...Taylor P Ancient Architecture Functions of Ancient Monuments Ancient monuments have been discovered to be a prominent feature of many different ancient civilizations throughout history. The most elaborate and well known ancient buildings are the pyramids and the ziggurats of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica. The construction of these massive monuments began sometime during the fourth millennium BC and to this day many can still be seen. Although believed by most to serve a particular religious function, historians are still trying to discover the exact purpose of these breathtaking feats of architecture. However, through the vast studies of archaeology, enough information has been acquired to make some valid theories. The first civilization to construct a massive architectural project was the Egyptians with their construction of the pyramids. It is believed that the Egyptian civilization began around 5500 BC and then began to flourish as a result of new innovations in agriculture and the abundance of natural resources around the Nile. Over time, Egyptians made great achievements in mathematics, writing, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and architecture. This played a huge part in the progression of Egypt into a powerful and influential civilization. In addition to these achievements, the significance of religion was another extremely important factor that allowed the Egyptian civilization to thrive. Egyptians practiced polytheism. In their religion, not only were...
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...Ancient Egyptian architecture The ancient Egyptian architecture is one of the most celebrated building styles and civilizations in the world history, Egyptians developed a wide variety of buildings and structures such as the pyramids, temples, palaces and monuments Spread along the River Nile (Blakemore, 100). Egypt being a country on a vast Sahara desert, timber was so scarce hence the two most prominent building materials were stones and sunbaked mud bricks. The stones include limestones, granite, coral and sandstone. Since the establishment of the Old Kingdom, big stones and boulders were a preserve of temples and tombs leaving bricks for other uses such as temple precinct walls, town buildings, fortress, palace, temple complexes and annexes (Reich and Cunningham, 35). For the pyramids, mudbricks, gravel, quarry stones and sand were used to build its core. The ancient Egyptian architecture was main massive structures with thick sloping walls based on religious monuments. The walls were sloping with wide base for stability of the mud structures (Dieter, et al., 46). Use of arches in buildings was introduced in the fourth dynasty to replace the post and lintel building structures with flat roofs and massive supporting walls or closed placed pillars (Gates, 102). Commonly on the walls both internal and external and on the columns were hieroglyphic, carvings and pictorial frescoes in visually fascinating colors. Some of the famous buildings and structures of the ancient Egyptian...
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...Ancient Greek Theater Architecture Many aspects of ancient Greek theaters have long been studied and debated. Much of the information about these theaters is based on speculation due to the fact that so little of them still exist today. This lack of remnants especially applies to the architecture of the early Greek Theaters. However, through archeological finds and years of studying the people, the plays, and the architecture of the time, we are able to make many conclusions about these early structures. Greek Theaters are classified into three categories: The early Athenian Theaters, Hellenistic Theaters, and Graeco-Roman Theaters. Like most new inventions or creations, the initial theaters built by the Athenians were very simple. In the fifth century B.C., it became popular to build theaters on the slope of a large hill, or an acropolis, the most famous, being in Athens. These early theaters could be divided into three parts. The theater consisted of the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra, and the skene (or scene building) (Betancourt). The Greeks would eventually perfect a technique that would fit as many spectators into the theatron as possible. At first the spectators sat on the ground until wooden bleachers were installed. After it was discovered that the wooden bleachers were prone to collapsing, permanent stone seating was built. The architects created concentric tiers of seats that followed the circular shape of the orchestra and hugged the rising ground of a hillside...
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...Ancient Greek Architecture Ancient Greek Theater Architecture Many aspects of ancient Greek theaters have long been studied and debated. Much of the information about these theaters is based on speculation due to the fact that so little of them still exist today. This lack of remnants especially applies to the architecture of the early Greek Theaters. However, through archeological finds and years of studying the people, the plays, and the architecture of the time, we are able to make many conclusions about these early structures. Greek Theaters are classified into three categories: The early Athenian Theaters, Hellenistic Theaters, and Graeco-Roman Theaters. Like most new inventions or creations, the initial theaters built by the Athenians were very simple. In the fifth century B.C., it became popular to build theaters on the slope of a large hill, or an acropolis, the most famous, being in Athens. These early theaters could be divided into three parts. The theater consisted of the theatron (or auditorium), the orchestra, and the skene (or scene building) (Betancourt). The Greeks would eventually perfect a technique that would fit as many spectators into the theatron as possible. At first the spectators sat on the ground until wooden bleachers were installed. After it was discovered that the wooden bleachers were prone to collapsing, permanent stone seating was built. The architects created concentric tiers of seats that followed the circular shape of the orchestra and...
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...In ancient Greek architecture, there were three main "orders" that guided ancient architects. They were the Doric order, the Ionic order and the Corinthian order. There were also a couple lesser used orders called the Tuscan order and the Composite order. Each Order had a wide variety of rules that could be used in the design and construction of the temples. Shape, details, proportions all had to follow the rules of each separate Order. For example, the Doric order stated that the height of a column should be five and a half times more than its diameter. And the Ionic order stated it should be a smaller ratio, nine to one. Greek architects took the appearance of a building or a temple as basic guide line to the way they constructed it....
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...Louis Kahn (1901-1974) was one of the American leading architectures of the 20th century with the design that involved the combination of modern technique an timeless form. Kahn was born and grew up in Estonia then immigrated to the United States with his family when he was in an early age of four. Once Kahn displayed a drawing gift but his family could not afford to buy him art materials so he improvised burnt matches and twigs to sketch and draw. He values the charcoal quality so much that even after he becomes a famous architecture he still uses burnt matches. Kahn attended Philadephia’s Central High School and the Public Industrial Art School. During his final year of high schooling, he received a scholarship of architecture history offered...
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...services for The Journal of Asian Studies: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms. By Made (Michael White) Wijaya. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 2002. 224 pp. \$50.00(cloth). Mary-Louise Totton The Journal of Asian Studies / Volume 63 / Issue 02 / May 2004, pp 566 - 568 DOI: 10.1017/S0021911804001615, Published online: 26 February 2007 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0021911804001615 How to cite this article: Mary-Louise Totton (2004). Review of Made (Michael White) Wijaya 'Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms' The Journal of Asian Studies, 63, pp 566-568 doi:10.1017/S0021911804001615 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/JAS, IP address: 192.43.227.18 on 22 Mar 2014 566 THE JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES undoubtedly agree that the great strength of his scholarship lies in his vision. At his best, although he may not footnote every thought, each paragraph contains the seeds of a PhD dissertation. So, graduate students and Wang Gungwu fans take note: at times in this volume, he is indeed at his very best! L IAM C. K ELLEY University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms. By M ADE W IJAYA (M ICHAEL W HITE ). Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002. 224 pp. $50.00 (cloth)...
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...HISTORY AND THEORY STUDIES FIRST YEAR Terms 1 and 2 Course Lecturers: CHRISTOPHER PIERCE / BRETT STEELE (Term 1) Course Lecturer: PIER VITTORIO AURELI (Term 2) Course Tutor: MOLLIE CLAYPOOL Teaching Assistants: FABRIZIO BALLABIO SHUMI BOSE POL ESTEVE Course Structure The course runs for 3 hours per week on Tuesday mornings in Terms 1 and 2. There are four parallel seminar sessions. Each seminar session is divided into parts, discussion and submission development. Seminar 10.00-12.00 Mollie Claypool, Fabrizio Ballabio, Shumi Bose and Pol Esteve Lecture 12.00-13.00 Christopher Pierce, Brett Steele and Pier Vittorio Aureli Attendance Attendance is mandatory to both seminars and lectures. We expect students to attend all lectures and seminars. Attendance is tracked to both seminars and lectures and repeated absence has the potential to affect your final mark and the course tutor and undergraduate coordinator will be notified. Marking Marking framework adheres to a High Pass with Distinction, High Pass, Pass, Low Pass, Complete-toPass system. Poor attendance can affect this final mark. Course Materials Readings for each week are provided both online on the course website at aafirstyearhts.wordpress.com and on the course library bookshelf. Students are expected to read each assigned reading every week to be discussed in seminar. The password to access the course readings is “readings”. TERM 1: CANONICAL BUILDINGS, PROJECTS, TEXTS In this first term of...
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...at Perth Technical College and then pursued his studies in University of Western Australia and graduated in 1968. He was one of the first eight architecture degree graduates of the university. After graduated, he worked for Jeffrey Howlett and Bailey in Perth for three years, from 1969 to 1971. He worked at new Perth Concert Hall and acknowledged Jeffrey Howlett as his important mentor in architecture. Then, he began to apply for jobs in United States but had no luck. He finally accepted to work for Palmer & Turner in Hong Kong and left Australia in 1972, to discover an uncertain journey that would inevitably inform the next 40 years of his practice. His first project as he took up his position in the firm was as a resident site architect for Bali Hyatt Hotel project in Bali, Indonesia. However, the project which supposed took about three months had been extended for more than 30 years. The project was never done, but it led to another project within this region. This is the starting point where he was introduced into a small community of Australian expatriates which included senior architect Peter Muller and the painter Donald Friend, old Asia hands, which then lead mark this an important period in crafting attitude to living and working in Asia, to respond on the differences between the culture and mysteries of Asia architecture. From 1974 to 1978 he was given responsibilities to manage the Palmer & Turner office branch in Jakarta. He finally established his own firm...
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...Theory of Architecture 2: Manuals Architectural Design Process and Methodologies The question of the actual design process and methodology of design is more confusing when dealing with architectural design because architectural design more often involves in a team work. Before, most architects are considered more of an artist; they can design but was not able to explain or defends the need to add a significant amount of funds for the particular design. In today’s architectural trends, there are set of rules and guidelines to be followed that could affect or help in making a design. The process should involve the following step. [TSSF Inc.] 1. Assemble the team – As stated above the architectural design involves a team of people. At the outset of the project there should be a scheduling or at least a tentative assembly of efficient architects and consultant who identify the project’s scope and purpose. There should be a project’s team leader who holds the overall responsibility and identifying the right person/s in their fields. 2. Clear Communication – As again stated before, the design part involves a team. The communication should be always available for any enquiry of the different involves, especially for the owner or their representative/s. The Project Architect coordinates regular meetings to design staff, specialists and the Owner’s representative. 3. Budget and Cost Control - Cost control is critical to the success of any project. This is true...
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...Chapter 2 The Genesis Bernhard hoesli and the Process of Design It is the spring of 1982;the venue,the auditorium of the School of Architectre,University of Texas at Arlington.Bernhard Hoesli is speaking to a capacity crowd;his first lecture in Texas since his departure from Austin in the summer of 1957. I have arrived late, having driven the 350miles from San Antonio to the Dallas-Fort Worth area.Though there is a substantial contingent of young architecture students for whom the lecture is only one of a series,glancing around I reacquaint myself with the older faces;the balding,graying heads in the hall----Duane Landry and Jane Lorenz Landry,Bill Odum,Bill Booziotes,Rik Mcbride,and many,many others---all former students of his,and all come to listen one more time to that heavily infected,though remarkably fluent,English;that familiar emphatic cadence,that keen,impassioned intelligence methodically,masterfully drive home the argument.Transported for the moment back in time twenty-five years,to Room 305 of the Architecture building in Austin,it is with a shock I realize that his hair is now snow white. Author First of all you see,it was a personality,a strong,radiant,convincing,dynamic personality.And therefore either you know it or you don’t;it is something which is immediate or else it doesn’t exist. Rene Furer,interview with the author,March 1993 Bernhard Hoesli was born in the Swiss canton of Glarus in 1923.At an early age,however,he moved with his parents to...
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...Greek Revival The Greek Revival started in Europe in the 1750’s when James Stuart and Nicolas Revett visited Greece. They published the Antiquities of Athens which was the first accurate survey of ancient Greek architecture. The most distinguishing feature of Greek Revival are the columns giving the appearance of Greek temples. In Greece, the temples were built of marble painted in primary colors. When they were discovered by Europeans in the eighteenth century, the paint was gone. Therefore, people associate the Greek Revival with white. William Strickland (1788-1854) was instrumental in the growth of the Greek Revival style in America. He was the son of a carpenter who worked constructing the Bank of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Benjamin Latrobe, the designer of the bank, took Strickland on as an assistant for three years. In 1818, William Strickland submitted a design for the Second Bank of the United States, in Philadelphia. Nicholas Biddle, the president of the bank, more than likely chose Strickland’s design because it was based on a Greek temple. William Strickland relied heavily on the information in Stuart and Revett’s Antiquities of Athens, for inspiration for his designs. After the success of the Second Bank, Strickland received a series of commissions in the 1820s and 1830s for public buildings in Philadelphia one of which was the Merchants’ Exchange. Ammi Burnham Young (1798-1874) was one of the first American-born professional architects to work...
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...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
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...GREEN BUILDING GUIDE Design Techniques, Construction Practices & Materials for Affordable Housing RCAC GREEN BUILDING GUIDE Design Techniques, Construction Practices & Materials for Affordable Housing Principal Author Craig Nielson, LEED AP Rural Community Assistance Corporation Co-authors Connie Baker Wolfe Rural Community Assistance Corporation Dave Conine Rural Community Assistance Corporation Contributor Art Seavey Rural Community Assistance Corporation Design Dave Conine Sharon Wills Rural Community Assistance Corporation Managing Editor and Production Sharon Wills RCAC Corporate Office: 3120 Freeboard Drive, Suite 201, West Sacramento, California 95691 916/447-2854 | 916/447-2878 fax | www.rcac.org Published by Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC), a nonprofit organization dedicated to assisting rural communities achieve their goals and visions by providing training, technical assistance and access to resources. RCAC promotes quality, respect, integrity, cooperation and commitment in our work. Copyright © 2009 RCAC. All rights reserved. For reprint permission, please call 916/447-2854. Disclaimer: The material in this document has been reviewed by RCAC and approved for publication. The views expressed by individual authors, however, are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of RCAC. Trade names, products or services do not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, RCAC approval, endorsement or recommendation...
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...Architecture and the Environment Christina Parker PSY 460 June 04, 2012 Brenda Gallagher Architecture and the Environment The environment and its inhabitants do not exist separately. They both help to mold one another. There are different environments that require a different behavior. To understand the interactions of the physical world and the behavior, individuals must consider the kinship of physical inhabitants and the environment itself (Todd & Wilson, 1993). The information in this paper will provide an understanding of the following: how the environment affects human behavior, architecture as a means of controlling behavior, the environmental psychological implications of the grand design, and the importance of architecture supporting development. Structures and Human Behavior The increasing research and interest in environmental conditions and how it relates to behavior is finally receiving acknowledgement. Structural design influences an individual’s health and well-being. A person’s mood and productivity stems from the kind of architecture one is sees. In a business sense, the goal is to create buildings that fit the need of the individual and serve the purpose of the business. Space limitations may influence an individual to work more intensely for the right to privacy. The use of windows and indoor green spaces provide a relaxing stress free zone from work (Irvine, Devine-Wright, Payne, Fuller, Painter, and Gaston, 2009). Inside...
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