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Ancient Philo

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Ancient Philosophy
3rd November 2011 Epistemology - The theory of knowledge. Theory of Forms or Ideas...
• Plato believed that what the senses show us/what we see/what we perceive is called world observation.
• Things are not as how we see them
• If you are trying to produce an unphysical cause you would use different vocabulary
• A physicist can say that the only answer to give a theory about the existence of the world you have to study physics.
• Plato brings abstract ideas for examples what is justice?
• Plato would say in order to know what justice is you have to get a certain essence of justice.

10th November 2011

• If you want to grasp on reality what you really need to think of is not the world of sense but the world of Ideas that can only be grasped by the philosophers.
• What you start with at the bottom are simply dreams... as you climb up the ladder you move from the world of dreams to the world of Doxa(opinion/ordinary common sense) until you reach the epistemei(the only kind of knowledge that gives you Truth)
• Plato says that you can never find the perfect justice. You cannot find perfection since perfection is only found in the abstract form of justice.
• The ideal of the early Greeks was the perfect male model like hipieus.
• Socrates tells hipieus and asks him what beauty is?
• Hipieus answers that beauty is a beautiful woman... he thinks that this is obvious
• But Socrates continues to challenge him that beauty is not just related to women
• Is there a reason why use the same adjective with regards to women, monkeys, horses etc? o You might call a pot beautiful just for because the pot maker did a better job
• What Plato is really saying that if you really want to know the meaning of something, firstly you have to find the definition that works always and lacks nothing
• Plato thought that ordinary people spend their lives looking at shadows... what they are seeing is just shadows and not the truth until one of them manages to cut the chains and manages to see the difference between the truth and the pale shadows.
• Plato believed that democracy was hopeless. It was not the best political system present
• He believed that Rule should be entrusted to the few(elite) because they know what is good for the city –
• Aristocracy – rule by the best... namely rule should be by the best people in the city(aristocrats)
• The best would be selected after a very long period of training which involved intellectual training, physical training etc.
• This was Plato’s argument in favour of aristocracy. The number was not important but what mattered was that they were the best people
• Eugenics – having a human farm to eliminate the bad specimen. o Some people say that this is the solution to overpopulation
• What he meant by the best was ‘that they are the most virtuous’... the likely hood that they would govern properly was bigger. This would lessen complaints
• The just state is the balanced state... where everybody minds their own business... where everybody knows what to do... where there is a strict division of classes... according to Plato
• Plato insists that in some people there is a dominance of bronze, in other silver and in others gold. By this saying people would understand better. Epistemology/ the theory of Knowledge
Philosophy
Mathematical knowledge
Opinion(Doksa)
Illusion/Dream

Psychology
Reason
Emotion
Passion

Ethics
Wisdom
Courage temperance Politics
Philosopher kings
Auxiliaries
Producers/artisans

17th November 2011

• He thinks that the ideal city should be divided into classes.
• The first kind of democracy which Pericles defended in his speech, where he praised the virtues of democracy. Enviable flexibility – flexibility that other states were envious of.
• Freedom only applied to roughly 1/3 of the Athenians
• Adult male citizens enjoyed the kind of freedom, they had the right to meet in the assembly to make the laws – direct democracy
• The people who were excluded were women, children and slaves and methics(foreigners)
• In that context Plato was revolutionary because he thought to divide the society in a different way.
• He believed that philosopher kings/ guardians knew what is best for the state because they had reflected on things like justice, goodness etc.
• They could not have a family so that they could give all their attention to the state. The guardians used to live in barracks.
• They could have sex but not raise a family.
• What we find in Marx is more or less a secularized version of Christianity
• Marx believed that classes would be gradually abolished.
• Plato thought that society would never get rid of its ills
• Plato believes that the most important skill was to govern the society. He thought that only philosophers were capable enough
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges
• Philosophers should be able to provide an answer to the question, why shouldn’t I do it?
• Plato says nobody in their right senses would inflict harm in his body
• If you are not prepared to harm your body you should apply the same rule to your soul/character/well being if you genuinely knew what is good for you(stealing/cheating etc) o Not of fear that you become unpopular but because it is unjust and unfair o If you do this you are acting virtuously(the republic’s main the
• A healthy diet for the soul is one in which you live the virtuous life(found also in the Nicomachean ethics by Aristotle)
• Plato genuinely believed that nobody did something wrong because you knew that it was wrong. He thought that if anyone did something bad it was only because that he thought it was good(Socratic moral optimism)

24th November 2011

• The decisions made in the assembly were often wrong
• Socrates and Plato could see that there were pit holes and huge disadvantages in that system
• What is the republic about – one of the questions generally asked in exams

1st December 2011 http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/433/arintro.htm • Aristotle writes about almost anything
• A philosopher who made a lasting effect on philosophy
• Aristotle wrote about any area of philosophy
• He is a giant of philosopher
• He was a scientist – marine biologist
• He was interested in observation which scientist are interested in
• He thought the world was a wonderful place to examine
• He did not draw a sharp line between philosophy and science o Like the early philosophers who were themselves scientists
• The main difference between Aristotle and Plato is that Plato used his reason while Aristotle used also his senses
• We say what we think or at least we try
• the principle of non contradiction –
• He wrote two books on politics and he wrote also about psychology – the study of the mind
• He wrote also about metaphysics
• In logic he produces the rules of correct thinking... Aristotle says that if you argue according to his rules, your argument cannot go wrong. Does not necessarily mean the truth but the argument is correct
• Something cannot be X and not X at the same time – simplest way of saying the principle of noncontradiction
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/
• Aristotle does not agree with Plato on the idea of forms o He does not denie the forms but the theory of formsù o He denies that the things we see are shadows o He wants to say that forms are not separate from the object
• X - Beauty

xX - a beautiful woman(an approximation of real beauty)
• Beauty is always embodied in something that is beautiful
• Good is an attributive adjective since you can have a good bicycle, a good cake and a good thief. The meaning does not change
• Don’t think as the forms as separate but as separate
• What keeps it the things it is? And what gives it its identity?

15th December 2011

• One of the main problems – concept of change
• Change – evidence of our senses show us that there is a constant flux
• How do you logically count for the fact that there is change? If you deny change you can find another problems since you can see it or feel it.
• On one hand ther is the logical principle, while on the other there’s the empirical fact... o Parmenides – change is a natural phenomena o Heraclitus – everything is in a state of flux
• Aristotle inherited this problem from his ancestors

Conceptual analysis that aristotle provides us with o Difference between o o Aristotle distinguished between the substance and its properties – whiteness does not exist on its own... there must be an object which is white... so is colour, weight. Aristotle mentions 10 categories but the most important is the category of substance
 Best way to think of substance is in a concrete particular
 K o Matter and form
 Form is what defines the individual
• http://www.aquinasonline.com/Topics/change.html
• http://www.aquinasonline.com/Topics/4causes.html
• http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/platform.htm
• Psychology and the ethics remember to tell him

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