (An Australian mining company) and Billiton PLC (An UK based Company). BHP Billiton has created long time share holder value through the discovery, acquisition and development of natural resources. In the last few years, BHP Billiton has faced some governance challenges in conducting their business around the world. For overcoming those challenges several strategic drivers has been taken by BHP Billiton. This report mainly focused on external and internal environment, strength and weakness, Governance challenges and strategic drivers of BHP Billiton. Overview of BHP Billiton: BHP Billiton is a Dual Listed Company (DLC) comprising BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. BHP Billiton was created through the DLC merger of BHP Limited (now BHP Billiton Limited) and Billiton Plc (now BHP Billiton Plc), which was concluded on 29 June 2001. BHP Billiton is a leading global resources company. The purpose is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. BHP Billiton are among...
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...Asia Pacific Equity Research 25 February 2005 Australian Mortgage Industry Volume 1 A Lot of Fat ! JPMorgan Australian Banks Team Brian Johnson (61-2) 9220-1605 brian.d.johnson@jpmorgan.com Richard Wiles (612) 9220 1525 richard.e.wiles@jpmorgan.com Ed Henning (61-2) 9220-1933 ed.a.henning@jpmorgan.com Fujitsu Australia Team Martin North (61-2) 9293-0617 martin.north@au.fujitsu.com Tom Dissing (61-2) 9293-0423 tom.dissing@au.fujitsu.com This report is the result of a joint effort between Fujitsu Australia and JPMorgan, focusing on developments in the Australian mortgage industry. We use the Fujitsu Mortgage Market and Yield Improvement Modelling. See page 30 for analyst certification and important disclosures, including investment banking relationships. JPMorgan does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. Brian Johnson (61-2) 9220-1605 brian.d.johnson@jpmorgan.com Asia Pacific Equity Research 25 February 2005 Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................3 Industry Overview ....................................................................5 Mortgage Brokers................................................................
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...Table of content Introduction.................................................................................................................................2 Justification...............................................................................................................4 Rationale....................................................................................................................5 Performance (Conclusion) ………………………………………………………6 Portfolio performance……………………………………………………………..6 Share performance………………………………………………………………7 Technical analysis……………………………………………………………7 Fundamental analysis………………………………………………………..8 Recommendation …………………………………………………………………..9 Reference …………………………………………………………………………10 Appendices ………………………………………………………………………10 Findings Introduction Australian market. (Portfolio 1) Portfolio 1 gathered 9 shares from different industries. After comparing the covariance of each share, 2 of them knocked out from the list. It comes to the end that the type of business engaged in this portfolio are transport (Asciano Limited), material (Amcor Limited), resources (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd) , financial (Commonwealth Bank of Australia) , energy (AGL Energy Limited) , insurance ( Insurance Australia Group limited), Agricultural Chemicals (Incitec Pivot Limited). Asciano Limited is company founded in 1996, it started with rail industry then the company has been through several amalgamate and restructure process. This...
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...| Flight Centre Limited Fundamental analysis | Flight Centre Limited | Flight Centre Limited Fundamental analysis | Contents Objective 3 Introduction 3 Business and Strategy Analysis 4 Accounting Analysis 12 Financial Analysis 16 Prospective Analysis 18 Conclusion and Recommendation Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26-31 No table of contents entries found. 1.0 Objectives The purpose of this report is to provide a fundamental analysis of Flight Centre Limited (Ltd) and provide recommendation for investors wishing to invest in this company. The recommendation was made based on a number of critical assumptions hence it should be evaluated very carefully as results can significantly differ depending on the assumptions provided. The four main sections discussed in this report include: * Business Strategic Analysis - this opening section provides a brief overview of Flight Centre’s business activity and analyses the travel and leisure industry. It also provides an insight into FLT’s corporate strategy and more importantly it discusses the impact of these external and internal factors on FLT’s profitability in the future. * Accounting Analysis - Includes an analysis of the key accounting policies of FLT and explains these policies are critical to FLT’s success. It also compares the policies applied by Flight Centre with its main competitor Jetset travel. * Financial Analysis - Provides an overview of Flight Centre’s...
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...Foreign Subsidiary Investment Plan Case: Multinational Capital Budgeting China & Australia Hypothetical Incorporated MBA AF 626 Fall 2011 International Financial Management Professor XX XX XX XX XX Table of Contents PART I – Analysis: Australia vs. China A. Country Analysis 1. Economic Environment 3 2. Social Environment 10 3. Political Environment 12 B. Industry Analysis 1. Aluminum Industry in Australia 17 2. Airline Industry in China 18 PART II-Capital Budget Analysis 1. Weighted Average Cost of Capital 19 2. Net Present Value 20 3. Scenario Analysis 21 PART III – Conclusion: Investment Decision 23 References 24 Appendixes 26 PART I – Analysis: Australia vs. China A. Country Analysis I. Economic Environment Australia Australia is a market oriented financial system which includes the world’s 13th largest economy and the 9th highest per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with almost two consecutive decades of growth and the unemployment rate falling to a generational low. As a result of nearly three decades of structural and policy reforms, Australian’s economy has proven to be a competitive player in the increasingly integrated global markets. In terms of country risk, Australia’s favorable attitude towards private enterprise and its well-protected property...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY After years and years of pursuing Sainsbury as the United Kingdom’s largest retailer, Tesco PLC broke through in 1995 and has become not only the largest retailer in the UK, but also the world’s 4th largest retailer, trailing only Wal-Mart, Carrefour and Germany’s Metro AG. Originally, Tesco’s soul focus was the retail grocery market. As of February 2010, the grocery market continues to be Tesco’s largest source of revenue and it has accounted for more than 50% of Tesco’s £ 59.4 billion of sales. Further, Tesco does not limit its operation strictly to the United Kingdom. Currently, Tesco resides in 13 countries worldwide and operates 1,911 stores across Europe and Asia. The company has also expanded in the United States and has plans for an additional 320 stores in 2010 across the world. Australia’s economic and political stability and skilled labour force, provides a welcoming environment for foreign investors. With respect to the retail industry, consumer goods expenditure of 183 billion US $ in 2009 and an expected 212 billion US $ in 2010 presents significant opportunity to foreign retailers. However, risk exists as there is a limited presence of related and supporting industries for non-food products. As well, domestic rivalry remains strong in both grocery and non-food segments. The objective is to implement Tesco’s hypermarket store format in Australia while increasing the company’s global market share. Tesco’s main competitors include domestic retailers...
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...subject. It has so many different aspects to cover. The manual for human resource is so long but every area is important and has to be covered. Benefits are what every employee looks forward when looking for a job, though I believe many applicants don’t ask the question about life insurance. Life insurance is a touchy subject but I believe that every person should be insured for themselves and their loved ones. Not being covered whether it’s with or without your companies can leave financial hardship on your loved ones when you’re gone. Group life insurance exists just about everywhere. It’s a single policy that allows many members of an organization or employment group to purchase a life insurance policy with competitive wholesale premiums rates, offering minimal or no medical underwriting along with simple administration provided by a broker. The main benefit of group life insurance is to cover the lives...
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...Executive Summary Hong Kong is believed the world best location in the world to startup a foreign business. Due to Hong Kong provide a clean business-friendly environment, a stable government fiscal and the advantage of its location. In addition, with the sustainable growth of the GDP and the simple tax system with its low tax rate which made it an attractive place for investment. However, the highly polluted environment and the over-heated real estate would be a big concern for Hong Kong government. In addition, the dependence on land sales revenue should have to reduce if Hong Kong government wants to achieve a long- term fiscal sustainability. The table below clarifies that different level and different type of risk shown from this evaluation and analysis report, reveals that overall risk are in the low level of risk, except for the real-estate and environment risk. Therefore, Australian investor should expected the business operate in Hong Kong would be fairly and equally treated. However, due to the culture difference, that although Hong Kong is a mixed in high and low context culture compare to China and Japan, the minor culture barrier still remain. | |Type of risk |Level of risk | |Factors |- Political system |Low | | |- Legal system...
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...DRIVEN & EQUITY ARBITRAGE SALES FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Trades Examined: UK - Netherlands Reed Elsevier NV (REN NA) vs Reed Elsevier Plc (REL LN) Royal Dutch Petroleum (RDA NA) vs Shell Transport & Trading Co Plc (SHEL LN) Unilever NV (UNA NA) vs Unilever Plc (ULVR LN) UK - Australia BHP Billiton Ltd (BHP AU) vs BHP Billiton Plc (BLT LN) Brambles Industries Ltd (BIL AU) vs Brambles Industries Plc (BI/ LN) Rio Tinto Ltd (RIO AU) vs Rio Tinto Plc (RIO LN) Introduction: The purpose of this report is to provide a basic overview of the dual-listing environment, highlighting the nature of company structures involved, why the structures were adopted and how they work. Contents: Page 1. Frequently Asked Questions 2 2. Why do Dual Listed Companies Exist? 4 3. Dual Listing Structures 5 4. Currency Risk 6 5. Terminology 7 6. Factors Affecting Performance 8 Appendix 1: Stock Specific Data A.1 Reed Elsevier NV vs Reed Elsevier Plc 10 A.2 Royal Dutch NV vs Shell T&T Plc 12 A.3 Unilever NV vs Unilever Plc 14 A.4 BHP Billiton Ltd vs BHP Billiton Plc 16 A.5 Brambles Ind. Ltd vs Brambles Ind. Plc 18 A.6 Rio Tinto Ltd vs Rio Tinto Plc 20 Glossary of Terms 22 1. Frequently Asked Questions Q. What is a dual listed structure? Where a company is listed on two exchanges it is referred to as a Dual Listed Company. The two listed organizations have entered...
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...winemaking families of Barossa Valley in South Australia who had immigrated from Germany. It has been run by the fifth generation, Frederich Schultz, since 1983 when his father retired. The company was listed on the Australia Stock Exchange in 1996. b. What industry, product segments/markets does Schultz Wines operate in? Schultz Wines ranked 7th among the Australian wine producing companies. Core activities cover harvesting, crushing, fermentation, bottling and distributing. It produces a diverse range of high quality premium varietal wines including red and white table wines, sparkling wines and fortified wines which are sold in both domestic and export markets. (Schultz Wines are distributed in Australia by a well respected, family owned wine merchant, and export wine sales are distributed through well established wine merchants in UK, Continental Europe, as well as North American, New Zealand, Asia and the Pacific region.) Schultz also achieves its sales through the cellar door sales and The Schultz Cellar Club mail order. c. What is the current life-cycle position of the industry? The Australian winemaking industry is at the mature stage of its life cycle. This is demonstrated by the low and medium average growth rate of sales in the industry as shown in Table 2, 5, 6, and low consumption growth as shown in Table 7. Over the last 10 years, the domestic sales has increased by average 4.2% per annum for table wine, 2.3% for sparkling wine and has...
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...Project One Activity 1 The four countries I have selected from the given groups include China, United Kingdom, United States and Nigeria. Group 1~ China Demographics China has the largest population in the world. “One Child Policy” has been implemented in China since 1979 which have helped to prevent an extra 400 million births to the country. According to the fifth Census, China’s population was 1.3 billion. China has 1 majority which is called “Han” and 55 minorities. Economic system In the first 30 years after the founding of the PRC in 1949, China’s economic system was planned economy. In 1978, the household contract responsibility system was introduced in the rural area. In 1984, the economic restructuring shifted from the rural areas to the cities. In 1992, China established the socialist market economic system. Culture and Social Structure China’s history is more than 5000 years with diverse customs and traditions. Every ethnic group has its own culture, even some have their own languages and words. There are many dialects in China, and the main language is Mandarin. People’s tastes are varied as well. People from the South prefer sweet, people from the North prefer salty, while Eastern people like spicy and Western people like sour. Legislative System China's legislation includes the legislation of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, regulation making by the State Council and its relevant departments, as well as the legislation...
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...Accounting Standards Building international opportunities for Australian business Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Proposals for Reform: Paper No. 1 © Commonwealth of Australia 1997 ISBN 0 642 26110 5 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Australian Government Publishing Service. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to the Manager, Commonwealth Information Services, Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601. The Government is seeking comments from interested parties on the detail of the proposals in this paper which should be forwarded to the following address:| First Assistant SecretaryBusiness Law DivisionThe TreasuryParkes PlacePARKES ACT 2600|Telephone:Fax:Email:|02 6263 396002 6263 2882clerp@treasury.gov.au| Copies of this paper are available from the Australian Government Publishing Service and on the Treasury web site (http://www.treasury.gov.au).Enquiries concerning the paper can be made to:Ms Veronique IngramAssistant SecretaryThe TreasuryTelephone: 02 6263 3970| Printed by the Australian Government Publishing Service Table of Contents Page Abbreviations v PART 1: Reform Proposals 1 PART 2: Introduction 9 2.1 Background 9 2.2 Key economic principles 10 PART 3: The Case for Reform 11 3.1 Impetus for reform 11 3.2 What the Government is seeking...
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...Innovation and Change | The role of governments in promoting innovation | | | | Gitanjali Khadagade- c7094037 | 5/14/2013 | | Table of Contents 1. Abstract ........................................................................................................3 2. Introduction to innovation ....................................................................3 3. Benefits of innovation to businesses ..................................................5 4. Why should government support innovation? ..............................6 5. National Innovation Systems ................................................................8 6.1. Role of the Government ...............................................................9 6.2. Innovation Policies .....................................................................10 6.3. Aim of Innovation Policies .......................................................10 6.4.1. National Innovation System of Europe ..........................10 6.4.2. Government of UL ..................................................................11 6.4.3. Government of India .............................................................11 6.4.4. Government of Finland .........................................................12 6.4.5. Government of China .............................................................13 6. Observations and Conclusions ..........
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...performance in international accounting reports standard. In earlier times UK accounting is providing useful information to shareholders, with a distinct from tax reporting. The implementation of IFRS has brought about significantly greater consistency in accounting recognition and measurement and far greater disclosure of information in financial statements. The implementation of IFRS in the UK brings better resource allocation decision. Because of all these reasons UK have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards. b) Apart from the global benefits of using similar accounting standards, convergence of UK GAAP with IFRS. The IFRS financial statements are significantly more complex than financial statements based on national accounting standards of UK. This complexity threatens to undermine the decision usefulness of IFRS financial statements. According to reports of Earnest & Young in 2006 UK businesses are upset as there are small number of technical experts have a good understanding of the more complex accounting standards to interpret and apply these accounting standards properly. Out of these fewer experts almost all are working with accounting firms or with regulators, rather than with preparers of users of financial statements. This makes difficult for the UK businesses to implement these standards. It is a widely held view in the UK businesses that the disclosure quality under UK-GAAP is...
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